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  1. Article ; Online: Genetic polymorphism of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (msp1) and 2 (msp2) genes and multiplicity of

    Ndiaye, Tolla / Sy, Mouhamad / Gaye, Amy / Ndiaye, Daouda

    African health sciences

    2020  Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 2446–2456

    Abstract: Introduction: Despite a significant decline in Senegal, malaria remains a burden in various parts of the country. Assessment of multiplicity of : Objective: To assess genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in : Methods: 136 blood samples ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Despite a significant decline in Senegal, malaria remains a burden in various parts of the country. Assessment of multiplicity of
    Objective: To assess genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in
    Methods: 136 blood samples were collected from patients with uncomplicated
    Results: For msp1gene, K1 allelic family was predominant with frequency of 71%. Concerning msp2 gene, IC3D7 allelic family was the most represented with frequency of 83%. Multiclonal isolates found were 36% and 31% for msp1et msp2 genes respectively. The MOI found in all areas was 2.56 and was statistically different between areas (P=0.024). Low to intermediate genetic diversity were found with heterozygosity range (He=0,394-0,637) and low genetic differentiation (Fst msp1= 0.011; Fst msp2=0.017) were observed between
    Conclusion: Low to moderate genetic diversity of
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology ; Male ; Merozoite Surface Protein 1/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Senegal/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Merozoite Surface Protein 1
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-12
    Publishing country Uganda
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2240308-5
    ISSN 1729-0503 ; 1680-6905
    ISSN (online) 1729-0503
    ISSN 1680-6905
    DOI 10.4314/ahs.v19i3.19
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Investigating the etiologies of non-malarial febrile illness in Senegal using metagenomic sequencing.

    Levine, Zoë C / Sene, Aita / Mkandawire, Winnie / Deme, Awa B / Ndiaye, Tolla / Sy, Mouhamad / Gaye, Amy / Diedhiou, Younouss / Mbaye, Amadou M / Ndiaye, Ibrahima M / Gomis, Jules / Ndiop, Médoune / Sene, Doudou / Faye Paye, Marietou / MacInnis, Bronwyn L / Schaffner, Stephen F / Park, Daniel J / Badiane, Aida S / Colubri, Andres /
    Ndiaye, Mouhamadou / Sy, Ngayo / Sabeti, Pardis C / Ndiaye, Daouda / Siddle, Katherine J

    Nature communications

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 747

    Abstract: The worldwide decline in malaria incidence is revealing the extensive burden of non-malarial febrile illness (NMFI), which remains poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. To characterize NMFI in Senegal, we collected venous blood and clinical ... ...

    Abstract The worldwide decline in malaria incidence is revealing the extensive burden of non-malarial febrile illness (NMFI), which remains poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. To characterize NMFI in Senegal, we collected venous blood and clinical metadata in a cross-sectional study of febrile patients and healthy controls in a low malaria burden area. Using 16S and untargeted sequencing, we detected viral, bacterial, or eukaryotic pathogens in 23% (38/163) of NMFI cases. Bacteria were the most common, with relapsing fever Borrelia and spotted fever Rickettsia found in 15.5% and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Four viral pathogens were found in a total of 7 febrile cases (3.5%). Sequencing also detected undiagnosed Plasmodium, including one putative P. ovale infection. We developed a logistic regression model that can distinguish Borrelia from NMFIs with similar presentation based on symptoms and vital signs (F1 score: 0.823). These results highlight the challenge and importance of improved diagnostics, especially for Borrelia, to support diagnosis and surveillance.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Senegal/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Malaria/diagnosis ; Malaria/epidemiology ; Plasmodium ; Fever/epidemiology ; Borrelia/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-44800-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: R

    Wong, Wesley / Volkman, Sarah / Daniels, Rachel / Schaffner, Stephen / Sy, Mouhamad / Ndiaye, Yaye Die / Badiane, Aida S / Deme, Awa B / Diallo, Mamadou Alpha / Gomis, Jules / Sy, Ngayo / Ndiaye, Daouda / Wirth, Dyann F / Hartl, Daniel L

    PNAS nexus

    2022  Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) pgac187

    Abstract: Multiple-strain (polygenomic) infections are a ubiquitous feature ... ...

    Abstract Multiple-strain (polygenomic) infections are a ubiquitous feature of
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2752-6542
    ISSN (online) 2752-6542
    DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac187
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Plasmodium falciparum genomic surveillance reveals spatial and temporal trends, association of genetic and physical distance, and household clustering.

    Sy, Mouhamad / Deme, Awa B / Warren, Joshua L / Early, Angela / Schaffner, Stephen / Daniels, Rachel F / Dieye, Baba / Ndiaye, Ibrahima Mbaye / Diedhiou, Younous / Mbaye, Amadou Moctar / Volkman, Sarah K / Hartl, Daniel L / Wirth, Dyann F / Ndiaye, Daouda / Bei, Amy K

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 938

    Abstract: Molecular epidemiology using genomic data can help identify relationships between malaria parasite population structure, malaria transmission intensity, and ultimately help generate actionable data to assess the effectiveness of malaria control ... ...

    Abstract Molecular epidemiology using genomic data can help identify relationships between malaria parasite population structure, malaria transmission intensity, and ultimately help generate actionable data to assess the effectiveness of malaria control strategies. Genomic data, coupled with geographic information systems data, can further identify clusters or hotspots of malaria transmission, parasite genetic and spatial connectivity, and parasite movement by human or mosquito mobility over time and space. In this study, we performed longitudinal genomic surveillance in a cohort of 70 participants over four years from different neighborhoods and households in Thiès, Senegal-a region of exceptionally low malaria transmission (entomological inoculation rate less than 1). Genetic identity (identity by state, IBS) was established using a 24-single nucleotide polymorphism molecular barcode, identity by descent was calculated from whole genome sequence data, and a hierarchical Bayesian regression model was used to establish genetic and spatial relationships. Our results show clustering of genetically similar parasites within households and a decline in genetic similarity of parasites with increasing distance. One household showed extremely high diversity and warrants further investigation as to the source of these diverse genetic types. This study illustrates the utility of genomic data with traditional epidemiological approaches for surveillance and detection of trends and patterns in malaria transmission not only by neighborhood but also by household. This approach can be implemented regionally and countrywide to strengthen and support malaria control and elimination efforts.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cluster Analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Genome, Microbial/genetics ; Genomics/methods ; Genotype ; Humans ; Malaria/epidemiology ; Malaria/parasitology ; Malaria/transmission ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology/methods ; Physical Distancing ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Senegal/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-04572-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Allelic diversity of MSP1 and MSP2 repeat loci correlate with levels of malaria endemicity in Senegal and Nigerian populations.

    Oboh, Mary A / Ndiaye, Tolla / Diongue, Khadim / Ndiaye, Yaye D / Sy, Mouhamad / Deme, Awa B / Diallo, Mamadou A / Yade, Mamadou S / Volkman, Sarah K / Badiane, Aida S / Amambua-Ngwa, Alfred / Ndiaye, Daouda

    Malaria journal

    2021  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 38

    Abstract: Background: Characterizing the genetic diversity of malaria parasite populations in different endemic settings (from low to high) could be helpful in determining the effectiveness of malaria interventions. This study compared Plasmodium falciparum ... ...

    Abstract Background: Characterizing the genetic diversity of malaria parasite populations in different endemic settings (from low to high) could be helpful in determining the effectiveness of malaria interventions. This study compared Plasmodium falciparum parasite population diversity from two sites with low (pre-elimination) and high transmission in Senegal and Nigeria, respectively.
    Methods: Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from 187 dried blood spot collected from confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria infected patients in Senegal (94) and Nigeria (93). Allelic polymorphism at merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) and merozoite surface protein- 2 (msp2) genes were assessed by nested PCR.
    Results: The most frequent msp1 and msp2 allelic families are the K1 and IC3D7 allelotypes in both Senegal and Nigeria. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) of greater that 1 and thus complex infections was common in both study sites in Senegal (Thies:1.51/2.53; Kedougou:2.2/2.0 for msp1/2) than in Nigeria (Gbagada: 1.39/1.96; Oredo: 1.35/1.75]). The heterozygosity of msp1 gene was higher in P. falciparum isolates from Senegal (Thies: 0.62; Kedougou: 0.53) than isolates from Nigeria (Gbagada: 0.55; Oredo: 0.50). In Senegal, K1 alleles was associated with heavy than with moderate parasite density. Meanwhile, equal proportions of K1 were observed in both heavy and moderate infection types in Nigeria. The IC3D7 subtype allele of the msp2 family was the most frequent in heavily parasitaemic individuals from both countries than in the moderately infected participants.
    Conclusion: The unexpectedly low genetic diversity of infections high endemic Nigerian setting compared to the low endemic settings in Senegal is suggestive of possible epidemic outbreak in Nigeria.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antigens, Protozoan/genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Infant ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Male ; Merozoite Surface Protein 1/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics ; Senegal/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Antigens, Protozoan ; Merozoite Surface Protein 1 ; Protozoan Proteins ; merozoite surface protein 2, Plasmodium
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2091229-8
    ISSN 1475-2875 ; 1475-2875
    ISSN (online) 1475-2875
    ISSN 1475-2875
    DOI 10.1186/s12936-020-03563-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal Dynamic of the RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine Target Antigens in Senegal.

    Diallo, Mamadou Alpha / L'Ollivier, Coralie / Diongue, Khadim / Badiane, Aida Sadikh / Kodio, Aly / Tall, Mamadou Lamine / Sy, Mouhamad / Seck, Mame Cheikh / Sene, Doudou / Ndiaye, Mouhamadou / Fall, Fatou Ba / Ranque, Stéphane / Ndiaye, Daouda

    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

    2021  Volume 105, Issue 6, Page(s) 1738–1746

    Abstract: The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine confers only moderate protection against malaria. Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine depends upon the parasite population genetics, specifically regarding the circumsporozoite protein ... ...

    Abstract The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine confers only moderate protection against malaria. Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine depends upon the parasite population genetics, specifically regarding the circumsporozoite protein haplotypes in the population. We investigated Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) gene sequences from two endemic sites in 2018 in Senegal. The PfCSP sequences were compared with those retrieved from the Pf3k genome database. In the central repeat region of PfCSP, the distribution of haplotypes differed significantly between the two study sites (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001). No 3D7 vaccine strain haplotype was observed in this locus. In the C-terminal region, there was no significant difference in haplotypes distribution between Kedougou and Diourbel (Fischer's exact test, P = 0.122). The 3D7 haplotype frequency was 8.4% in early samples (2001-2011), but then it contracted in the subsequent years. The extensive plasticity of the P. falciparum genes coding the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine target antigens may influence the immune responses to circulating alleles. Monitoring the genetic diversity baseline and its dynamics over time and space would be instrumental in rationally improving the malaria RTS,S/AS01 vaccine and/or its implementation schedule.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Antigens, Protozoan/genetics ; Antigens, Protozoan/immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA, Protozoan/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Malaria Vaccines/immunology ; Malaria Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Malaria, Falciparum/microbiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Plasmodium falciparum/immunology ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics ; Protozoan Proteins/immunology ; Senegal ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Antigens, Protozoan ; DNA, Protozoan ; Malaria Vaccines ; Protozoan Proteins ; RTS,S-AS01 vaccine ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; circumsporozoite protein, Protozoan
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2942-7
    ISSN 1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
    ISSN (online) 1476-1645
    ISSN 0002-9637
    DOI 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0369
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  7. Article ; Online: Evaluating the performance of Plasmodium falciparum genetic metrics for inferring National Malaria Control Programme reported incidence in Senegal.

    Wong, Wesley / Schaffner, Stephen F / Thwing, Julie / Seck, Mame Cheikh / Gomis, Jules / Diedhiou, Younouss / Sy, Ngayo / Ndiop, Medoune / Ba, Fatou / Diallo, Ibrahima / Sene, Doudou / Diallo, Mamadou Alpha / Ndiaye, Yaye Die / Sy, Mouhamad / Sene, Aita / Sow, Djiby / Dieye, Baba / Tine, Abdoulaye / Ribado, Jessica /
    Suresh, Joshua / Lee, Albert / Battle, Katherine E / Proctor, Joshua L / Bever, Caitlin A / MacInnis, Bronwyn / Ndiaye, Daouda / Hartl, Daniel L / Wirth, Dyann F / Volkman, Sarah K

    Malaria journal

    2024  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 68

    Abstract: Background: Genetic surveillance of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite shows great promise for helping National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) assess parasite transmission. Genetic metrics such as the frequency of polygenomic (multiple strain) ... ...

    Abstract Background: Genetic surveillance of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite shows great promise for helping National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) assess parasite transmission. Genetic metrics such as the frequency of polygenomic (multiple strain) infections, genetic clones, and the complexity of infection (COI, number of strains per infection) are correlated with transmission intensity. However, despite these correlations, it is unclear whether genetic metrics alone are sufficient to estimate clinical incidence.
    Methods: This study examined parasites from 3147 clinical infections sampled between the years 2012-2020 through passive case detection (PCD) across 16 clinic sites spread throughout Senegal. Samples were genotyped with a 24 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular barcode that detects parasite strains, distinguishes polygenomic (multiple strain) from monogenomic (single strain) infections, and identifies clonal infections. To determine whether genetic signals can predict incidence, a series of Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects models were constructed to predict the incidence level at each clinical site from a set of genetic metrics designed to measure parasite clonality, superinfection, and co-transmission rates.
    Results: Model-predicted incidence was compared with the reported standard incidence data determined by the NMCP for each clinic and found that parasite genetic metrics generally correlated with reported incidence, with departures from expected values at very low annual incidence (< 10/1000/annual [‰]).
    Conclusions: When transmission is greater than 10 cases per 1000 annual parasite incidence (annual incidence > 10‰), parasite genetics can be used to accurately infer incidence and is consistent with superinfection-based hypotheses of malaria transmission. When transmission was < 10‰, many of the correlations between parasite genetics and incidence were reversed, which may reflect the disproportionate impact of importation and focal transmission on parasite genetics when local transmission levels are low.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Senegal/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Superinfection ; Malaria
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2091229-8
    ISSN 1475-2875 ; 1475-2875
    ISSN (online) 1475-2875
    ISSN 1475-2875
    DOI 10.1186/s12936-024-04897-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Improving diagnosis of non-malarial fevers in Senegal:

    Levine, Zoë C / Sene, Aita / Mkandawire, Winnie / Deme, Awa B / Ndiaye, Tolla / Sy, Mouhamad / Gaye, Amy / Diedhiou, Younouss / Mbaye, Amadou M / Ndiaye, Ibrahima / Gomis, Jules / Ndiop, Médoune / Sene, Doudou / Paye, Marietou Faye / MacInnis, Bronwyn / Schaffner, Stephen F / Park, Daniel J / Badiane, Aida S / Colubri, Andres /
    Ndiaye, Mouhamadou / Sy, Ngayo / Sabeti, Pardis C / Ndiaye, Daouda / Siddle, Katherine J

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: The worldwide decline in malaria incidence is revealing the extensive burden of non-malarial febrile illness (NMFI), which remains poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. To characterize NMFI in Senegal, we collected venous blood and clinical ... ...

    Abstract The worldwide decline in malaria incidence is revealing the extensive burden of non-malarial febrile illness (NMFI), which remains poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. To characterize NMFI in Senegal, we collected venous blood and clinical metadata from febrile patients and healthy controls in a low malaria burden area. Using 16S and unbiased sequencing, we detected viral, bacterial, or eukaryotic pathogens in 29% of NMFI cases. Bacteria were the most common, with relapsing fever
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.08.24.23294564
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  9. Article ; Online: Malaria surveillance reveals parasite relatedness, signatures of selection, and correlates of transmission across Senegal.

    Schaffner, Stephen F / Badiane, Aida / Khorgade, Akanksha / Ndiop, Medoune / Gomis, Jules / Wong, Wesley / Ndiaye, Yaye Die / Diedhiou, Younouss / Thwing, Julie / Seck, Mame Cheikh / Early, Angela / Sy, Mouhamad / Deme, Awa / Diallo, Mamadou Alpha / Sy, Ngayo / Sene, Aita / Ndiaye, Tolla / Sow, Djiby / Dieye, Baba /
    Ndiaye, Ibrahima Mbaye / Gaye, Amy / Ndiaye, Aliou / Battle, Katherine E / Proctor, Joshua L / Bever, Caitlin / Fall, Fatou Ba / Diallo, Ibrahima / Gaye, Seynabou / Sene, Doudou / Hartl, Daniel L / Wirth, Dyann F / MacInnis, Bronwyn / Ndiaye, Daouda / Volkman, Sarah K

    Nature communications

    2023  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 7268

    Abstract: We here analyze data from the first year of an ongoing nationwide program of genetic surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Senegal. The analysis is based on 1097 samples collected at health facilities during passive malaria case detection in ...

    Abstract We here analyze data from the first year of an ongoing nationwide program of genetic surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Senegal. The analysis is based on 1097 samples collected at health facilities during passive malaria case detection in 2019; it provides a baseline for analyzing parasite genetic metrics as they vary over time and geographic space. The study's goal was to identify genetic metrics that were informative about transmission intensity and other aspects of transmission dynamics, focusing on measures of genetic relatedness between parasites. We found the best genetic proxy for local malaria incidence to be the proportion of polygenomic infections (those with multiple genetically distinct parasites), although this relationship broke down at low incidence. The proportion of related parasites was less correlated with incidence while local genetic diversity was uninformative. The type of relatedness could discriminate local transmission patterns: two nearby areas had similarly high fractions of relatives, but one was dominated by clones and the other by outcrossed relatives. Throughout Senegal, 58% of related parasites belonged to a single network of relatives, within which parasites were enriched for shared haplotypes at known and suspected drug resistance loci and at one novel locus, reflective of ongoing selection pressure.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Parasites ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Senegal/epidemiology ; Malaria/epidemiology ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-43087-4
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  10. Article: Malaria surveillance reveals parasite relatedness, signatures of selection, and correlates of transmission across Senegal.

    Schaffner, Stephen F / Badiane, Aida / Khorgade, Akanksha / Ndiop, Medoune / Gomis, Jules / Wong, Wesley / Ndiaye, Yaye Die / Diedhiou, Younouss / Thwing, Julie / Seck, Mame Cheikh / Early, Angela / Sy, Mouhamad / Deme, Awa / Diallo, Mamadou Alpha / Sy, Ngayo / Sene, Aita / Ndiaye, Tolla / Sow, Djiby / Dieye, Baba /
    Ndiaye, Ibrahima Mbaye / Gaye, Amy / Ndiaye, Aliou / Battle, Katherine E / Proctor, Joshua L / Bever, Caitlin / Fall, Fatou Ba / Diallo, Ibrahima / Gaye, Seynabou / Sene, Doudou / Hartl, Daniel L / Wirth, Dyann F / MacInnis, Bronwyn / Ndiaye, Daouda / Volkman, Sarah K

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: Parasite genetic surveillance has the potential to play an important role in malaria control. We describe here an analysis of data from the first year of an ongoing, nationwide program of genetic surveillance ... ...

    Abstract Parasite genetic surveillance has the potential to play an important role in malaria control. We describe here an analysis of data from the first year of an ongoing, nationwide program of genetic surveillance of
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.04.11.23288401
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