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Article ; Online: A first impression of the future.

Sutherland, Clare A M / Young, Andrew W

British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)

2023 Volume 114, Issue 4, Page(s) 773–777

Abstract: We offer a response to six commentaries on our target article 'Understanding trait impressions from faces'. A broad consensus emerged with authors emphasizing the importance of increasing the diversity of faces and participants, integrating research on ... ...

Abstract	We offer a response to six commentaries on our target article 'Understanding trait impressions from faces'. A broad consensus emerged with authors emphasizing the importance of increasing the diversity of faces and participants, integrating research on impressions beyond the face, and continuing to develop methods needed for data-driven approaches. We propose future directions for the field based on these themes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Social Perception ; Facial Expression ; Attitude
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	220659-6
ISSN	2044-8295
ISSN (online)	2044-8295
DOI	10.1111/bjop.12652
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Article ; Online: Three's a crowd: Fast ensemble perception of first impressions of trustworthiness.

Marini, Fiammetta / Sutherland, Clare A M / Ostrovska, Bārbala / Manassi, Mauro

Cognition

2023 Volume 239, Page(s) 105540

Abstract: Trustworthiness impressions are fundamental social judgements with far-reaching consequences in many aspects of society, including criminal justice, leadership selection and partner preferences. Thus far, most research has focused on facial ... ...

Abstract	Trustworthiness impressions are fundamental social judgements with far-reaching consequences in many aspects of society, including criminal justice, leadership selection and partner preferences. Thus far, most research has focused on facial characteristics that make a face individually appear more or less trustworthy. However, in everyday life, faces are not always perceived in isolation but are often encountered in crowds. It has been proposed that we deal with the large amount of facial information in a group by extracting summary statistics of the crowd, a phenomenon called ensemble perception. Prior research showed that ensemble perception occurs for various facial features, such as emotional expression, facial identity, and attractiveness. Here, we investigated whether observers can integrate the level of trustworthiness from multiple faces to extract an average impression of the crowd. Across four studies, participants were presented with crowds of faces and were asked to report their average level of trustworthiness with an adjustment (Experiment 1) and a rating task (Experiments 2 and 3). Participants were able to extract an ensemble perception of trustworthiness impressions from multiple faces. Moreover, observers were able to form a summary statistic of trustworthiness impressions from a group of faces as quickly as 250 ms (Experiment 4). Taken together, these results demonstrate that ensemble perception can occur at the level of impressions of trustworthiness. Thus, these critical social judgements not only occur for individual faces but are also integrated into a unique ensemble impression of crowds. Our findings contribute to the development of a more ecological approach to the study of trust impressions, since they provide an understanding of trustworthiness judgements not only on an individual level, but on a much broader social group level. Furthermore, our results drive forward new theory because they demonstrate for the first time that ensemble representations cover a broad range of phenomena than previously recognized, including complex high-level facial trait judgements such as trustworthiness impressions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Facial Expression ; Judgment ; Attitude ; Trust/psychology ; Perception ; Social Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105540
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Article ; Online: Understanding trait impressions from faces.

Sutherland, Clare A M / Young, Andrew W

British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)

2022 Volume 113, Issue 4, Page(s) 1056–1078

Abstract: Impressions from faces are made remarkably quickly and they can underpin behaviour in a wide variety of social contexts. Over the last decade many studies have sought to trace the links between facial cues and social perception and behaviour. One such ... ...

Abstract	Impressions from faces are made remarkably quickly and they can underpin behaviour in a wide variety of social contexts. Over the last decade many studies have sought to trace the links between facial cues and social perception and behaviour. One such body of work has shown clear overlap between the fields of face perception and social stereotyping by demonstrating a role for conceptual stereotypes in impression formation from faces. We integrate these results involving conceptual influences on impressions with another substantial body of research in visual cognition which demonstrates that much of the variance in impressions can be predicted from perceptual, data-driven models using physical cues in face images. We relate this discussion to the phylogenetic, cultural, individual and developmental origins of facial impressions and define priority research questions for the field including investigating non-WEIRD cultures, tracking the developmental trajectory of impressions and determining the malleability of impression formation.
MeSH term(s)	Attitude ; Facial Expression ; Facial Recognition ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Social Perception ; Stereotyping
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	220659-6
ISSN	2044-8295
ISSN (online)	2044-8295
DOI	10.1111/bjop.12583
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Article ; Online: Correction to: Choosing face: The curse of self in profile image selection.

White, David / Sutherland, Clare A M / Burton, Amy L

Cognitive research: principles and implications

2021 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 55

Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ISSN	2365-7464
ISSN (online)	2365-7464
DOI	10.1186/s41235-021-00320-2
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Article ; Online: Children show neural sensitivity to facial trustworthiness as measured by fast periodic visual stimulation.

Siddique, Saba / Sutherland, Clare A M / Jeffery, Linda / Swe, Derek / Gwinn, O Scott / Palermo, Romina

Neuropsychologia

2023 Volume 180, Page(s) 108488

Abstract: Adults exhibit neural responses over the visual occipito-temporal area in response to faces that vary in how trustworthy they appear. However, it is not yet known when a mature pattern of neural sensitivity can be seen in children. Using a fast periodic ... ...

Abstract	Adults exhibit neural responses over the visual occipito-temporal area in response to faces that vary in how trustworthy they appear. However, it is not yet known when a mature pattern of neural sensitivity can be seen in children. Using a fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) paradigm, face images were presented to 8-to-9-year-old children (an age group which shows development of trust impressions; N = 31) and adult (N = 33) participants at a rate of 6 Hz (6 face images per second). Within this sequence, an 'oddball' face differing in the level of facial trustworthiness compared to the other faces, was presented at a rate of 1 Hz (once per second). Children were sensitive to variations in facial trustworthiness, showing reliable and significant neural responses at 1 Hz in the absence of instructions to respond to facial trustworthiness. Additionally, the magnitude of children's and adults' neural responses was similar, with strong Bayesian evidence that implicit neural responses to facial trustworthiness did not differ across the groups, and therefore, that visual sensitivity to differences in facial trustworthiness can show mature patterns by this age. Thus, nine or less years of social experience, perceptual and/or cognitive development may be sufficient for adult-like neural sensitivity to facial trustworthiness to emerge. We also validate the use of the FPVS methodology to examine children's implicit face-based trust processing for the first time, which is especially valuable in developmental research because this paradigm requires no explicit instructions or responses from participants.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Child ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Bayes Theorem ; Facial Recognition/physiology ; Occipital Lobe/physiology ; Attitude ; Trust/psychology ; Facial Expression
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207151-4
ISSN	1873-3514 ; 0028-3932
ISSN (online)	1873-3514
ISSN	0028-3932
DOI	10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108488
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Article ; Online: Children's dynamic use of face- and behavior-based cues in an economic trust game.

Siddique, Saba / Jeffery, Linda / Palermo, Romina / Collova, Jemma R / Sutherland, Clare A M

Developmental psychology

2022 Volume 58, Issue 12, Page(s) 2275–2286

Abstract: Who do children trust? We investigated the extent to which children use face-based versus behavior-based cues when deciding whom to trust in a multiturn economic trust game. Children's ( ...

Abstract	Who do children trust? We investigated the extent to which children use face-based versus behavior-based cues when deciding whom to trust in a multiturn economic trust game. Children's (
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Humans ; Bias ; Cues ; Facial Expression ; Trust ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2066223-3
ISSN	1939-0599 ; 0012-1649
ISSN (online)	1939-0599
ISSN	0012-1649
DOI	10.1037/dev0001438
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Article ; Online: AI Hyperrealism: Why AI Faces Are Perceived as More Real Than Human Ones.

Miller, Elizabeth J / Steward, Ben A / Witkower, Zak / Sutherland, Clare A M / Krumhuber, Eva G / Dawel, Amy

Psychological science

2023 Volume 34, Issue 12, Page(s) 1390–1403

Abstract: Recent evidence shows that AI-generated faces are now indistinguishable from human faces. However, algorithms are trained disproportionately on White faces, and thus White AI faces may appear especially realistic. In Experiment 1 ( ...

Abstract	Recent evidence shows that AI-generated faces are now indistinguishable from human faces. However, algorithms are trained disproportionately on White faces, and thus White AI faces may appear especially realistic. In Experiment 1 (
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Algorithms ; Machine Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/09567976231207095
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Article ; Online: Children show adult-like facial appearance biases when trusting others.

Ewing, Louise / Sutherland, Clare A M / Willis, Megan L

Developmental psychology

2019 Volume 55, Issue 8, Page(s) 1694–1701

Abstract: A large research literature details the powerful behavioral consequences that a trustworthy appearance can have on adult behavior. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated how these biases operate among children, despite the theoretical importance of ... ...

Abstract	A large research literature details the powerful behavioral consequences that a trustworthy appearance can have on adult behavior. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated how these biases operate among children, despite the theoretical importance of understanding when these biases emerge in development. Here, we used an economic trust game to systematically investigate trust behavior in young children (5-8 years), older children (9-12 years), and adults. Participants played the game with child and adult "partners" that varied in emotional expression (mild displays of happiness and anger, and a neutral baseline), which is known to modulate perceived trustworthiness. Strikingly, both groups of children showed adult-like facial appearance biases when trusting others, with no "own-age bias." There were no developmental differences in the magnitude of this effect, which supports adult-like overgeneralization of these transient emotion cues into enduring trait impressions that guide interpersonal behavior from as early as 5 years of age. Irrespective of whether or not they were explicitly directed to do so, all participants modulated their behavior in line with the emotion cues: more generous and trusting with happy partners, followed by neutral, and then angry. These findings speak to the impressive sophistication of children's early social cognition and provide key insights into the causal mechanisms driving trait impressions, suggesting they are not necessarily contingent upon protracted social experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anger ; Bias ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Male ; Social Perception ; Trust/psychology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2066223-3
ISSN	1939-0599 ; 0012-1649
ISSN (online)	1939-0599
ISSN	0012-1649
DOI	10.1037/dev0000747
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Article ; Online: Testing the functional basis of first impressions: Dimensions for children's faces are not the same as for adults' faces.

Collova, Jemma R / Sutherland, Clare A M / Rhodes, Gillian

Journal of personality and social psychology

2019 Volume 117, Issue 5, Page(s) 900–924

Abstract: Despite warnings not to "judge a book by its cover," people rapidly form facial impressions. In Oosterhof and Todorov's (2008) two-dimensional model of facial impressions, trustworthiness, and dominance underlie impressions and primarily function to ... ...

Abstract	Despite warnings not to "judge a book by its cover," people rapidly form facial impressions. In Oosterhof and Todorov's (2008) two-dimensional model of facial impressions, trustworthiness, and dominance underlie impressions and primarily function to signal the potential threat of others. Here, we test a key assumption of these models, namely that these dimensions are functional, by evaluating whether the adult-face dimensions apply to young children's faces. Although it may be functional for adults to judge adult faces on dimensions that signal threat, adults associate different social goals with children, and these goals are likely to impact the impressions adults make of such faces. Thus, a functional approach would predict that the dimensions for children's faces are not threat focused. In Studies 1 and 2, we build a data-driven model of Caucasian adults' impressions of Caucasian children's faces, finding evidence for two dimensions. The first dimension,
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attitude ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Generalization, Psychological ; Humans ; Male ; Shyness ; Social Perception ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3103-3
ISSN	1939-1315 ; 0022-3514
ISSN (online)	1939-1315
ISSN	0022-3514
DOI	10.1037/pspa0000167
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Article ; Online: Evidence for a kernel of truth in children's facial impressions of children's niceness, but not shyness.

Collova, Jemma R / Jeffery, Linda / Rhodes, Gillian / Bothe, Ellen / Sutherland, Clare A M

Developmental psychology

2021 Volume 57, Issue 11, Page(s) 1822–1839

Abstract: Adults teach children not to "judge a book by its cover." However, adults make rapid judgments of character from a glance at a child's face. These impressions can be modestly accurate, suggesting that adults may be sensitive to valid signals of character ...

Abstract	Adults teach children not to "judge a book by its cover." However, adults make rapid judgments of character from a glance at a child's face. These impressions can be modestly accurate, suggesting that adults may be sensitive to valid signals of character in children's faces. However, it is not clear whether such sensitivity requires decades of social experience, in line with the development of other face-processing abilities (e.g., facial emotion recognition), or whether this sensitivity emerges relatively early, in childhood. An important theoretical question therefore, is whether or not children's impressions are at all accurate. Here, we examined the accuracy in children's impressions of niceness and shyness from children's faces. Children (aged 7-12 years, ∼90% Caucasian) and adults rated 84 unfamiliar children's faces (aged 4-11 years, 48 female, ∼80% Caucasian) for niceness (Study 1) or shyness (Study 2). To measure accuracy, we correlated facial impressions with parental responses to well-established questionnaires about the actual niceness/shyness of those children in the images. Overall, children and adults formed highly similar niceness (r = .94) and shyness (r = .84) impressions. Children also showed mature impression accuracy: Children and adults formed modestly accurate niceness impressions, across different images of the same child's face. Neither children nor adults showed evidence for accurate shyness impressions. Together, these results suggest that children's impressions are relatively mature by middle childhood. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that any mechanisms driving accurate niceness impressions are in place by 7 years, and potentially before. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Humans ; Parents ; Shyness
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2066223-3
ISSN	1939-0599 ; 0012-1649
ISSN (online)	1939-0599
ISSN	0012-1649
DOI	10.1037/dev0001240
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