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Article: Estimation of country-specific tuberculosis resistance antibiograms using pathogen genomics and machine learning.

Dixit, Avika / Freschi, Luca / Vargas, Roger / Gröschel, Matthias I / Nakhoul, Maria / Tahseen, Sabira / Alam, S M Masud / Kamal, S M Mostofa / Skrahina, Alena / Basilio, Ramon P / Lim, Dodge R / Ismail, Nazir / Farhat, Maha R

BMJ global health

2024 Volume 9, Issue 3

Abstract: Background: Global tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance (DR) surveillance focuses on rifampicin. We examined the potential of public and surveillance : Methods: We curated and quality-controlled : Results: Mtb: Conclusions: This is the first ... ...

Abstract	Background: Global tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance (DR) surveillance focuses on rifampicin. We examined the potential of public and surveillance Methods: We curated and quality-controlled Results: Mtb Conclusions: This is the first attempt at global
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology ; Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; Isoniazid/pharmacology ; Isoniazid/therapeutic use ; Ethionamide/therapeutic use ; Rifampin/therapeutic use ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology ; Genomics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Machine Learning
Chemical Substances	Antitubercular Agents ; Isoniazid (V83O1VOZ8L) ; Ethionamide (OAY8ORS3CQ) ; Rifampin (VJT6J7R4TR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2059-7908
ISSN	2059-7908
DOI	10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013532
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Article ; Online: Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria among tuberculosis patients, a study from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.

Karamat, Asifa / Ambreen, Atiqa / Ishtiaq, Aamira / Tahseen, Sabira / Rahman, Muhammad Aqeelur / Mustafa, Tehmina

BMC infectious diseases

2021 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 381

Abstract: Background: There is scarce knowledge on the prevalence of diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in Pakistan. In the absence of culture and identification, acid-fast bacilli (AFB) causing NTM disease are liable to be misinterpreted as ... ...

Abstract	Background: There is scarce knowledge on the prevalence of diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in Pakistan. In the absence of culture and identification, acid-fast bacilli (AFB) causing NTM disease are liable to be misinterpreted as tuberculosis (TB). Introduction of nucleic acid amplification testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) offers improved diagnostic accuracy, compared with smear microscopy, and also assists in differentiating MTBC from other mycobacteria. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NTM among patients investigated for TB and describe NTM disease and treatment outcomes at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Methods: This is a retrospective study, data on NTM isolates among culture-positive clinical samples over 4 years (2016-19) was retrieved from laboratory records. Information on clinical specimens processed, AFB smear results, and for the AFB positive isolates, results of species identification for MTBC, and for NTM isolates, results of species characterization and drug susceptibility testing was collected. Additional clinical data including patient characteristics, treatment regimens, and outcomes were collected for patients with NTM disease treated at Gulab Devi Hospital, Lahore. Results: During the study period, 12,561 clinical specimens were processed for mycobacterial culture and 3673 (29%) were reported positive for AFB. Among these 3482 (95%) were identified as MTBC and 191 (5%) as NTM. Among NTM, 169 (88%) were isolated from pulmonary and 22 (12%) from extrapulmonary specimens. Results of NTM speciation were available for 60 isolates and included 55% (n = 33) M. avium complex and 25% (n = 15) M. abscesses. Among these patients, complete clinical records were retrieved for 12 patients with pulmonary disease including nine infected with M. avium complex and three with M. abscessus. All 12 patients had a history of poor response to standard first-line anti-TB treatment. Ten patients were cured after 18 months of treatment, whereas, one with M. abscessus infection died and another was lost to follow up. Conclusion: In TB endemic areas, NTM can be misdiagnosed as pulmonary TB leading to repeated failed anti-TB treatment and increased morbidity, emphasizing the need for improved diagnosis.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microscopy ; Middle Aged ; Mycobacterium abscessus/isolation & purification ; Mycobacterium avium Complex/isolation & purification ; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/diagnosis ; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/epidemiology ; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/microbiology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification ; Pakistan/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-021-06086-8
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Article ; Online: The value of histological examination in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in the era of rapid molecular diagnosis.

Tahseen, Sabira / Ambreen, Atiqa / Ishtiaq, Sheeba / Khanzada, Faisal M / Safdar, Nauman / Sviland, Lisbet / Mustafa, Tehmina

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 8949

Abstract: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis often poses a diagnostic challenge. This study aimed to assess the value of histological examination in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis (LNTB) when performed simultaneously with rapid molecular assay (Xpert MTB/RIF) ... ...

Abstract	Extrapulmonary tuberculosis often poses a diagnostic challenge. This study aimed to assess the value of histological examination in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis (LNTB) when performed simultaneously with rapid molecular assay (Xpert MTB/RIF) testing. People presumed to have LNTB were prospectively enrolled in a tertiary care hospital. Excision biopsy was performed and tested by histology, Xpert, and culture. Of 390 lymph nodes, 11 (2.8%) were positive by AFB microscopy, 124 (31.8%) by Xpert, 137 (35.1%) by culture, and histopathology was consistent with TB in 208 (53.3%). Altogether, LNTB was diagnosed in 228 and bacteriologically confirmed TB in 178 cases. Against culture, histopathology versus Xpert had higher sensitivity (93 vs. 62%) but lower specificity (68 vs. 83%). In patients with short clinical history, a significantly higher number of Xpert-positive specimens were culture-positive. Among patients with histology suggestive of TB, no difference was seen in response to treatment between bacteriology positive and negative, but a significant slow response was noted in bacteriology confirmed TB with nonspecific histology. In a country like Pakistan, with high TB and low HIV prevalence, diagnosis is possible for more than 95% of LNTB when Xpert and histopathology examination is used in combination, compared to less than 60% by Xpert alone.
MeSH term(s)	Histological Techniques ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes/pathology ; Lymphadenitis ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/diagnosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-12660-0
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Article ; Online: In vivo

Ghodousi, Arash / Hussain Rizvi, Alamdar / Khanzada, Faisal Masood / Akhtar, Nasim / Ghafoor, Abdul / Trovato, Alberto / Cirillo, Daniela Maria / Tahseen, Sabira

The European respiratory journal

2022 Volume 59, Issue 3

MeSH term(s)	Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology ; Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis/drug therapy ; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis/genetics ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Antitubercular Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639359-7
ISSN	1399-3003 ; 0903-1936
ISSN (online)	1399-3003
ISSN	0903-1936
DOI	10.1183/13993003.02102-2021
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Article ; Online: Second-line injectable drugs for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: better the devil we know?

Tahseen, Sabira / Van Deun, Armand / de Jong, Bouke C / Decroo, Tom

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

2020 Volume 76, Issue 4, Page(s) 831–835

Abstract: In its 2020 guidelines for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), the WHO recommends all-oral fluoroquinolone-based regimens, with bedaquiline replacing the second-line injectable drugs (SLIDs). SLIDs were used for their strong acquired ... ...

Abstract	In its 2020 guidelines for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), the WHO recommends all-oral fluoroquinolone-based regimens, with bedaquiline replacing the second-line injectable drugs (SLIDs). SLIDs were used for their strong acquired resistance-preventing activity. Data from three cohorts showed acquired bedaquiline resistance ranging between 2.5% and 30.8%, with no protection from a SLID in most cases. If bedaquiline resistance is that easily acquired, it will fail to protect fluoroquinolones and other drugs from acquiring resistance. Until evidence on resistance-preventing activity shows that SLIDs can safely be replaced, we call for more prudent use of the few potent second-line TB drugs available. Studies on new treatment regimens need to prioritize the prevention of acquired resistance along with treatment success. Meanwhile, reducing the dosing of SLIDs to thrice weekly from Day 1, and their replacement for any degree of audiometry abnormalities before or during treatment will largely avoid serious ototoxicity.
MeSH term(s)	Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; Fluoroquinolones ; Humans ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Rifampin ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Antitubercular Agents ; Fluoroquinolones ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Rifampin (VJT6J7R4TR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	191709-2
ISSN	1460-2091 ; 0305-7453
ISSN (online)	1460-2091
ISSN	0305-7453
DOI	10.1093/jac/dkaa489
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Article ; Online: Phenotype versus genotype discordant rifampicin susceptibility testing in tuberculosis: implications for a diagnostic accuracy.

Qadir, Mehmood / Faryal, Rani / Khan, Muhammad Tahir / Khan, Sajjad Ahmed / Zhang, Shulin / Li, Weimin / Wei, Dong Qing / Tahseen, Sabira / McHugh, Timothy D

Microbiology spectrum

2023 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) e0163123

Abstract: Importance: An accurate diagnosis of drug resistance in clinical isolates is an important step for better treatment outcomes. The current study observed a higher discordance rate of rifampicin resistance on Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) drug ...

Abstract	Importance: An accurate diagnosis of drug resistance in clinical isolates is an important step for better treatment outcomes. The current study observed a higher discordance rate of rifampicin resistance on Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) drug susceptibility testing (DST) than Lowenstein-Jenson (LJ) DST when compared with the
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Rifampin/therapeutic use ; Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology ; Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Tuberculosis/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology ; Genotype ; Phenotype
Chemical Substances	Rifampin (VJT6J7R4TR) ; Antitubercular Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.01631-23
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Article ; Online: Predictors of slow clinical response and extended treatment in patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan, A hospital-based prospective study.

Ambreen, Atiqa / Tahseen, Sabira / Wali, Ahmad / Jamil, Muhammad / Naqvi, Syed Zeeshan Haider / Safdar, Nauman / Mustafa, Tehmina

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 11, Page(s) e0259801

Abstract: The optimal duration of treatment in different forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is not clearly defined. This study aimed to identify predictors of slow clinical response and extended anti-TB treatment in EPTB patients. Socio-demographic, ... ...

Abstract	The optimal duration of treatment in different forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is not clearly defined. This study aimed to identify predictors of slow clinical response and extended anti-TB treatment in EPTB patients. Socio-demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of EPTB patients registered for anti-TB treatment at a tertiary care hospital, were analysed for identification of predictors of extended treatment. A total of 251 patients (137 lymphadenitis, and 114 pleuritis) were included in the analysis. Treatment was extended to more than 6 months in 58/251 (23%) patients. In the multivariate regression analysis, culture-positive EPTB (p = 0.007) [OR (95% CI) = 3.81 (1.43, 10.11)], history of diabetes (p = 0.014) [OR (95% CI) = 25.18 (1.94, 325.83)], smokeless tobacco use (p = 0.002) [OR (95% CI) = 17.69 (2.80, 111.72)], and slow regression of local signs and symptoms after 2 months of treatment (p < 0.001) [OR (95% CI) = 17.09 [(5.79, 50.39)] were seen to be significantly associated with treatment extension. Identification of predictors of extended treatment can help clinical decisions regarding optimal duration of treatment. Further studies are needed to identify subgroups of EPTB patients who can benefit from a shorter or longer treatment regimen.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pakistan ; Tuberculosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0259801
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Article ; Online: Profiling and identification of novel rpoB mutations in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Pakistan.

Qadir, Mehmood / Tahseen, Sabira / McHugh, Timothy D / Hussain, Alamdar / Masood, Faisal / Ahmed, Niaz / Faryal, Rani

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy

2021 Volume 27, Issue 11, Page(s) 1578–1583

Abstract: Introduction: Rifampicin (RIF) is one of the most effective anti-tuberculosis first-line drugs prescribed along with isoniazid. However, the emergence of RIF resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates is a major issue towards tuberculosis (TB) ...

Abstract	Introduction: Rifampicin (RIF) is one of the most effective anti-tuberculosis first-line drugs prescribed along with isoniazid. However, the emergence of RIF resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates is a major issue towards tuberculosis (TB) control program in high MDR TB-burdened countries including Pakistan. Molecular data behind phenotypic resistance is essential for better management of RIF resistance which has been linked with mutations in rpoB gene. Since molecular studies on RIF resistance is limited in Pakistan, the current study was aimed to investigate the molecular data of mutations in rpoB gene behind phenotypic RIF resistance isolates in Pakistan. Method: A total of 322 phenotypically RIF-resistant isolates were randomly selected from National TB Reference Laboratory, Pakistan for sequencing while 380 RIF resistance whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Pakistani isolates (BioProject PRJEB25972), were also analyzed for rpoB mutations. Result: Among the 702 RIF resistance samples, 675 (96.1%) isolates harbored mutations in rpoB in which 663 (94.4%) were detected within the Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region (RRDR) also known as a mutation hot spot region, including three novel. Among these mutations, 657 (97.3%) were substitutions including 603 (89.3%) single nucleotide polymorphism, 49 (7.25%) double and five (0.8%) triple. About 94.4% of Phenotypic RIF resistance strains, exhibited mutations in RRDR, which were also detectable by GeneXpert. Conclusion: Mutations in the RRDR region of rpoB is a major mechanism of RIF resistance in MTB circulating isolates in Pakistan. Molecular detection of drug resistance is a faster and better approach than phenotypic drug susceptibility testing to reduce the time for transmission of RIF resistance strains in population. Such insights will inform the deployment of anti-TB drug regimens and disease control tools and strategies in high burden settings, such as Pakistan.
MeSH term(s)	Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ; Pakistan ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Antitubercular Agents ; Bacterial Proteins ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (EC 2.7.7.6) ; Rifampin (VJT6J7R4TR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1355399-9
ISSN	1437-7780 ; 1341-321X
ISSN (online)	1437-7780
ISSN	1341-321X
DOI	10.1016/j.jiac.2021.06.020
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Article ; Online: Isoniazid resistance profile and associated levofloxacin and pyrazinamide resistance in rifampicin resistant and sensitive isolates/from pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Pakistan: A laboratory based surveillance study 2015-19.

Tahseen, Sabira / Khanzada, Faisal Masood / Rizvi, Alamdar Hussain / Qadir, Mahmood / Ghazal, Aisha / Baloch, Aurangzaib Quadir / Mustafa, Tehmina

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 9, Page(s) e0239328

Abstract: Background: Pakistan is among top five high burden countries for tuberculosis and drug resistant TB. Among rifampicin sensitive new pulmonary TB (PTB), prevalence of isoniazid resistance is 8.3% (95%CI: 7.0-10.7) and resistance to fluoroquinolone is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pakistan is among top five high burden countries for tuberculosis and drug resistant TB. Among rifampicin sensitive new pulmonary TB (PTB), prevalence of isoniazid resistance is 8.3% (95%CI: 7.0-10.7) and resistance to fluoroquinolone is higher (11·1%, 95%CI: 7·8-14·3) than isoniazid resistance. Method: Five year retrospective data (2015-2019) of drug susceptibility testing (DST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, performed using recommended phenotypic (pDST) and/or genotypic (gDST) methods was analyzed stratified by rifampicin results for isoniazid resistance profiles and associated levofloxacin and pyrazinamide resistance. Findings: DST data was analyzed from 11045 TB patients. Isolates were tested using pDST (87%), gDST (92%) and both methods (79.5%). For both rifampicin and isoniazid, a significant difference (P < .001) was noted between resistance detected by pDST and gDST. Among isolates, tested by both methods (8787), 49% were resistant to rifampicin and 51.7% to isoniazid with discordance in resistant results of 15.8% for each, with 13.2% (570) of rifampicin resistance reported sensitive by pDST and 14.2% (660) of isoniazid resistance missed by gDST. Estimated isoniazid resistance among rifampicin sensitive new PTB, extrapulmonary TB and previously treated PTB was 9.8% (95%CI: 8.7-11.1), 6.8% (95%CI: 5.4-8.5) and 14.6% (95%CI: 11.8-17.9) respectively. Significant differences were reported between the genotypic profile of isoniazid resistance associated with rifampicin-resistant and sensitive isolates including detectable mutations (87% vs 71.6%), frequency of inhA (7.6% and 30.2%) and katG mutations (76.1% vs 41.2%) respectively. Among rifampicin resistant and sensitive isolates, a significantly higher level of resistance to levofloxacin and pyrazinamide was seen associated with isoniazid resistance. Conclusion: There are risks and many challenges in implementing WHO recommended treatment for isoniazid resistant tuberculosis. The laboratory based surveillance can complement random surveys in country specific planning for TB diagnostics and appropriate treatment regimens.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Isoniazid/pharmacology ; Laboratories ; Levofloxacin/pharmacology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pakistan ; Phenotype ; Pyrazinamide/pharmacology ; Retrospective Studies ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/genetics ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antitubercular Agents ; Pyrazinamide (2KNI5N06TI) ; Levofloxacin (6GNT3Y5LMF) ; Isoniazid (V83O1VOZ8L) ; Rifampin (VJT6J7R4TR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0239328
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Article ; Online: Reverse line probe assay for cheap detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Yasmin, Memona / Refregier, Guislaine / Siddiqui, Rubina Tabassum / Iqbal, Rizwan / Abbasi, Shahid Ahmad / Tahseen, Sabira

Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)

2018 Volume 110, Page(s) 52–55

Abstract: More and more Single Nucleotide Polymosrphisms of interest among pathogenic organisms are described with the advent of Whole Genome Sequencing but WGS approach is still too expensive, time consuming, and relying on bioinformatical means that are not ... ...

Abstract	More and more Single Nucleotide Polymosrphisms of interest among pathogenic organisms are described with the advent of Whole Genome Sequencing but WGS approach is still too expensive, time consuming, and relying on bioinformatical means that are not available in many developing countries. This study presents a low-cost reverse hybridization line probe technique for detecting SNPs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The proposed test is able to detect mutations in the RRDR of rpoB gene in M. tuberculosis with specificity and sensitivity of 98% and 100%, respectively and for an average cost of less than €3 per sample. The technique proved efficient not only on pure DNA samples extracted from culture isolates but also on crude extracts from clinical samples. The flexibility of the platform allows to get it transformed to any kind of test detection, hence, building a bridge between rich countries performing SNP discovery and countries with high burden that can target these SNPs on the collected samples.
MeSH term(s)	Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology
Chemical Substances	Antitubercular Agents ; Bacterial Proteins ; DNA, Bacterial ; rpoB protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (EC 2.7.7.6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-26
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2046804-0
ISSN	1873-281X ; 1472-9792
ISSN (online)	1873-281X
ISSN	1472-9792
DOI	10.1016/j.tube.2018.03.007
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