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  1. Article ; Online: Could Perturbation of Gut Microbiota Possibly Exacerbate the Severity of COVID-19

    Vignesh, Ramachandran / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Tun, Zaw Htet / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Frontiers in immunology

    2021  Volume 11, Page(s) 607734

    MeSH term(s) Age Factors ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/microbiology ; COVID-19/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/microbiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Dysbiosis ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators/immunology ; Intestines/immunology ; Intestines/microbiology ; Intestines/virology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Severity of Illness Index
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Inflammation Mediators
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607734
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Retrospective Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance in

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Advanced biomedical research

    2019  Volume 8, Page(s) 1

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-21
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2672524-1
    ISSN 2277-9175
    ISSN 2277-9175
    DOI 10.4103/abr.abr_185_18
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Changing drug resistance profile in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among HIV patients from 2010-2017: A retrospective study.

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Journal of global antimicrobial resistance

    2018  Volume 16, Page(s) 274–277

    Abstract: Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important aetiological agent causing pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. High antibiotic use in nosocomial settings and for immunocompromised conditions results in increasing multidrug resistance. ...

    Abstract Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important aetiological agent causing pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. High antibiotic use in nosocomial settings and for immunocompromised conditions results in increasing multidrug resistance. This study analysed the antimicrobial resistance profile of P. aeruginosa isolates in an HIV setting.
    Methods: A total of 7386 clinical specimens were collected from HIV patients attending YRG CARE from 2010-2017. P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens were identified conventionally, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
    Results: A total of 260 P. aeruginosa strains were isolated, with 165 P. aeruginosa (63.5%) being isolated from hospitalised patients. A higher incidence of P. aeruginosa infection (25.8%) was observed in 2017, and most of the P. aeruginosa were isolated from sputum specimens (57.3%). A high level of resistance was noted to ceftazidime (49.6%), followed by ticarcillin (41.5%). Imipenem and meropenem resistance was observed in 15.0% and 16.9% of P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively. A high rate of imipenem resistance was noted in 2016 (46.2%) and a high rate of meropenem resistance was noted in 2017 (20.5%). An increasing resistance rate of P. aeruginosa was observed against aztreonam, cefepime, levofloxacin, meropenem, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin and tobramycin from 2010 to 2017.
    Conclusion: A constant increase in drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates from HIV patients was observed from 2010 to 2017. Findings from this study urge the need for periodical monitoring and surveillance of the P. aeruginosa resistance profile, especially in hospitalised and immunocompromised patients in resource-limited settings.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cross Infection ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; HIV Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-30
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2710046-7
    ISSN 2213-7173 ; 2213-7165
    ISSN (online) 2213-7173
    ISSN 2213-7165
    DOI 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.10.019
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Do the clonally different

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu / Solomon, Sunil Suhas

    The Indian journal of medical research

    2018  Volume 148, Issue 3, Page(s) 341–344

    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/classification ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/complications ; Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; HIV Seropositivity/complications ; HIV Seropositivity/diagnosis ; HIV Seropositivity/epidemiology ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Patient Selection
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-13
    Publishing country India
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 390883-5
    ISSN 0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
    ISSN 0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
    DOI 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_730_17
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing genes in gram-negative bacterial isolates from human immunodeficiency virus infected patients.

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Senthamilselvan, Balasubramanian / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu / Aljowaie, Reem M / Almaary, Khalid S / Chen, Tse-Wei

    Journal of infection and public health

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 12, Page(s) 1881–1886

    Abstract: Background: Progressive decline of immune response in HIV patients makes them susceptible to frequent bacterial infections. High usage of antibiotics influences the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and worsens the clinical outcomes. In this ... ...

    Abstract Background: Progressive decline of immune response in HIV patients makes them susceptible to frequent bacterial infections. High usage of antibiotics influences the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and worsens the clinical outcomes. In this study, the occurrence of drug-resistant genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India was analyzed.
    Methods: A total of 173 Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) isolates from HIV patients were screened for antibiotic susceptibility profile using the Kirby-Bauer diskdiffusion method. Positivity of drug-resistant genes was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction method.
    Results: In this study, 72.8% of bacterial isolates were obtained from urine specimens, and Escherichia coli (47.4%) was the predominantly isolated bacterium. Overall, 87.3% and 83.2% of GNB were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime, respectively, 56.6% were resistant to cephamycin (cefoxitin) and 43% to carbapenem (imipenem) antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production was noted among 79.5% of GNB isolates, followed by AmpC (57.1%) and Metallo β-lactamases (37.3%). Molecular analysis revealed that ESBL genes such as blaTEM (94.1%), blaCTX-M (89.2%), and blaSHV (24.2%) were detected at higher levels among GNB isolates. Carbapenemase-producing genes such as blaOXA-48 (20%), blaOXA-23 (2.6%), and both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 like genes (2.6%) and AmpC producing genes such as blaCIT (26.7%), blaDHA (3.6%), and blaACC (1.8%) were detected at low-level.
    Conclusions: This study concludes that ESBL producing genes are detected at high level among gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; HIV ; HIV Infections/complications ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; beta-Lactamases/genetics
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Proteins ; beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) ; carbapenemase (EC 3.5.2.6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2467587-8
    ISSN 1876-035X ; 1876-0341
    ISSN (online) 1876-035X
    ISSN 1876-0341
    DOI 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Performance of point-of-care Xpert HIV-1 plasma viral load assay at a tertiary HIV care centre in Southern India.

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Boobalan, Jayaseelan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Saravanan, Shanmugam / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Journal of medical microbiology

    2017  Volume 66, Issue 10, Page(s) 1379–1382

    Abstract: Background: Sustainable suppression of HIV replication forms the basis of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) medication. Thus, reliable quantification of HIV viral load has become an essential factor to monitor the effectiveness of the ART. Longer turnaround- ...

    Abstract Background: Sustainable suppression of HIV replication forms the basis of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) medication. Thus, reliable quantification of HIV viral load has become an essential factor to monitor the effectiveness of the ART. Longer turnaround-time (TAT), batch testing and technical skills are major drawbacks of standard real-time PCR assays.
    Methods: The performance of the point-of-care Xpert HIV-1 viral load assay was evaluated against the Abbott RealTime PCR m2000rt system. A total of 96 plasma specimens ranging from 2.5 log10 copies ml
    Results: Compared to the Abbott RealTime PCR, the Xpert HIV-1 viral load assay showed a good correlation (Pearson r=0.81; P<0.0001) with a mean difference of 0.27 log10 copies ml
    Conclusion: Reliable and ease of testing individual specimens could make the Xpert HIV-1 viral load assay an efficient alternative method for ART monitoring in clinical management of HIV disease in resource-limited settings. The rapid test results (less than 2 h) could help in making an immediate clinical decision, which further strengthens patient care.
    MeSH term(s) Biomarkers ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/isolation & purification ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Point-of-Care Systems ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Viral Load
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 218356-0
    ISSN 1473-5644 ; 0022-2615
    ISSN (online) 1473-5644
    ISSN 0022-2615
    DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.000514
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 634: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article: Bacterial etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of bloodstream infections in human immunodeficiency virus patients from Southern India.

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Pradeep, Amrose / Chithra, Devaraj Ajay / Balakrishnan, Ramasamy / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

    2019  Volume 24, Page(s) 82

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-30
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2513029-8
    ISSN 1735-7136 ; 1735-1995
    ISSN (online) 1735-7136
    ISSN 1735-1995
    DOI 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_55_19
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    Zs.A 6810: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: HIV-specific T-cell Responses and Generalized Activation in HIV-1 Infected Long-term Non-progressors and Progressors from South India.

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Waldrop, Greer / Shanmugasundaram, Uma / Nandagopal, Pannerselvam / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Pradeep, Amrose / Saravanan, Shanmugam / Murugavel, Kailapuri Gangatharan

    Current HIV research

    2018  Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 302–314

    Abstract: Background: Anti-viral cytokine expressions by cytotoxic T-cells and lower activation rates have been reported to correlate with suppressed HIV replication in long-term non-progressors (LTNP). Immune mechanisms underlying disease non-progression in LTNP ...

    Abstract Background: Anti-viral cytokine expressions by cytotoxic T-cells and lower activation rates have been reported to correlate with suppressed HIV replication in long-term non-progressors (LTNP). Immune mechanisms underlying disease non-progression in LTNP might vary with HIV-1 subtype and geographical locations.
    Objective: This study evaluates cytokine expression and T-cells activation in relation to disease non-progression in LTNP.
    Methods: HIV-1 Subtype C infected LTNP (n=20) and progressors (n=15) were enrolled and flowcytometry assays were performed to study HIV-specific CD8 T-cells expressing IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MIP-1β against gag and env peptides. CD4+ T-cell activation was evaluated by surface expression of HLADR and CD38.
    Results: Proportions of cytokines studied did not differ significantly between LTNP and progressors, while contrasting correlations with disease progression markers were observed in LTNP. CD4+ T-cell activation rates were significantly lower in LTNP compared to progressors which indicate the potential role of T-cell activation rates in disease non-progression in LTNP.
    Conclusion: LTNP and progressors showed similar CD8+ T-cell responses, but final conclusions can be drawn only by comparing multiple immune factors in larger LTNP cohort with HIV-1 infected individuals at various levels of disease progression. A possible role of HIV-1 subtype variation and ethnic differences in addition to host-genetic and viral factors cannot be ruled out.
    MeSH term(s) ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/analysis ; Adult ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/pathology ; HIV Long-Term Survivors ; HIV-1/classification ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/immunology ; HLA-DR Antigens/analysis ; Humans ; India ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis ; env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; HLA-DR Antigens ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ; CD38 protein, human (EC 3.2.2.5) ; ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 (EC 3.2.2.6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2192348-6
    ISSN 1873-4251 ; 1570-162X
    ISSN (online) 1873-4251
    ISSN 1570-162X
    DOI 10.2174/1570162X17666181212122607
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    Zs.A 6102: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article: Detection of

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Indu, Purushothaman / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

    2018  Volume 23, Page(s) 112

    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-28
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2513029-8
    ISSN 1735-7136 ; 1735-1995
    ISSN (online) 1735-7136
    ISSN 1735-1995
    DOI 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_627_18
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  10. Article: Chromogenic agar medium for rapid detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases producing bacteria from human immunodeficiency virus patients.

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam

    Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

    2015  Volume 20, Issue 12, Page(s) 1219–1220

    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-08-19
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2513029-8
    ISSN 1735-7136 ; 1735-1995
    ISSN (online) 1735-7136
    ISSN 1735-1995
    DOI 10.4103/1735-1995.172994
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