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Article ; Online: Absence of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission from Children in Isolation to Guardians, South Korea

Eun Joo Lee / Dong Hyun Kim / Sung Hee Chang / Sun Bok Suh / Jina Lee / Hyunju Lee / Mi Seon Han

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 27, Iss 1, Pp 308-

2021 Volume 310

Abstract: We explored transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among 12 children and their uninfected guardians in hospital isolation rooms in South Korea. We found that, even with close frequent contact, guardians who used appropriate ... ...

Abstract	We explored transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among 12 children and their uninfected guardians in hospital isolation rooms in South Korea. We found that, even with close frequent contact, guardians who used appropriate personal protective equipment were not infected by children with diagnosed coronavirus disease.
Keywords	respiratory infections ; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; SARS ; COVID-19 ; coronavirus disease ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Adenovirus Protein E4-ORF1 Activation of PI3 Kinase Reveals Differential Regulation of Downstream Effector Pathways in Adipocytes

Natasha Chaudhary / Eva Gonzalez / Sung-Hee Chang / Fuqiang Geng / Shahin Rafii / Nasser K. Altorki / Timothy E. McGraw

Cell Reports, Vol 17, Iss 12, Pp 3305-

2016 Volume 3318

Abstract: Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates metabolism, including the translocation of the Glut4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor. Adenoviral protein E4-ORF1 stimulates ...

Abstract	Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates metabolism, including the translocation of the Glut4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor. Adenoviral protein E4-ORF1 stimulates cellular glucose metabolism by mimicking growth-factor activation of PI3K. We have used E4-ORF1 as a tool to dissect PI3K-mediated signaling in adipocytes. E4-ORF1 activation of PI3K in adipocytes recapitulates insulin regulation of FoxO1 but not regulation of Glut4. This uncoupling of PI3K effects occurs despite E4-ORF1 activating PI3K and downstream signaling to levels achieved by insulin. Although E4-ORF1 does not fully recapitulate insulin’s effects on Glut4, it enhances insulin-stimulated insertion of Glut4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane independent of Rab10, a key regulator of Glut4 trafficking. E4-ORF1 also stimulates plasma membrane translocation of ubiquitously expressed Glut1 glucose transporter, an effect that is likely essential for E4-ORF1 to promote an anabolic metabolism in a broad range of cell types.
Keywords	PI3-kinase ; GLUT4 ; E4ORF1 ; PI3K-AKT signaling ; GLUT1 ; RAB10 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: ELAVL1 Modulates Transcriptome-wide miRNA Binding in Murine Macrophages

Yi-Chien Lu / Sung-Hee Chang / Markus Hafner / Xi Li / Thomas Tuschl / Olivier Elemento / Timothy Hla

Cell Reports, Vol 9, Iss 6, Pp 2330-

2014 Volume 2343

Abstract: Posttranscriptional gene regulation by miRNAs and RNA binding proteins (RBP) is important in development, physiology, and disease. To examine the interplay between miRNAs and the RBP ELAVL1 (HuR), we mapped miRNA binding sites at the transcriptome-wide ... ...

Abstract	Posttranscriptional gene regulation by miRNAs and RNA binding proteins (RBP) is important in development, physiology, and disease. To examine the interplay between miRNAs and the RBP ELAVL1 (HuR), we mapped miRNA binding sites at the transcriptome-wide scale in wild-type and Elavl1 knockout murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Proximity of ELAVL1 binding sites attenuated miRNA binding to transcripts and promoted gene expression. Transcripts that regulate angiogenesis and macrophage/endothelial crosstalk were preferentially targeted by miRNAs, suggesting that ELAVL1 promotes angiogenesis, at least in part by antagonism of miRNA function. We found that ELAVL1 antagonized binding of miR-27 to the 3′ UTR of Zfp36 mRNA and alleviated miR-27-mediated suppression of the RBP ZFP36 (Tristetraprolin). Thus, the miR-27-regulated mechanism synchronizes the expression of ELAVL1 and ZFP36. This study provides a resource for systems-level interrogation of posttranscriptional gene regulation in macrophages, a key cell type in inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue homeostasis.
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Differential assembly of polypeptides of the light-harvesting 2 complex encoded by distinct operons during acclimation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides to low light intensity

Woronowicz, Kamil / Olubanjo, Oluwatobi B / Sung, Hee Chang / Lamptey, Joana L / Niederman, Robert A

Photosynthesis research. 2012 Mar., v. 111, no. 1-2

2012

Abstract: In order to obtain an improved understanding of the assembly of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus, we have conducted a proteomic analysis of pigment-protein complexes isolated from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides undergoing acclimation ... ...

Abstract	In order to obtain an improved understanding of the assembly of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus, we have conducted a proteomic analysis of pigment-protein complexes isolated from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides undergoing acclimation to reduced incident light intensity. Photoheterotrophically growing cells were shifted from 1,100 to 100 W/m2 and intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles isolated over 24-h were subjected to clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands containing the LH2 and reaction center (RC)-LH1 complexes were excised and subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS)/MS. The results revealed that the LH2 band contained distinct levels of the LH2-α and -β polypeptides encoded by the two puc operons. Polypeptide subunits encoded by the puc2AB operon predominated under high light and in the early stages of acclimation to low light, while after 24 h, the puc1BAC components were most abundant. Surprisingly, the Puc2A polypeptide containing a 251 residue C-terminal extension not present in Puc1A, was a protein of major abundance. A predominance of Puc2A components in the LH2 complex formed at high light intensity is followed by a >2.5-fold enrichment in Puc1B levels between 3 and 24 h of acclimation, accompanied by a nearly twofold decrease in Puc2A levels. This indicates that the puc1BAC operon is under more stringent light control, thought to reflect differences in the puc1 upstream regulatory region. In contrast, elevated levels of Puc2 polypeptides were seen 48 h after the gratuitous induction of ICM formation at low aeration in the dark, while after 24 h of acclimation to low light, an absence of alterations in Puc polypeptide distributions was observed in the upper LH2-enriched gel band, despite an approximate twofold increase in overall LH2 levels. This is consistent with the origin of this band from a pool of LH2 laid down early in development that is distinct from subsequently assembled LH2-only domains, forming the LH2 gel band.
Keywords	Rhodobacter sphaeroides ; acclimation ; aeration ; bacteria ; digestion ; gels ; light intensity ; liquid chromatography ; operon ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; polypeptides ; proteomics ; spectroscopy ; trypsin
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-03
Size	p. 125-138.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1475688-2
ISSN	1573-5079 ; 0166-8595
ISSN (online)	1573-5079
ISSN	0166-8595
DOI	10.1007/s11120-011-9707-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Differential assembly of polypeptides of the light-harvesting 2 complex encoded by distinct operons during acclimation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides to low light intensity.

Woronowicz, Kamil / Olubanjo, Oluwatobi B / Sung, Hee Chang / Lamptey, Joana L / Niederman, Robert A

Photosynthesis research

2012 Volume 111, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 125–138

Abstract	In order to obtain an improved understanding of the assembly of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus, we have conducted a proteomic analysis of pigment-protein complexes isolated from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides undergoing acclimation to reduced incident light intensity. Photoheterotrophically growing cells were shifted from 1,100 to 100 W/m(2) and intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles isolated over 24-h were subjected to clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands containing the LH2 and reaction center (RC)-LH1 complexes were excised and subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS)/MS. The results revealed that the LH2 band contained distinct levels of the LH2-α and -β polypeptides encoded by the two puc operons. Polypeptide subunits encoded by the puc2AB operon predominated under high light and in the early stages of acclimation to low light, while after 24 h, the puc1BAC components were most abundant. Surprisingly, the Puc2A polypeptide containing a 251 residue C-terminal extension not present in Puc1A, was a protein of major abundance. A predominance of Puc2A components in the LH2 complex formed at high light intensity is followed by a >2.5-fold enrichment in Puc1B levels between 3 and 24 h of acclimation, accompanied by a nearly twofold decrease in Puc2A levels. This indicates that the puc1BAC operon is under more stringent light control, thought to reflect differences in the puc1 upstream regulatory region. In contrast, elevated levels of Puc2 polypeptides were seen 48 h after the gratuitous induction of ICM formation at low aeration in the dark, while after 24 h of acclimation to low light, an absence of alterations in Puc polypeptide distributions was observed in the upper LH2-enriched gel band, despite an approximate twofold increase in overall LH2 levels. This is consistent with the origin of this band from a pool of LH2 laid down early in development that is distinct from subsequently assembled LH2-only domains, forming the LH2 gel band.
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization/radiation effects ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/radiation effects ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/chemistry ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/genetics ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/metabolism ; Operon/genetics ; Peptides/chemistry ; Peptides/genetics ; Peptides/metabolism ; Pigments, Biological/isolation & purification ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Proteomics/methods ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/genetics ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/metabolism ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/radiation effects
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Proteins ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes ; Peptides ; Pigments, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-03-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1475688-2
ISSN	1573-5079 ; 0166-8595
ISSN (online)	1573-5079
ISSN	0166-8595
DOI	10.1007/s11120-011-9707-4
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Article: Differential assembly of polypeptides of the light-harvesting 2 complex encoded by distinct operons during acclimation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides to low light intensity

Woronowicz, Kamil / Olubanjo, Oluwatobi B / Sung, Hee Chang / Lamptey, Joana L / Niederman, Robert A

Photosynthesis research. 2011 Sept., v. 108, no. 2-3

2011

Abstract	In order to obtain an improved understanding of the assembly of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus, we have conducted a proteomic analysis of pigment-protein complexes isolated from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides undergoing acclimation to reduced incident light intensity. Photoheterotrophically growing cells were shifted from 1,100 to 100 W/m2 and intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles isolated over 24-h were subjected to clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands containing the LH2 and reaction center (RC)-LH1 complexes were excised and subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS)/MS. The results revealed that the LH2 band contained distinct levels of the LH2-α and -β polypeptides encoded by the two puc operons. Polypeptide subunits encoded by the puc2AB operon predominated under high light and in the early stages of acclimation to low light, while after 24 h, the puc1BAC components were most abundant. Surprisingly, the Puc2A polypeptide containing a 251 residue C-terminal extension not present in Puc1A, was a protein of major abundance. A predominance of Puc2A components in the LH2 complex formed at high light intensity is followed by a >2.5-fold enrichment in Puc1B levels between 3 and 24 h of acclimation, accompanied by a nearly twofold decrease in Puc2A levels. This indicates that the puc1BAC operon is under more stringent light control, thought to reflect differences in the puc1 upstream regulatory region. In contrast, elevated levels of Puc2 polypeptides were seen 48 h after the gratuitous induction of ICM formation at low aeration in the dark, while after 24 h of acclimation to low light, an absence of alterations in Puc polypeptide distributions was observed in the upper LH2-enriched gel band, despite an approximate twofold increase in overall LH2 levels. This is consistent with the origin of this band from a pool of LH2 laid down early in development that is distinct from subsequently assembled LH2-only domains, forming the LH2 gel band.
Keywords	Rhodobacter sphaeroides ; acclimation ; aeration ; bacteria ; digestion ; gels ; light intensity ; liquid chromatography ; operon ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; polypeptides ; proteomics ; spectroscopy ; trypsin
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-09
Size	p. 201-214.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1475688-2
ISSN	1573-5079 ; 0166-8595
ISSN (online)	1573-5079
ISSN	0166-8595
DOI	10.1007/s11120-011-9681-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Differential assembly of polypeptides of the light-harvesting 2 complex encoded by distinct operons during acclimation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides to low light intensity.

Woronowicz, Kamil / Olubanjo, Oluwatobi B / Sung, Hee Chang / Lamptey, Joana L / Niederman, Robert A

Photosynthesis research

2011 Volume 108, Issue 2-3, Page(s) 201–214

Abstract	In order to obtain an improved understanding of the assembly of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus, we have conducted a proteomic analysis of pigment-protein complexes isolated from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides undergoing acclimation to reduced incident light intensity. Photoheterotrophically growing cells were shifted from 1,100 to 100 W/m(2) and intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles isolated over 24-h were subjected to clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands containing the LH2 and reaction center (RC)-LH1 complexes were excised and subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion followed by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS)/MS. The results revealed that the LH2 band contained distinct levels of the LH2-α and -β polypeptides encoded by the two puc operons. Polypeptide subunits encoded by the puc2AB operon predominated under high light and in the early stages of acclimation to low light, while after 24 h, the puc1BAC components were most abundant. Surprisingly, the Puc2A polypeptide containing a 251 residue C-terminal extension not present in Puc1A, was a protein of major abundance. A predominance of Puc2A components in the LH2 complex formed at high light intensity is followed by a >2.5-fold enrichment in Puc1B levels between 3 and 24 h of acclimation, accompanied by a nearly twofold decrease in Puc2A levels. This indicates that the puc1BAC operon is under more stringent light control, thought to reflect differences in the puc1 upstream regulatory region. In contrast, elevated levels of Puc2 polypeptides were seen 48 h after the gratuitous induction of ICM formation at low aeration in the dark, while after 24 h of acclimation to low light, an absence of alterations in Puc polypeptide distributions was observed in the upper LH2-enriched gel band, despite an approximate twofold increase in overall LH2 levels. This is consistent with the origin of this band from a pool of LH2 laid down early in development that is distinct from subsequently assembled LH2-only domains, forming the LH2 gel band.
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization/genetics ; Acclimatization/radiation effects ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/radiation effects ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/chemistry ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/genetics ; Models, Biological ; Operon/genetics ; Peptides/genetics ; Peptides/metabolism ; Pigments, Biological/isolation & purification ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Proteomics ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/genetics ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/radiation effects ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared
Chemical Substances	Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes ; Peptides ; Pigments, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-08-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1475688-2
ISSN	1573-5079 ; 0166-8595
ISSN (online)	1573-5079
ISSN	0166-8595
DOI	10.1007/s11120-011-9681-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Health service utilization, unmet healthcare needs, and the potential of telemedicine services among Korean expatriates

Ho Young Kim / Ju Young Kim / Hwa Yeon Park / Ji Hye Jun / Hye Yeon Koo / In Young Cho / Jinah Han / Yuliya Pak / Hyun Jung Baek / Ju Yeon Lee / Sung Hee Chang / Jung Hun Lee / Ji Soo Choe / Sun-kyung Yang / Kyung Chul Kim / Jeong Ha Park / Seul Ki Paik

Globalization and Health, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2018 Volume 8

Abstract: Abstract Background With the significant growth of migration and expatriation, facilitated by increased global mobility, the number of Koreans living abroad as of 2016 is approximately 7.4 million (15% of the Korean population). Healthcare utilization or ...

Abstract	Abstract Background With the significant growth of migration and expatriation, facilitated by increased global mobility, the number of Koreans living abroad as of 2016 is approximately 7.4 million (15% of the Korean population). Healthcare utilization or health problems, especially among expatriates in developing countries, have not been well researched despite the various health risks these individuals are exposed to. Consequently, we identified the health utilization patterns and healthcare needs among Korean expatriates in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Uzbekistan. Methods This cross-sectional survey examined 429 Korean expatriates living in Vietnam (n = 208), Cambodia (n = 60), and Uzbekistan (n = 161) who had access to the Internet and were living abroad for at least 6 months. A 67-item questionnaire was used, and feedback was received via an online survey program. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with unmet healthcare needs and preferences of certain type of telemedicine. Results We found that 45.5% (195/429) of respondents had used medical services in their country of stay. Among those who visited health institutions > 3 times, the most popular choice was general hospitals (39.4%, 15/38); however, they initially visited Korean doctors’ or local doctors’ offices. The most essential criteria for healthcare service facilities was a “skilled professional” (39.3%, 169/429), 42% wanted a health program for chronic disease management, and 30% wanted specialized internal medicine. A substantial number wanted to access telemedicine services and were willing to pay for this service. They were particularly interested in experts’ second opinion (61.5%, 264/429) and quick, 24-h medical consultations (60.8%, 261/429). Having unmet healthcare needs and being younger was strongly associated with all types of telemedicine networks. Conclusions Nearly half of the expatriates in developing countries had unmet healthcare needs. Telemedicine is one potential solution to meet these ...
Keywords	Telemedicine ; Health service utilization ; Unmet health needs ; Korean expatriates ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A Small-Molecule Pan-Id Antagonist Inhibits Pathologic Ocular Neovascularization

Paulina M. Wojnarowicz / Raquel Lima e Silva / Masayuki Ohnaka / Sang Bae Lee / Yvette Chin / Anita Kulukian / Sung-Hee Chang / Bina Desai / Marta Garcia Escolano / Riddhi Shah / Marta Garcia-Cao / Sijia Xu / Rashmi Kadam / Yehuda Goldgur / Meredith A. Miller / Ouathek Ouerfelli / Guangli Yang / Tsutomu Arakawa / Steven K. Albanese /

William A. Garland / Glenn Stoller / Jaideep Chaudhary / Larry Norton / Rajesh Kumar Soni / John Philip / Ronald C. Hendrickson / Antonio Iavarone / Andrew J. Dannenberg / John D. Chodera / Nikola Pavletich / Anna Lasorella / Peter A. Campochiaro / Robert Benezra

Cell Reports, Vol 29, Iss 1, Pp 62-75.e

2019 Volume 7

Abstract: Summary: Id helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins (Id1–4) bind E protein bHLH transcription factors, preventing them from forming active transcription complexes that drive changes in cell states. Id proteins are primarily expressed during development to ... ...

Abstract	Summary: Id helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins (Id1–4) bind E protein bHLH transcription factors, preventing them from forming active transcription complexes that drive changes in cell states. Id proteins are primarily expressed during development to inhibit differentiation, but they become re-expressed in adult tissues in diseases of the vasculature and cancer. We show that the genetic loss of Id1/Id3 reduces ocular neovascularization in mouse models of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). An in silico screen identifies AGX51, a small-molecule Id antagonist. AGX51 inhibits the Id1-E47 interaction, leading to ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Ids, cell growth arrest, and reduced viability. AGX51 is well-tolerated in mice and phenocopies the genetic loss of Id expression in AMD and ROP models by inhibiting retinal neovascularization. Thus, AGX51 is a first-in-class compound that antagonizes an interaction formerly considered undruggable and that may have utility in the management of multiple diseases. : Wojnarowicz et al., describe the identification, by an in silico screen, and characterization of a small molecule, AGX51, that targets Id proteins. AGX51 treatment of cells lead to Id protein degradation, cell cycle arrest, and reduced cell viability. AGX51 inhibited pathologic ocular neovascularization in mouse models, phenocopying genetic Id loss. Keywords: Id proteins, protein-protein interactions, macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, angiogenesis
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Small molecules and Alzheimer's disease: misfolding, metabolism and imaging.

Patel, Viharkumar / Zhang, Xueli / Tautiva, Nicolas A / Nyabera, Akwe N / Owa, Opeyemi O / Baidya, Melvin / Sung, Hee Chang / Taunk, Pardeep S / Abdollahi, Shahrzad / Charles, Stacey / Gonnella, Rachel A / Gadi, Nikhita / Duong, Karen T / Fawver, Janelle N / Ran, Chongzhao / Jalonen, Tuula O / Murray, Ian V J

Current Alzheimer research

2015 Volume 12, Issue 5, Page(s) 445–461

Abstract: Small molecule interactions with amyloid proteins have had a huge impact in Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in three specific areas: amyloid folding, metabolism and brain imaging. Amyloid plaque amelioration or prevention have, until recently, ... ...

Abstract	Small molecule interactions with amyloid proteins have had a huge impact in Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in three specific areas: amyloid folding, metabolism and brain imaging. Amyloid plaque amelioration or prevention have, until recently, driven drug development, and only a few drugs have been advanced for use in AD. Amyloid proteins undergo misfolding and oligomerization via intermediates, eventually forming protease resistant amyloid fibrils. These fibrils accumulate to form the hallmark amyloid plaques and tangles of AD. Amyloid binding compounds can be grouped into three categories, those that: i) prevent or reverse misfolding, ii) halt misfolding or trap intermediates, and iii) accelerate the formation of stable and inert amyloid fibrils. Such compounds include hydralazine, glycosaminoglycans, curcumin, beta sheet breakers, catecholamines, and ATP. The versatility of amyloid binding compounds suggests that the amyloid structure may serve as a scaffold for the future development of sensors to detect such compounds. Metabolic dysfunction is one of the earliest pathological features of AD. In fact, AD is often referred to as type 3 diabetes due to the presence of insulin resistance in the brain. A recent study indicates that altering metabolism improves cognitive function. While metabolic reprogramming is one therapeutic avenue for AD, it is more widely used in some cancer therapies. FDA approved drugs such as metformin, dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and methylene blue can alter metabolism. These drugs can therefore be potentially applied in alleviating metabolic dysfunction in AD. Brain imaging has made enormous strides over the past decade, offering a new window to the mind. Recently, there has been remarkable development of compounds that have the ability to image both types of pathological amyloids: tau and amyloid beta. We have focused on the low cost, simple to use, near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging probes for amyloid beta (Aβ), with specific attention on recent developments to further improve contrast, specificity, and sensitivity. With advances in imaging technologies, such fluorescent imaging probes will open new diagnostic avenues.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Animals ; Humans ; Protein Folding
Chemical Substances	Amyloid
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-11
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2205170-3
ISSN	1875-5828 ; 1567-2050
ISSN (online)	1875-5828
ISSN	1567-2050
DOI	10.2174/1567205012666150504145646
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