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  1. Article ; Online: Daniel Porte Jr., 13 August 1931-13 May 2023.

    Kahn, Steven E / Woods, Stephen C / Halter, Jeffrey B / Taborsky, Gerald J / Schwartz, Michael W

    Diabetes

    2023  Volume 73, Issue 1, Page(s) 5–10

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80085-5
    ISSN 1939-327X ; 0012-1797
    ISSN (online) 1939-327X
    ISSN 0012-1797
    DOI 10.2337/db23-0787
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Islets have a lot of nerve! Or do they?

    Taborsky, Gerald J

    Cell metabolism

    2011  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 5–6

    Abstract: The autonomic nervous system influences insulin and glucagon secretion. In this issue, Rodriguez-Diaz et al. (2011) show that mouse and human islets differ in their innervation patterns, yet the effect of neural activation on islet hormone secretion is ... ...

    Abstract The autonomic nervous system influences insulin and glucagon secretion. In this issue, Rodriguez-Diaz et al. (2011) show that mouse and human islets differ in their innervation patterns, yet the effect of neural activation on islet hormone secretion is similar. Key questions raised by this species difference have potential relevance to diabetic therapeutics.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-06-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Early sympathetic islet neuropathy in autoimmune diabetes: lessons learned and opportunities for investigation.

    Mundinger, Thomas O / Taborsky, Gerald J

    Diabetologia

    2016  Volume 59, Issue 10, Page(s) 2058–2067

    Abstract: This review outlines the current state of knowledge regarding a unique neural defect of the pancreatic islet in autoimmune diabetes, one that we have termed early sympathetic islet neuropathy (eSIN). We begin with the findings that a majority of islet ... ...

    Abstract This review outlines the current state of knowledge regarding a unique neural defect of the pancreatic islet in autoimmune diabetes, one that we have termed early sympathetic islet neuropathy (eSIN). We begin with the findings that a majority of islet sympathetic nerves are lost near the onset of type 1, but not type 2, diabetes and that this nerve loss is restricted to the islet. We discuss later work demonstrating that while the loss of islet sympathetic nerves and the loss of islet beta cells in type 1 diabetes both require infiltration of the islet by lymphocytes, their respective mechanisms of tissue destruction differ. Uniquely, eSIN requires the activation of a specific neurotrophin receptor and we propose two possible pathways for activation of this receptor during the immune attack on the islet. We also outline what is known about the functional consequences of eSIN, focusing on impairment of sympathetically mediated glucagon secretion and its application to the clinical problem of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Finally, we offer our view on the important remaining questions regarding this unique neural defect.
    MeSH term(s) Autoimmunity/physiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology ; Diabetic Neuropathies/immunology ; Diabetic Neuropathies/metabolism ; Diabetic Neuropathies/pathology ; Glucagon/metabolism ; Humans ; Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism ; Sympathetic Nervous System/immunology ; Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism ; Sympathetic Nervous System/pathology
    Chemical Substances Nerve Growth Factors ; Glucagon (9007-92-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-06-24
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1694-9
    ISSN 1432-0428 ; 0012-186X
    ISSN (online) 1432-0428
    ISSN 0012-186X
    DOI 10.1007/s00125-016-4026-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: The physiology of glucagon.

    Taborsky, Gerald J

    Journal of diabetes science and technology

    2010  Volume 4, Issue 6, Page(s) 1338–1344

    Abstract: This short review outlines the physiology of glucagon in vivo, with an emphasis on its neural control, the author's area of interest. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, which are a minority of the pancreatic islet. Anatomically, they are down stream ... ...

    Abstract This short review outlines the physiology of glucagon in vivo, with an emphasis on its neural control, the author's area of interest. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, which are a minority of the pancreatic islet. Anatomically, they are down stream from the majority islet beta cells. Beta-cell secretory products restrain glucagon secretion. Activation of the autonomic nerves, which innervate the islet, increases glucagon secretion. Glucagon is secreted into the portal vein and thus has its major physiologic action at the liver to break down glycogen. Glucagon thereby maintains hepatic glucose production during fasting and increases hepatic glucose production during stress, including the clinically important stress of hypoglycemia. Three different mechanisms proposed to stimulate glucagon secreted during hypoglycemia are discussed: (1) a stimulatory effect of low glucose directly on the alpha cell, (2) withdrawal of an inhibitory effect of adjacent beta cells, and (3) a stimulatory effect of autonomic activation. In type 1 diabetes (T1DM), increased glucagon secretion contributes to the elevated ketones and acidosis present in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). It also contributes to the hyperglycemia seen with or without DKA. The glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia is impaired soon after the development of T1DM. The mediators of this impairment include loss of beta cells and loss of sympathetic nerves from the autoimmune diabetic islet.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology ; Glucagon/metabolism ; Glucagon-Secreting Cells/metabolism ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/metabolism ; Hypoglycemia/physiopathology ; Insulin/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/innervation ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Blood Glucose ; Insulin ; Glycogen (9005-79-2) ; Glucagon (9007-92-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ISSN 1932-2968
    ISSN (online) 1932-2968
    DOI 10.1177/193229681000400607
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Daniel Porte Jr.: A Leader in Our Understanding of the Role of Defective Insulin Secretion and Action in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

    Palmer, Jerry P / Kahn, Steven E / Schwartz, Michael W / Taborsky, Gerald J / Woods, Stephen C

    Diabetes care

    2020  Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 704–709

    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/history ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cardiology/history ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Endocrinology/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Insulin Secretion/physiology ; Leadership ; New York City ; Obesity/etiology ; Obesity/metabolism ; Physicians
    Chemical Substances Blood Glucose ; Insulin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Biography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Portrait
    ZDB-ID 441231-x
    ISSN 1935-5548 ; 0149-5992
    ISSN (online) 1935-5548
    ISSN 0149-5992
    DOI 10.2337/dci19-0068
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: CNS control of the endocrine pancreas.

    Faber, Chelsea L / Deem, Jennifer D / Campos, Carlos A / Taborsky, Gerald J / Morton, Gregory J

    Diabetologia

    2020  Volume 63, Issue 10, Page(s) 2086–2094

    Abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that, although pancreatic islets can function autonomously to detect and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level, the brain cooperates with the islet to maintain glycaemic control. Here, we review the role of the ... ...

    Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that, although pancreatic islets can function autonomously to detect and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level, the brain cooperates with the islet to maintain glycaemic control. Here, we review the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems in the control of the endocrine pancreas, including mechanisms whereby the brain senses circulating blood glucose levels. We also examine whether dysfunction in these systems might contribute to complications of type 1 diabetes and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System/metabolism ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Central Nervous System/physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology ; Glucagon/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/innervation ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism ; Sensory Receptor Cells
    Chemical Substances Blood Glucose ; Insulin ; Glucagon (9007-92-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-07
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1694-9
    ISSN 1432-0428 ; 0012-186X
    ISSN (online) 1432-0428
    ISSN 0012-186X
    DOI 10.1007/s00125-020-05204-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Minireview: The role of the autonomic nervous system in mediating the glucagon response to hypoglycemia.

    Taborsky, Gerald J / Mundinger, Thomas O

    Endocrinology

    2012  Volume 153, Issue 3, Page(s) 1055–1062

    Abstract: In type 1 diabetes, the impairment of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia increases both its severity and duration. In nondiabetic individuals, hypoglycemia activates the autonomic nervous system, which in turn mediates the majority of the glucagon ... ...

    Abstract In type 1 diabetes, the impairment of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia increases both its severity and duration. In nondiabetic individuals, hypoglycemia activates the autonomic nervous system, which in turn mediates the majority of the glucagon response to moderate and marked hypoglycemia. The first goal of this minireview is therefore to illustrate and document these autonomic mechanisms. Specifically we describe the hypoglycemic thresholds for activating the three autonomic inputs to the islet (parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic nerves, and adrenal medullary epinephrine) and their magnitudes of activation as glucose falls from euglycemia to near fatal levels. The implication is that their relative contributions to this glucagon response depend on the severity of hypoglycemia. The second goal of this minireview is to discuss known and suspected down-regulation or damage to these mechanisms in diabetes. We address defects in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and in the islet itself. They are categorized as either functional defects caused by glucose dysregulation or structural defects caused by the autoimmune attack of the islet. In the last section of the minireview, we outline approaches for reversing these defects. Such reversal has both scientific and clinical benefit. Scientifically, one could determine the contribution of these defects to the impairment of glucagon response seen early in type 1 diabetes. Clinically, restoring this glucagon response would allow more aggressive treatment of the chronic hyperglycemia that is linked to the debilitating long-term complications of this disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autoimmunity ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiology ; Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Glucagon/chemistry ; Glucagon/metabolism ; Glucose/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Islets of Langerhans/cytology ; Models, Biological ; Peripheral Nervous System/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Glucagon (9007-92-5) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-02-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/en.2011-2040
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Co-impairment of autonomic and glucagon responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

    Gilor, Chen / Duesberg, Cynthia / Elliott, Denise A / Feldman, Edward C / Mundinger, Thomas O / Taborsky, Gerald J / Nelson, Richard W / Havel, Peter J

    American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

    2020  Volume 319, Issue 6, Page(s) E1074–E1083

    Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the contributions of two factors potentially impairing glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) in insulin-deficient diabetes: ...

    Abstract This study aimed to investigate the contributions of two factors potentially impairing glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) in insulin-deficient diabetes:
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System/drug effects ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; C-Peptide/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/metabolism ; Dogs ; Epinephrine/blood ; Glucagon/pharmacology ; Glucagon-Secreting Cells/drug effects ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Hypoglycemia/chemically induced ; Hypoglycemia/metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects ; Norepinephrine/blood ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Blood Glucose ; C-Peptide ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Pancreatic Polypeptide (59763-91-6) ; Glucagon (9007-92-5) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV) ; Epinephrine (YKH834O4BH)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603841-4
    ISSN 1522-1555 ; 0193-1849
    ISSN (online) 1522-1555
    ISSN 0193-1849
    DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00379.2020
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Islets Have a Lot of Nerve! Or Do They?

    Taborsky, Gerald J., Jr

    Cell metabolism. 2011 July 6, v. 14, no. 1

    2011  

    Abstract: The autonomic nervous system influences insulin and glucagon secretion. In this issue, Rodriguez-Diaz et al. (2011) show that mouse and human islets differ in their innervation patterns, yet the effect of neural activation on islet hormone secretion is ... ...

    Abstract The autonomic nervous system influences insulin and glucagon secretion. In this issue, Rodriguez-Diaz et al. (2011) show that mouse and human islets differ in their innervation patterns, yet the effect of neural activation on islet hormone secretion is similar. Key questions raised by this species difference have potential relevance to diabetic therapeutics.
    Keywords autonomic nervous system ; glucagon ; hormone secretion ; humans ; innervation ; insulin ; mice ; nerve tissue ; therapeutics
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2011-0706
    Size p. 5-6.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.004
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article ; Online: Short-term diabetic hyperglycemia suppresses celiac ganglia neurotransmission, thereby impairing sympathetically mediated glucagon responses.

    Mundinger, Thomas O / Cooper, Ellis / Coleman, Michael P / Taborsky, Gerald J

    American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

    2015  Volume 309, Issue 3, Page(s) E246–55

    Abstract: Short-term hyperglycemia suppresses superior cervical ganglia neurotransmission. If this ganglionic dysfunction also occurs in the islet sympathetic pathway, sympathetically mediated glucagon responses could be impaired. Our objectives were 1) to test ... ...

    Abstract Short-term hyperglycemia suppresses superior cervical ganglia neurotransmission. If this ganglionic dysfunction also occurs in the islet sympathetic pathway, sympathetically mediated glucagon responses could be impaired. Our objectives were 1) to test for a suppressive effect of 7 days of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes on celiac ganglia (CG) activation and on neurotransmitter and glucagon responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation, 2) to isolate the defect in the islet sympathetic pathway to the CG itself, and 3) to test for a protective effect of the WLD(S) mutation. We injected saline or nicotine in nondiabetic and STZ-diabetic rats and measured fos mRNA levels in whole CG. We electrically stimulated the preganglionic or postganglionic nerve trunk of the CG in nondiabetic and STZ-diabetic rats and measured portal venous norepinephrine and glucagon responses. We repeated the nicotine and preganglionic nerve stimulation studies in nondiabetic and STZ-diabetic WLD(S) rats. In STZ-diabetic rats, the CG fos response to nicotine was suppressed, and the norepinephrine and glucagon responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation were impaired. In contrast, the norepinephrine and glucagon responses to postganglionic nerve stimulation were normal. The CG fos response to nicotine, and the norepinephrine and glucagon responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation, were normal in STZ-diabetic WLD(S) rats. In conclusion, short-term hyperglycemia's suppressive effect on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the CG impairs sympathetically mediated glucagon responses. WLD(S) rats are protected from this dysfunction. The implication is that this CG dysfunction may contribute to the impaired glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia seen early in type 1 diabetes.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology ; Down-Regulation/drug effects ; Electric Stimulation ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/drug effects ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/metabolism ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/physiopathology ; Ganglionic Stimulants/pharmacology ; Glucagon/blood ; Glucagon/metabolism ; Hyperglycemia/etiology ; Islets of Langerhans/drug effects ; Islets of Langerhans/innervation ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism ; Male ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Norepinephrine/blood ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Transgenic ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Nicotinic/chemistry ; Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Wallerian Degeneration/complications
    Chemical Substances Ganglionic Stimulants ; Mutant Proteins ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Nicotinic Agonists ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; Wld protein, rat ; Glucagon (9007-92-5) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-06-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 603841-4
    ISSN 1522-1555 ; 0193-1849
    ISSN (online) 1522-1555
    ISSN 0193-1849
    DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00140.2015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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