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Article ; Online: Integrating longitudinal clinical and microbiome data to predict growth faltering in preterm infants.

Lugo-Martinez, Jose / Xu, Siwei / Levesque, Justine / Gallagher, Daniel / Parker, Leslie A / Neu, Josef / Stewart, Christopher J / Berrington, Janet E / Embleton, Nicholas D / Young, Gregory / Gregory, Katherine E / Good, Misty / Tandon, Arti / Genetti, David / Warren, Tracy / Bar-Joseph, Ziv

Journal of biomedical informatics

2022 Volume 128, Page(s) 104031

Abstract: Preterm birth affects more than 10% of all births worldwide. Such infants are much more prone to Growth Faltering (GF), an issue that has been unsolved despite the implementation of numerous interventions aimed at optimizing preterm infant nutrition. To ... ...

Abstract	Preterm birth affects more than 10% of all births worldwide. Such infants are much more prone to Growth Faltering (GF), an issue that has been unsolved despite the implementation of numerous interventions aimed at optimizing preterm infant nutrition. To improve the ability for early prediction of GF risk for preterm infants we collected a comprehensive, large, and unique clinical and microbiome dataset from 3 different sites in the US and the UK. We use and extend machine learning methods for GF prediction from clinical data. We next extend graphical models to integrate time series clinical and microbiome data. A model that integrates clinical and microbiome data improves on the ability to predict GF when compared to models using clinical data only. Information on a small subset of the taxa is enough to help improve model accuracy and to predict interventions that can improve outcome. We show that a hierarchical classifier that only uses a subset of the taxa for a subset of the infants is both the most accurate and cost-effective method for GF prediction. Further analysis of the best classifiers enables the prediction of interventions that can improve outcome.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Machine Learning ; Microbiota ; Premature Birth
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2057141-0
ISSN	1532-0480 ; 1532-0464
ISSN (online)	1532-0480
ISSN	1532-0464
DOI	10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104031
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Article ; Online: Two genetic variants explain the association of European ancestry with multiple sclerosis risk in African-Americans.

Nakatsuka, Nathan / Patterson, Nick / Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A / Altemose, Nicolas / Tandon, Arti / Beecham, Ashley H / McCauley, Jacob L / Isobe, Noriko / Hauser, Stephen / De Jager, Philip L / Hafler, David A / Oksenberg, Jorge R / Reich, David

Scientific reports

2020 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 16902

Abstract: Epidemiological studies have suggested differences in the rate of multiple sclerosis (MS) in individuals of European ancestry compared to African ancestry, motivating genetic scans to identify variants that could contribute to such patterns. In a whole- ... ...

Abstract	Epidemiological studies have suggested differences in the rate of multiple sclerosis (MS) in individuals of European ancestry compared to African ancestry, motivating genetic scans to identify variants that could contribute to such patterns. In a whole-genome scan in 899 African-American cases and 1155 African-American controls, we confirm that African-Americans who inherit segments of the genome of European ancestry at a chromosome 1 locus are at increased risk for MS [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 9.8], although the signal weakens when adding an additional 406 cases, reflecting heterogeneity in the two sets of cases [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 2.7]. The association in the 899 individuals can be fully explained by two variants previously associated with MS in European ancestry individuals. These variants tag a MS susceptibility haplotype associated with decreased CD58 gene expression (odds ratio of 1.37; frequency of 84% in Europeans and 22% in West Africans for the tagging variant) as well as another haplotype near the FCRL3 gene (odds ratio of 1.07; frequency of 49% in Europeans and 8% in West Africans). Controlling for all other genetic and environmental factors, the two variants predict a 1.44-fold higher rate of MS in European-Americans compared to African-Americans.
MeSH term(s)	African Americans/genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Genome-Wide Association Study/methods ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Sclerosis/genetics ; Odds Ratio ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-74035-7
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Article ; Online: Ancestry informative marker panels for African Americans based on subsets of commercially available SNP arrays.

Tandon, Arti / Patterson, Nick / Reich, David

Genetic epidemiology

2010 Volume 35, Issue 1, Page(s) 80–83

Abstract: Admixture mapping is a widely used method for localizing disease genes in African Americans. Most current methods for inferring ancestry at each locus in the genome use a few thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are very different in ... ...

Abstract	Admixture mapping is a widely used method for localizing disease genes in African Americans. Most current methods for inferring ancestry at each locus in the genome use a few thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are very different in frequency between West Africans and European Americans, and that are required to not be in linkage disequilibrium in the ancestral populations. Modern SNP arrays provide data on hundreds of thousands of SNPs per sample, and to use these to infer ancestry, using many of the standard methods, it is necessary to choose subsets of the SNPs for analysis. Here we present panels of about 4,300 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) that are subsets respectively of SNPs on the Illumina 1 M, Illumina 650, Illumina 610, Affymetrix 6.0 and Affymetrix 5.0 arrays. To validate the usefulness of these panels, we applied them to samples that are different from the ones used to select the SNPs. The panels provide about 80% of the maximum information about African or European ancestry, even with up to 10% missing data.
MeSH term(s)	African Americans/genetics ; African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Commerce ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Markers ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Chemical Substances	Genetic Markers
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-12-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605785-8
ISSN	1098-2272 ; 0741-0395
ISSN (online)	1098-2272
ISSN	0741-0395
DOI	10.1002/gepi.20550
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Article ; Online: The promise of discovering population-specific disease-associated genes in South Asia.

Nakatsuka, Nathan / Moorjani, Priya / Rai, Niraj / Sarkar, Biswanath / Tandon, Arti / Patterson, Nick / Bhavani, Gandham SriLakshmi / Girisha, Katta Mohan / Mustak, Mohammed S / Srinivasan, Sudha / Kaushik, Amit / Vahab, Saadi Abdul / Jagadeesh, Sujatha M / Satyamoorthy, Kapaettu / Singh, Lalji / Reich, David / Thangaraj, Kumarasamy

Nature genetics

2017 Volume 49, Issue 9, Page(s) 1403–1407

Abstract: The more than 1.5 billion people who live in South Asia are correctly viewed not as a single large population but as many small endogamous groups. We assembled genome-wide data from over 2,800 individuals from over 260 distinct South Asian groups. We ... ...

Abstract	The more than 1.5 billion people who live in South Asia are correctly viewed not as a single large population but as many small endogamous groups. We assembled genome-wide data from over 2,800 individuals from over 260 distinct South Asian groups. We identified 81 unique groups, 14 of which had estimated census sizes of more than 1 million, that descend from founder events more extreme than those in Ashkenazi Jews and Finns, both of which have high rates of recessive disease due to founder events. We identified multiple examples of recessive diseases in South Asia that are the result of such founder events. This study highlights an underappreciated opportunity for decreasing disease burden among South Asians through discovery of and testing for recessive disease-associated genes.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Asia ; Asian People/genetics ; Disease/classification ; Disease/genetics ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Recessive/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/ethnology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Principal Component Analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1108734-1
ISSN	1546-1718 ; 1061-4036
ISSN (online)	1546-1718
ISSN	1061-4036
DOI	10.1038/ng.3917
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Article ; Online: Whole-exome sequencing of over 4100 men of African ancestry and prostate cancer risk.

Rand, Kristin A / Rohland, Nadin / Tandon, Arti / Stram, Alex / Sheng, Xin / Do, Ron / Pasaniuc, Bogdan / Allen, Alex / Quinque, Dominique / Mallick, Swapan / Le Marchand, Loic / Kaggwa, Sam / Lubwama, Alex / Stram, Daniel O / Watya, Stephen / Henderson, Brian E / Conti, David V / Reich, David / Haiman, Christopher A

Human molecular genetics

2016 Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 371–381

Abstract: Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in males, with a ∼1.5-2-fold higher incidence in African American men when compared with whites. Epidemiologic evidence supports a large heritable contribution to prostate cancer, with over 100 ... ...

Abstract	Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in males, with a ∼1.5-2-fold higher incidence in African American men when compared with whites. Epidemiologic evidence supports a large heritable contribution to prostate cancer, with over 100 susceptibility loci identified to date that can explain ∼33% of the familial risk. To explore the contribution of both rare and common variation in coding regions to prostate cancer risk, we sequenced the exomes of 2165 prostate cancer cases and 2034 controls of African ancestry at a mean coverage of 10.1×. We identified 395 220 coding variants down to 0.05% frequency [57% non-synonymous (NS), 42% synonymous and 1% gain or loss of stop codon or splice site variant] in 16 751 genes with the strongest associations observed in SPARCL1 on 4q22.1 (rs13051, Ala49Asp, OR = 0.78, P = 1.8 × 10(-6)) and PTPRR on 12q15 (rs73341069, Val239Ile, OR = 1.62, P = 2.5 × 10(-5)). In gene-level testing, the two most significant genes were C1orf100 (P = 2.2 × 10(-4)) and GORAB (P = 2.3 × 10(-4)). We did not observe exome-wide significant associations (after correcting for multiple hypothesis testing) in single variant or gene-level testing in the overall case-control or case-case analyses of disease aggressiveness. In this first whole-exome sequencing study of prostate cancer, our findings do not provide strong support for the hypothesis that NS coding variants down to 0.5-1.0% frequency have large effects on prostate cancer risk in men of African ancestry. Higher-coverage sequencing efforts in larger samples will be needed to study rarer variants with smaller effect sizes associated with prostate cancer risk.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Aged ; Exome ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Risk ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1108742-0
ISSN	1460-2083 ; 0964-6906
ISSN (online)	1460-2083
ISSN	0964-6906
DOI	10.1093/hmg/ddv462
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Article ; Online: Amerind ancestry, socioeconomic status and the genetics of type 2 diabetes in a Colombian population.

Campbell, Desmond D / Parra, Maria V / Duque, Constanza / Gallego, Natalia / Franco, Liliana / Tandon, Arti / Hünemeier, Tábita / Bortolini, Cátira / Villegas, Alberto / Bedoya, Gabriel / McCarthy, Mark I / Price, Alkes / Reich, David / Ruiz-Linares, Andrés

PloS one

2012 Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) e33570

Abstract: The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis proposes that the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Native Americans and admixed Latin Americans has a genetic basis and reflects an evolutionary adaptation to a past low calorie/high exercise lifestyle. ... ...

Abstract	The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis proposes that the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Native Americans and admixed Latin Americans has a genetic basis and reflects an evolutionary adaptation to a past low calorie/high exercise lifestyle. However, identification of the gene variants underpinning this hypothesis remains elusive. Here we assessed the role of Native American ancestry, socioeconomic status (SES) and 21 candidate gene loci in susceptibility to T2D in a sample of 876 T2D cases and 399 controls from Antioquia (Colombia). Although mean Native American ancestry is significantly higher in T2D cases than in controls (32% v 29%), this difference is confounded by the correlation of ancestry with SES, which is a stronger predictor of disease status. Nominally significant association (P<0.05) was observed for markers in: TCF7L2, RBMS1, CDKAL1, ZNF239, KCNQ1 and TCF1 and a significant bias (P<0.05) towards OR>1 was observed for markers selected from previous T2D genome-wide association studies, consistent with a role for Old World variants in susceptibility to T2D in Latin Americans. No association was found to the only known Native American-specific gene variant previously associated with T2D in a Mexican sample (rs9282541 in ABCA1). An admixture mapping scan with 1,536 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) did not identify genome regions with significant deviation of ancestry in Antioquia. Exclusion analysis indicates that this scan rules out ~95% of the genome as harboring loci with ancestry risk ratios >1.22 (at P < 0.05).
MeSH term(s)	Alleles ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Colombia/epidemiology ; Colombia/ethnology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Indians, South American/genetics ; Lod Score ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Social Class
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-04-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0033570
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Article ; Online: African ancestry and genetic risk for uterine leiomyomata.

Wise, Lauren A / Ruiz-Narvaez, Edward A / Palmer, Julie R / Cozier, Yvette C / Tandon, Arti / Patterson, Nick / Radin, Rose G / Rosenberg, Lynn / Reich, David

American journal of epidemiology

2012 Volume 176, Issue 12, Page(s) 1159–1168

Abstract: Rates of uterine leiomyomata (UL) are 2-3 times higher in African Americans than in European Americans. It is unclear whether inherited factors explain the ethnic disparity. To investigate the presence of risk alleles for UL that are highly ... ...

Abstract	Rates of uterine leiomyomata (UL) are 2-3 times higher in African Americans than in European Americans. It is unclear whether inherited factors explain the ethnic disparity. To investigate the presence of risk alleles for UL that are highly differentiated in frequency between African Americans and European Americans, the authors conducted an admixture-based genome-wide scan of 2,453 UL cases confirmed by ultrasound or surgery in the Black Women's Health Study (1997-2009), a national prospective cohort study. Controls (n = 2,102) were women who did not report a UL diagnosis through 2009. Mean percentage of European ancestry was significantly lower among cases (20.00%) than among controls (21.63%; age-adjusted mean difference = -1.76%, 95% confidence interval: -2.40, -1.12; P < 0.0001), and the association was stronger in younger cases. Admixture analyses showed suggestive evidence of association at chromosomes 2, 4, and 10. The authors also genotyped a dense set of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms at different loci associated with UL in Japanese women but failed to replicate the associations. This suggests that genetic variation for UL differs in populations with and without African ancestry. The admixture findings further indicate that no single highly differentiated locus is responsible for the ethnic disparity in UL, raising the possibility that multiple variants jointly contribute to the higher incidence of UL in African Americans.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; African Americans/genetics ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Load ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology ; Leiomyoma/ethnology ; Leiomyoma/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Premenopause ; Prospective Studies ; Risk ; United States/epidemiology ; Uterine Neoplasms/ethnology ; Uterine Neoplasms/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-11-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kws276
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Article ; Online: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in LPA explain most of the ancestry-specific variation in Lp(a) levels in African Americans.

Deo, Rahul C / Wilson, James G / Xing, Chao / Lawson, Kim / Kao, W H Linda / Reich, David / Tandon, Arti / Akylbekova, Ermeg / Patterson, Nick / Mosley, Thomas H / Boerwinkle, Eric / Taylor, Herman A

PloS one

2011 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) e14581

Abstract: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an important causal cardiovascular risk factor, with serum Lp(a) levels predicting atherosclerotic heart disease and genetic determinants of Lp(a) levels showing association with myocardial infarction. Lp(a) levels vary widely ... ...

Abstract	Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an important causal cardiovascular risk factor, with serum Lp(a) levels predicting atherosclerotic heart disease and genetic determinants of Lp(a) levels showing association with myocardial infarction. Lp(a) levels vary widely between populations, with African-derived populations having nearly 2-fold higher Lp(a) levels than European Americans. We investigated the genetic basis of this difference in 4464 African Americans from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) using a panel of up to 1447 ancestry informative markers, allowing us to accurately estimate the African ancestry proportion of each individual at each position in the genome. In an unbiased genome-wide admixture scan for frequency-differentiated genetic determinants of Lp(a) level, we found a convincing peak (LOD = 13.6) at 6q25.3, which spans the LPA locus. Dense fine-mapping of the LPA locus identified a number of strongly associated, common biallelic SNPs, a subset of which can account for up to 7% of the variation in Lp(a) level, as well as >70% of the African-European population differences in Lp(a) level. We replicated the association of the most strongly associated SNP, rs9457951 (p = 6 × 10(-22), 27% change in Lp(a) per allele, ∼5% of Lp(a) variance explained in JHS), in 1,726 African Americans from the Dallas Heart Study and found an even stronger association after adjustment for the kringle(IV) repeat copy number. Despite the strong association with Lp(a) levels, we find no association of any LPA SNP with incident coronary heart disease in 3,225 African Americans from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
MeSH term(s)	African Americans/genetics ; African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Kringles/genetics ; Lipoprotein(a)/blood ; Lipoprotein(a)/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
Chemical Substances	Genetic Markers ; Lipoprotein(a)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-01-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0014581
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Article ; Online: The contribution of rare variation to prostate cancer heritability.

Nature genetics

2015 Volume 48, Issue 1, Page(s) 30–35

Abstract: We report targeted sequencing of 63 known prostate cancer risk regions in a multi-ancestry study of 9,237 men and use the data to explore the contribution of low-frequency variation to disease risk. We show that SNPs with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) ... ...

Abstract	We report targeted sequencing of 63 known prostate cancer risk regions in a multi-ancestry study of 9,237 men and use the data to explore the contribution of low-frequency variation to disease risk. We show that SNPs with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) of 0.1-1% explain a substantial fraction of prostate cancer risk in men of African ancestry. We estimate that these SNPs account for 0.12 (standard error (s.e.) = 0.05) of variance in risk (∼42% of the variance contributed by SNPs with MAF of 0.1-50%). This contribution is much larger than the fraction of neutral variation due to SNPs in this class, implying that natural selection has driven down the frequency of many prostate cancer risk alleles; we estimate the coupling between selection and allelic effects at 0.48 (95% confidence interval [0.19, 0.78]) under the Eyre-Walker model. Our results indicate that rare variants make a disproportionate contribution to genetic risk for prostate cancer and suggest the possibility that rare variants may also have an outsize effect on other common traits.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Asian People/genetics ; Black People/genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Uganda
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1108734-1
ISSN	1546-1718 ; 1061-4036
ISSN (online)	1546-1718
ISSN	1061-4036
DOI	10.1038/ng.3446
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Article ; Online: Admixture mapping scans identify a locus affecting retinal vascular caliber in hypertensive African Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Cheng, Ching-Yu / Reich, David / Wong, Tien Y / Klein, Ronald / Klein, Barbara E K / Patterson, Nick / Tandon, Arti / Li, Man / Boerwinkle, Eric / Sharrett, A Richey / Kao, W H Linda

PLoS genetics

2010 Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) e1000908

Abstract: Retinal vascular caliber provides information about the structure and health of the microvascular system and is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Compared to European Americans, African Americans tend to have wider retinal ... ...

Abstract	Retinal vascular caliber provides information about the structure and health of the microvascular system and is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Compared to European Americans, African Americans tend to have wider retinal arteriolar and venular caliber, even after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors. This has suggested the hypothesis that differences in genetic background may contribute to racial/ethnic differences in retinal vascular caliber. Using 1,365 ancestry-informative SNPs, we estimated the percentage of African ancestry (PAA) and conducted genome-wide admixture mapping scans in 1,737 African Americans from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) representing summary measures of retinal arteriolar and venular caliber, respectively, were measured from retinal photographs. PAA was significantly correlated with CRVE (rho = 0.071, P = 0.003), but not CRAE (rho = 0.032, P = 0.182). Using admixture mapping, we did not detect significant admixture association with either CRAE (genome-wide score = -0.73) or CRVE (genome-wide score = -0.69). An a priori subgroup analysis among hypertensive individuals detected a genome-wide significant association of CRVE with greater African ancestry at chromosome 6p21.1 (genome-wide score = 2.31, locus-specific LOD = 5.47). Each additional copy of an African ancestral allele at the 6p21.1 peak was associated with an average increase in CRVE of 6.14 microm in the hypertensives, but had no significant effects in the non-hypertensives (P for heterogeneity <0.001). Further mapping in the 6p21.1 region may uncover novel genetic variants affecting retinal vascular caliber and further insights into the interaction between genetic effects of the microvascular system and hypertension.
MeSH term(s)	African Americans/genetics ; Atherosclerosis/epidemiology ; Genetic Loci ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Hypertension/ethnology ; Hypertension/genetics ; Hypertension/pathology ; Retinal Artery/pathology ; Retinal Vein/pathology ; Retinal Vessels/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-04-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2186725-2
ISSN	1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
ISSN (online)	1553-7404
ISSN	1553-7390
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgen.1000908
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