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  1. Article: In Vivo Applications of Dendrimers: A Step toward the Future of Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutics.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Rodríguez-García, José Luis / Ceña, Valentín

    Pharmaceutics

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 4

    Abstract: Over the last few years, the development of nanotechnology has allowed for the synthesis of many different nanostructures with controlled sizes, shapes, and chemical properties, with dendrimers being the best-characterized of them. In this review, we ... ...

    Abstract Over the last few years, the development of nanotechnology has allowed for the synthesis of many different nanostructures with controlled sizes, shapes, and chemical properties, with dendrimers being the best-characterized of them. In this review, we present a succinct view of the structure and the synthetic procedures used for dendrimer synthesis, as well as the cellular uptake mechanisms used by these nanoparticles to gain access to the cell. In addition, the manuscript reviews the reported in vivo applications of dendrimers as drug carriers for drugs used in the treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and ocular diseases. The dendrimer-based formulations that have reached different phases of clinical trials, including safety and pharmacokinetic studies, or as delivery agents for therapeutic compounds are also presented. The continuous development of nanotechnology which makes it possible to produce increasingly sophisticated and complex dendrimers indicates that this fascinating family of nanoparticles has a wide potential in the pharmaceutical industry, especially for applications in drug delivery systems, and that the number of dendrimer-based compounds entering clinical trials will markedly increase during the coming years.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2527217-2
    ISSN 1999-4923
    ISSN 1999-4923
    DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040439
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  2. Article ; Online: Nanocarriers in photodynamic therapy-in vitro and in vivo studies.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara

    Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology

    2019  Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) e1509

    Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive technique which has proven to be successful in the treatment of several types of tumors. This relatively simple method exploits three inseparable elements: phototoxic compound (photosensitizer [PS]), ... ...

    Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive technique which has proven to be successful in the treatment of several types of tumors. This relatively simple method exploits three inseparable elements: phototoxic compound (photosensitizer [PS]), light source, and oxygen. Upon irradiation by light with specified wavelength, PS generates reactive oxygen species, which starts the cascade of reactions leading to cell death. The positive therapeutic outcome of PDT may be limited due to several aspects, including low water solubility of PSs, hampering their effective administration and blood circulation, as well as low tumor specificity, inefficient cellular uptake and activation energies requiring prolonged illumination times. One of the promising approaches to overcome these obstacles involves the use of carrier systems modulating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the PSs. In the present review, we summarized current in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the use of nanoparticles as potential delivery devices for PSs to enhance their cellular uptake and cytotoxic properties, and thus-the therapeutic outcome of PDT. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Humans ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents ; Drug Carriers ; Photosensitizing Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-11-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2502698-7
    ISSN 1939-0041 ; 1939-5116
    ISSN (online) 1939-0041
    ISSN 1939-5116
    DOI 10.1002/wnan.1599
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  3. Article ; Online: Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara

    Molecular pharmaceutics

    2018  Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–23

    Abstract: Colloidal gold has been studied for its potential application in medicine for centuries. However, synthesis and evaluation of various gold nanoparticles have only recently been met with a wide interest of scientists. Current studies confirm numerous ... ...

    Abstract Colloidal gold has been studied for its potential application in medicine for centuries. However, synthesis and evaluation of various gold nanoparticles have only recently been met with a wide interest of scientists. Current studies confirm numerous advantages of nanogold over different nanomaterials, primarily due to highly optimized protocols for the production of gold nanoparticles of countless sizes and shapes, featured with unique properties. The possibility to modify the surface of nanogold particles with different targeting and functional compounds significantly broadens the range of their potential biomedical applications, with particular emphasis on cancer treatment. Functionalized gold nanoparticles exhibit good biocompatibility and controllable biodistribution patterns, which make them particularly fine candidates for the basis of innovative therapies. Considering the high amount of scientific data on nanogold, this review summarizes recent advances in the field of medical application of gold nanoparticles for the therapy of cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Gold/chemistry ; Humans ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Nanomedicine/methods ; Nanotechnology/methods ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/therapy
    Chemical Substances Gold (7440-57-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2138405-8
    ISSN 1543-8392 ; 1543-8384
    ISSN (online) 1543-8392
    ISSN 1543-8384
    DOI 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00810
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  4. Article: The effect of surface modification of dendronized gold nanoparticles on activation and release of pyroptosis-inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in monocytes

    Kuc-Ciepluch, Dorota / Gorzkiewicz, Micha / Pędziwiatr-Werbicka, Elżbieta / Barrios-Gumiel, Andrea / Lasak, Magdalena / Mariak, Aleksandra / Sztandera, Krzysztof / Gomez, Rafael / de la Mata, F. Javier / Lankoff, Anna / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara / Bryszewska, Maria / Arabski, Micha / Ciepluch, Karol

    Colloids and surfaces. 2022 June 17,

    2022  

    Abstract: Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may be limited by their toxicological effects. Although surface-modified AuNPs can induce apoptosis, less is known about whether they can induce other types of cell death. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory ... ...

    Abstract Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may be limited by their toxicological effects. Although surface-modified AuNPs can induce apoptosis, less is known about whether they can induce other types of cell death. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory type of programmed cell death, can be induced in immune cells, especially macrophages, by bacterial endotoxins. Therefore, in this study, dendronized AuNPs were combined with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as the main stimulators of pro-inflammatory responses to test the induction of pyroptosis in THP-1 myeloid cell line. These AuNPs induced caspase-1 activity (3 to 4 times more compared to control) and enhanced the release of interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β without inducing gasdermin D cleavage and related pore formation. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurred mainly visible during LPS treatment, although their secretion was observed only after administration of dendronized AuNPs (release of IL-1β to supernatant up to 80pg/mL). These findings suggest that dendronized AuNPs can induce pyroptosis-like inflammatory mechanisms and that these mechanisms are enhanced in the presence of bacterial LPS. The intensity of this effect was dependent on AuNP surface modification. These results shed new light on the cytotoxicity of metal NPs, including immune responses, indicating that surface modifications play crucial roles in their nanotoxicological effects.
    Keywords caspase-1 ; cell lines ; cytotoxicity ; endotoxins ; lipopolysaccharides ; macrophages ; monocytes ; nanogold ; pyroptosis ; secretion ; toxicology
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0617
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 1500523-9
    ISSN 1873-4367 ; 0927-7765
    ISSN (online) 1873-4367
    ISSN 0927-7765
    DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112652
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  5. Article ; Online: Triazine-Carbosilane Dendrimersomes Enhance Cellular Uptake and Phototoxic Activity of Rose Bengal in Basal Cell Skin Carcinoma Cells.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Bątal, Mateusz / Arkhipova, Valeria / Knauer, Nadezhda / Sánchez-Nieves, Javier / de la Mata, Fco Javier / Gómez, Rafael / Apartsin, Evgeny / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara

    International journal of nanomedicine

    2022  Volume 17, Page(s) 1139–1154

    Abstract: Background: The search for new formulations for photodynamic therapy is intended to improve the outcome of skin cancer treatment using significantly reduced doses of photosensitizer, thereby avoiding side effects. The incorporation of photosensitizers ... ...

    Abstract Background: The search for new formulations for photodynamic therapy is intended to improve the outcome of skin cancer treatment using significantly reduced doses of photosensitizer, thereby avoiding side effects. The incorporation of photosensitizers into nanoassemblies is a versatile way to increase the efficiency and specificity of drug delivery into target cells. Herein, we report the loading of rose bengal into vesicle-like constructs of amphiphilic triazine-carbosilane dendrons (dendrimersomes) as well as biophysical and in vitro characterization of this novel nanosystem.
    Methods: Using established protocol and analytical and spectroscopy techniques we were able to synthesized dendrons with strictly designed properties. Engaging biophysical methods (hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential measurements, analysis of spectral properties, transmission electron microscopy) we confirmed assembling of our nanosystem. A set of in vitro techniques was used for determination ROS generation, (ABDA and H
    Results: Encapsulation of rose bengal inside dendrimersomes enhances cellular uptake, intracellular ROS production and concequently, the phototoxicity of this photosensitizer.
    Conclusion: Triazine-carbosilane dendrimersomes show high capacity as drug carriers for anticancer photodynamic therapy.
    MeSH term(s) Carcinoma ; Humans ; Rose Bengal/chemistry ; Rose Bengal/pharmacology ; Silanes/pharmacology ; Triazines/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Silanes ; Triazines ; carbosilane ; Rose Bengal (1ZPG1ELY14)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-15
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2364941-0
    ISSN 1178-2013 ; 1176-9114
    ISSN (online) 1178-2013
    ISSN 1176-9114
    DOI 10.2147/IJN.S352349
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  6. Article ; Online: In Search of a Phosphorus Dendrimer-Based Carrier of Rose Bengal: Tyramine Linker Limits Fluorescent and Phototoxic Properties of a Photosensitizer.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Marcinkowska, Monika / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Janaszewska, Anna / Laurent, Regis / Zabłocka, Maria / Mignani, Serge / Majoral, Jean Pierre / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2020  Volume 21, Issue 12

    Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a skin cancer treatment alternative to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This method exploits three elements: a phototoxic compound (photosensitizer), light source and oxygen. Upon irradiation by light of a specific wavelength, ...

    Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a skin cancer treatment alternative to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This method exploits three elements: a phototoxic compound (photosensitizer), light source and oxygen. Upon irradiation by light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer generates reactive oxygen species triggering the cascade of reactions leading to cell death. The positive therapeutic effect of PDT may be limited due to low solubility, low tumor specificity and inefficient cellular uptake of photosensitizers. A promising approach to overcome these obstacles involves the use of nanocarrier systems. The aim of this initial study was to determine the potential of the application of phosphorus dendrimers as carriers of a photosensitizer-rose bengal (RB). The primary goal involved the synthesis and in vitro studies of covalent drug-dendrimer conjugates. Our approach allowed us to obtain RB-dendrimer conjugates with the use of tyramine as an aromatic linker between the carrier and the drug. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR,
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/drug therapy ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology ; Cell Death ; Dendrimers/chemistry ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Mice ; Phosphorus/chemistry ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Rose Bengal/chemistry ; Singlet Oxygen ; Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tyramine/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Dendrimers ; Drug Carriers ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Photosensitizing Agents ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Singlet Oxygen (17778-80-2) ; Rose Bengal (1ZPG1ELY14) ; Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W) ; Tyramine (X8ZC7V0OX3)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms21124456
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  7. Article ; Online: Noncovalent Interactions with PAMAM and PPI Dendrimers Promote the Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Activity of Rose Bengal: The Role of the Dendrimer Structure.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Dias Martins, Ana Sofia / Pallante, Lorenzo / Zizzi, Eric Adriano / Miceli, Marcello / Ba Tal, Mateusz / Reis, Catarina Pinto / Deriu, Marco A / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara

    Journal of medicinal chemistry

    2021  Volume 64, Issue 21, Page(s) 15758–15771

    Abstract: Rose bengal is an anionic dye considered as a potential photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy. The clinical utility of rose bengal is hampered by its short half-life, limited transmembrane transport, aggregation, and self-quenching; ... ...

    Abstract Rose bengal is an anionic dye considered as a potential photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy. The clinical utility of rose bengal is hampered by its short half-life, limited transmembrane transport, aggregation, and self-quenching; consequently, efficient drug carriers that overcome these obstacles are urgently required. In this study, we performed multilevel
    MeSH term(s) Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Dendrimers/chemistry ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/metabolism ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Rose Bengal/metabolism ; Rose Bengal/pharmacology ; Skin Neoplasms/metabolism ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology
    Chemical Substances Dendrimers ; PAMAM Starburst ; Photosensitizing Agents ; Polypropylenes ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; poly(propyleneimine) ; Rose Bengal (1ZPG1ELY14)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218133-2
    ISSN 1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
    ISSN (online) 1520-4804
    ISSN 0022-2623
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01080
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  8. Article ; Online: The effect of surface modification of dendronized gold nanoparticles on activation and release of pyroptosis-inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in monocytes.

    Kuc-Ciepluch, Dorota / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Pędziwiatr-Werbicka, Elżbieta / Barrios-Gumiel, Andrea / Lasak, Magdalena / Mariak, Aleksandra / Sztandera, Krzysztof / Gomez, Rafael / de la Mata, F Javier / Lankoff, Anna / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara / Bryszewska, Maria / Arabski, Michał / Ciepluch, Karol

    Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces

    2022  Volume 217, Page(s) 112652

    Abstract: Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may be limited by their toxicological effects. Although surface-modified AuNPs can induce apoptosis, less is known about whether they can induce other types of cell death. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory ... ...

    Abstract Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may be limited by their toxicological effects. Although surface-modified AuNPs can induce apoptosis, less is known about whether they can induce other types of cell death. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory type of programmed cell death, can be induced in immune cells, especially macrophages, by bacterial endotoxins. Therefore, in this study, dendronized AuNPs were combined with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as the main stimulators of pro-inflammatory responses to test the induction of pyroptosis in THP-1 myeloid cell line. These AuNPs induced caspase-1 activity (3-4 times more compared to control) and enhanced the release of interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β without inducing gasdermin D cleavage and related pore formation. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurred mainly visible during LPS treatment, although their secretion was observed only after administration of dendronized AuNPs (release of IL-1β to supernatant up to 80 pg/mL). These findings suggest that dendronized AuNPs can induce pyroptosis-like inflammatory mechanisms and that these mechanisms are enhanced in the presence of bacterial LPS. The intensity of this effect was dependent on AuNP surface modification. These results shed new light on the cytotoxicity of metal NPs, including immune responses, indicating that surface modifications play crucial roles in their nanotoxicological effects.
    MeSH term(s) Cytokines/metabolism ; Gold/metabolism ; Gold/pharmacology ; Interleukin-1beta ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Monocytes ; Pyroptosis
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Interleukin-1beta ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Gold (7440-57-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1500523-9
    ISSN 1873-4367 ; 0927-7765
    ISSN (online) 1873-4367
    ISSN 0927-7765
    DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112652
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  9. Article ; Online: Sugar Modification Enhances Cytotoxic Activity of PAMAM-Doxorubicin Conjugate in Glucose-Deprived MCF-7 Cells - Possible Role of GLUT1 Transporter.

    Sztandera, Krzysztof / Działak, Paula / Marcinkowska, Monika / Stańczyk, Maciej / Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Janaszewska, Anna / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara

    Pharmaceutical research

    2019  Volume 36, Issue 10, Page(s) 140

    Abstract: Purpose: In order to overcome the obstacles and side effects of classical chemotherapy, numerous studies have been performed to develop the treatment based on targeted transport of active compounds directly to the site of action. Since tumor cells are ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: In order to overcome the obstacles and side effects of classical chemotherapy, numerous studies have been performed to develop the treatment based on targeted transport of active compounds directly to the site of action. Since tumor cells are featured with intensified glucose metabolism, we set out to develop innovative, glucose-modified PAMAM dendrimer for the delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells.
    Methods: PAMAM-dox-glc conjugate was synthesized and characterized by
    Results: We showed that PAMAM-dox-glc conjugate exhibits pH-dependent drug release and increased cytotoxic activity compared to free drug in cells cultured in medium without glucose. Further, we proved that these cells overexpress transporters of GLUT family. The toxic effect of conjugate was eliminated by the application of specific GLUT1 inhibitors.
    Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the glucose moiety plays a crucial role in the recognition of cells with high expression of GLUT receptors. By selectively blocking GLUT1 transporter we showed its importance for the cytotoxic activity of PAMAM-dox-glc conjugate. These results suggest that PAMAM-glucose formulations may constitute an efficient platform for the specific delivery of anticancer drugs to tumor cells overexpressing transporters of GLUT family.
    MeSH term(s) Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dendrimers/chemistry ; Doxorubicin/administration & dosage ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Drug Liberation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Glucose/adverse effects ; Glucose/chemistry ; Glucose Transporter Type 1/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; MCF-7 Cells ; Particle Size
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents ; Dendrimers ; Drug Carriers ; Glucose Transporter Type 1 ; PAMAM Starburst ; SLC2A1 protein, human ; Doxorubicin (80168379AG) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 843063-9
    ISSN 1573-904X ; 0724-8741 ; 0739-0742
    ISSN (online) 1573-904X
    ISSN 0724-8741 ; 0739-0742
    DOI 10.1007/s11095-019-2673-9
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  10. Article ; Online: Terminal Sugar Moiety Determines Immunomodulatory Properties of Poly(propyleneimine) Glycodendrimers.

    Gorzkiewicz, Michał / Sztandera, Krzysztof / Jatczak-Pawlik, Izabela / Zinke, Robin / Appelhans, Dietmar / Klajnert-Maculewicz, Barbara / Pulaski, Łukasz

    Biomacromolecules

    2018  Volume 19, Issue 5, Page(s) 1562–1572

    Abstract: Poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers fully surface-modified with disaccharide moieties (maltose, cellobiose, and lactose) designed to mimic natural lectin receptor ligands were tested for their bioactivity in two myeloid cell lines: THP-1 and HL-60. Depending ...

    Abstract Poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers fully surface-modified with disaccharide moieties (maltose, cellobiose, and lactose) designed to mimic natural lectin receptor ligands were tested for their bioactivity in two myeloid cell lines: THP-1 and HL-60. Depending on the sugar modification, we observed variable activation of NF-κB, AP-1, and NF-AT signaling pathways: lactose-coated dendrimers had the strongest impact on marker gene expression and most signaling events with the notable exception of NF-κB activation in THP-1 cells. The two cell lines showed an overall similar pattern of transcription factor and gene expression activation upon treatment with glycodendrimers, suggesting the involvement of galectin and C-type lectin receptor types. An important result of this action was the overexpression of CD40 and IL8 genes, potentially leading to an activated, proinflammatory phenotype in the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage. These pharmacodynamic characteristics of glycodendrimers need to be taken into account during their pharmaceutical applications both in drug delivery and direct immunomodulation.
    MeSH term(s) CD40 Antigens/genetics ; CD40 Antigens/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cellobiose/chemistry ; Dendrimers/chemistry ; Dendrimers/pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/chemistry ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; Interleukin-8/genetics ; Interleukin-8/metabolism ; Lactose/chemistry ; Maltose/chemistry ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
    Chemical Substances CD40 Antigens ; CXCL8 protein, human ; Dendrimers ; Immunologic Factors ; Interleukin-8 ; NF-kappa B ; Polypropylenes ; Receptors, Mitogen ; Transcription Factor AP-1 ; poly(propyleneimine) ; Cellobiose (16462-44-5) ; Maltose (69-79-4) ; Lactose (J2B2A4N98G)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1526-4602
    ISSN (online) 1526-4602
    DOI 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00168
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