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  1. Article: CDK2 regulates aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death through modulating c-Jun activity: Inhibiting CDK2 to preserve hearing.

    Tao, Litao / Segil, Neil

    Frontiers in molecular neuroscience

    2022  Volume 15, Page(s) 1013383

    Abstract: Sensory hair cell death caused by the ototoxic side effects of many clinically used drugs leads to permanent sensorineural hearing loss in patients. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are widely used and well-known for their ototoxicity, but the molecular ... ...

    Abstract Sensory hair cell death caused by the ototoxic side effects of many clinically used drugs leads to permanent sensorineural hearing loss in patients. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are widely used and well-known for their ototoxicity, but the molecular mechanisms of aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death are not well understood. This creates challenges in our attempts to alleviate or prevent such adverse side effects. Here, we report a regulatory role of CDK2 in aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. Utilizing organotypic cultures of cochleae from neonatal mice, we show that blocking CDK2 activity by either pharmaceutical inhibition or by
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452967-9
    ISSN 1662-5099
    ISSN 1662-5099
    DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013383
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: GFI1 regulates hair cell differentiation by acting as an off-DNA transcriptional co-activator of ATOH1, and a DNA-binding repressor.

    Jen, Hsin-I / Singh, Sunita / Tao, Litao / Maunsell, Helen R / Segil, Neil / Groves, Andrew K

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 7793

    Abstract: GFI1 is a zinc finger transcription factor that is necessary for the differentiation and survival of hair cells in the cochlea. Deletion of Gfi1 in mice significantly reduces the expression of hundreds of hair cell genes: this is a surprising result, as ... ...

    Abstract GFI1 is a zinc finger transcription factor that is necessary for the differentiation and survival of hair cells in the cochlea. Deletion of Gfi1 in mice significantly reduces the expression of hundreds of hair cell genes: this is a surprising result, as GFI1 normally acts as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting histone demethylases and methyltransferases to its targets. To understand the mechanisms by which GFI1 promotes hair cell differentiation, we used CUT&RUN to identify the direct targets of GFI1 and ATOH1 in hair cells. We found that GFI1 regulates hair cell differentiation in two distinct ways-first, GFI1 and ATOH1 can bind to the same regulatory elements in hair cell genes, but while ATOH1 directly binds its target DNA motifs in many of these regions, GFI1 does not. Instead, it appears to enhance ATOH1's transcriptional activity by acting as part of a complex in which it does not directly bind DNA. Second, GFI1 can act in its more typical role as a direct, DNA-binding transcriptional repressor in hair cells; here it represses non-hair cell genes, including many neuronal genes. Together, our results illuminate the function of GFI1 in hair cell development and hair cell reprogramming strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; DNA/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Hair/metabolism ; Mice ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Atoh1 protein, mouse ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Gfi1 protein, mouse ; Transcription Factors ; DNA (9007-49-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-11931-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: SoxC transcription factors shape the epigenetic landscape to establish competence for sensory differentiation in the mammalian organ of Corti.

    Wang, Xizi / Llamas, Juan / Trecek, Talon / Shi, Tuo / Tao, Litao / Makmura, Welly / Crump, J Gage / Segil, Neil / Gnedeva, Ksenia

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 34, Page(s) e2301301120

    Abstract: The auditory organ of Corti is comprised of only two major cell types-the mechanosensory hair cells and their associated supporting cells-both specified from a single pool of prosensory progenitors in the cochlear duct. Here, we show that competence to ... ...

    Abstract The auditory organ of Corti is comprised of only two major cell types-the mechanosensory hair cells and their associated supporting cells-both specified from a single pool of prosensory progenitors in the cochlear duct. Here, we show that competence to respond to Atoh1, a transcriptional master regulator necessary and sufficient for induction of mechanosensory hair cells, is established in the prosensory progenitors between E12.0 and 13.5. The transition to the competent state is rapid and is associated with extensive remodeling of the epigenetic landscape controlled by the SoxC group of transcription factors. Conditional loss of
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; SOXC Transcription Factors/genetics ; SOXC Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cochlea/metabolism ; Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Organ of Corti ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Mammals/metabolism
    Chemical Substances SOXC Transcription Factors ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Transcription Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2301301120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Early transcriptional response to aminoglycoside antibiotic suggests alternate pathways leading to apoptosis in sensory hair cells in the mouse inner ear.

    Tao, Litao / Segil, Neil

    Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

    2015  Volume 9, Page(s) 190

    Abstract: Aminoglycoside antibiotics are "the drug of choice" for treating many bacterial infections, but their administration results in hearing loss in up to one fourth of the patients who receive them. Several biochemical pathways have been implicated in ... ...

    Abstract Aminoglycoside antibiotics are "the drug of choice" for treating many bacterial infections, but their administration results in hearing loss in up to one fourth of the patients who receive them. Several biochemical pathways have been implicated in aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity; however, little is known about how hair cells respond to aminoglycoside antibiotics at the transcriptome level. Here we have investigated the genome-wide response to the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin. Using organotypic cultures of the perinatal organ of Corti, we performed RNA sequencing using cDNA libraries obtained from FACS-purified hair cells. Within 3 h of gentamicin treatment, the messenger RNA level of more than three thousand genes in hair cells changed significantly. Bioinformatic analysis of these changes highlighted several known signal transduction pathways, including the JNK pathway and the NF-κB pathway, in addition to genes involved in the stress response, apoptosis, cell cycle control, and DNA damage repair. In contrast, only 698 genes, mainly involved in cell cycle and metabolite biosynthetic processes, were significantly affected in the non-hair cell population. The gene expression profiles of hair cells in response to gentamicin share a considerable similarity with those previously observed in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Our findings suggest that previously observed early responses to gentamicin in hair cells in specific signaling pathways are reflected in changes in gene expression. Additionally, the observed changes in gene expression of cell cycle regulatory genes indicate a disruption of the postmitotic state, which may suggest an alternate pathway regulating gentamicin-induced apoptotic hair cell death. This work provides a more comprehensive view of aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity, and thus contributes to identifying potential pathways or therapeutic targets to alleviate this important side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-05-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452963-1
    ISSN 1662-5102
    ISSN 1662-5102
    DOI 10.3389/fncel.2015.00190
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Tri-Layered and Gel-Like Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Anisotropic Features for Engineering Heart Valve Leaflets.

    Wu, Shaohua / Li, Yiran / Zhang, Caidan / Tao, Litao / Kuss, Mitchell / Lim, Jung Yul / Butcher, Jonathan / Duan, Bin

    Advanced healthcare materials

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 10, Page(s) e2200053

    Abstract: 3D heterogeneous and anisotropic scaffolds that approximate native heart valve tissues are indispensable for the successful construction of tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs). In this study, novel tri-layered and gel-like nanofibrous scaffolds, ... ...

    Abstract 3D heterogeneous and anisotropic scaffolds that approximate native heart valve tissues are indispensable for the successful construction of tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs). In this study, novel tri-layered and gel-like nanofibrous scaffolds, consisting of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and poly(aspartic acid) (PASP), are fabricated by a combination of positive/negative conjugate electrospinning and bioactive hydrogel post-processing. The nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds present tri-layered structures, resulting in anisotropic mechanical properties that are comparable with native heart valve leaflets. Biological tests show that nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds with high PASP ratios significantly promote the proliferation and collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) secretions of human aortic valvular interstitial cells (HAVICs), compared to PLGA scaffolds. Importantly, the nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds are found to effectively inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of HAVICs. Two types of porcine VICs, from young and adult age groups, are further seeded onto the PLGA-PASP scaffolds. The adult VICs secrete higher amounts of collagens and GAGs and undergo a significantly higher level of osteogenic differentiation than young VICs. RNA sequencing analysis indicates that age has a pivotal effect on the VIC behaviors. This study provides important guidance and a reference for the design and development of 3D tri-layered, gel-like nanofibrous PLGA-PASP scaffolds for TEHV applications.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Aortic Valve ; Aortic Valve Stenosis ; Calcinosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Collagen ; Nanofibers/chemistry ; Osteogenesis ; Swine ; Tissue Engineering/methods ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Collagen (9007-34-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-21
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2649576-4
    ISSN 2192-2659 ; 2192-2640
    ISSN (online) 2192-2659
    ISSN 2192-2640
    DOI 10.1002/adhm.202200053
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: POU4F3 pioneer activity enables ATOH1 to drive diverse mechanoreceptor differentiation through a feed-forward epigenetic mechanism.

    Yu, Haoze V / Tao, Litao / Llamas, Juan / Wang, Xizi / Nguyen, John D / Trecek, Talon / Segil, Neil

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2021  Volume 118, Issue 29

    Abstract: During embryonic development, hierarchical cascades of transcription factors interact with lineage-specific chromatin structures to control the sequential steps in the differentiation of specialized cell types. While examples of transcription factor ... ...

    Abstract During embryonic development, hierarchical cascades of transcription factors interact with lineage-specific chromatin structures to control the sequential steps in the differentiation of specialized cell types. While examples of transcription factor cascades have been well documented, the mechanisms underlying developmental changes in accessibility of cell type-specific enhancers remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the transcriptional "master regulator" ATOH1-which is necessary for the differentiation of two distinct mechanoreceptor cell types, hair cells in the inner ear and Merkel cells of the epidermis-is unable to access much of its target enhancer network in the progenitor populations of either cell type when it first appears, imposing a block to further differentiation. This block is overcome by a feed-forward mechanism in which ATOH1 first stimulates expression of POU4F3, which subsequently acts as a pioneer factor to provide access to closed ATOH1 enhancers, allowing hair cell and Merkel cell differentiation to proceed. Our analysis also indicates the presence of both shared and divergent ATOH1/POU4F3-dependent enhancer networks in hair cells and Merkel cells. These cells share a deep developmental lineage relationship, deriving from their common epidermal origin, and suggesting that this feed-forward mechanism preceded the evolutionary divergence of these very different mechanoreceptive cell types.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cochlea/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Hair Cells, Auditory/cytology ; Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Mechanoreceptors/metabolism ; Merkel Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Transcription Factor Brn-3C/genetics ; Transcription Factor Brn-3C/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Atoh1 protein, mouse ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Homeodomain Proteins ; Pou4f3 protein, mouse ; Transcription Factor Brn-3C
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2105137118
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Enhancer decommissioning imposes an epigenetic barrier to sensory hair cell regeneration.

    Tao, Litao / Yu, Haoze V / Llamas, Juan / Trecek, Talon / Wang, Xizi / Stojanova, Zlatka / Groves, Andrew K / Segil, Neil

    Developmental cell

    2021  Volume 56, Issue 17, Page(s) 2471–2485.e5

    Abstract: Adult mammalian tissues such as heart, brain, retina, and the sensory structures of the inner ear do not effectively regenerate, although a latent capacity for regeneration exists at embryonic and perinatal times. We explored the epigenetic basis for ... ...

    Abstract Adult mammalian tissues such as heart, brain, retina, and the sensory structures of the inner ear do not effectively regenerate, although a latent capacity for regeneration exists at embryonic and perinatal times. We explored the epigenetic basis for this latent regenerative potential in the mouse inner ear and its rapid loss during maturation. In perinatal supporting cells, whose fate is maintained by Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, the hair cell enhancer network is epigenetically primed (H3K4me1) but silenced (active H3K27 de-acetylation and trimethylation). Blocking Notch signaling during the perinatal period of plasticity rapidly eliminates epigenetic silencing and allows supporting cells to transdifferentiate into hair cells. Importantly, H3K4me1 priming of the hair cell enhancers in supporting cells is removed during the first post-natal week, coinciding with the loss of transdifferentiation potential. We hypothesize that enhancer decommissioning during cochlear maturation contributes to the failure of hair cell regeneration in the mature organ of Corti.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics ; Cell Transdifferentiation/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology ; Hair Cells, Auditory/cytology ; Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Notch/metabolism ; Regeneration/physiology ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
    Chemical Substances Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Receptors, Notch
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2054967-2
    ISSN 1878-1551 ; 1534-5807
    ISSN (online) 1878-1551
    ISSN 1534-5807
    DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: STAT3 promotes a youthful epigenetic state in articular chondrocytes.

    Sarkar, Arijita / Liu, Nancy Q / Magallanes, Jenny / Tassey, Jade / Lee, Siyoung / Shkhyan, Ruzanna / Lee, Youngjoo / Lu, Jinxiu / Ouyang, Yuxin / Tang, Hanhan / Bian, Fangzhou / Tao, Litao / Segil, Neil / Ernst, Jason / Lyons, Karen / Horvath, Steve / Evseenko, Denis

    Aging cell

    2023  Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) e13773

    Abstract: Epigenetic mechanisms guiding articular cartilage regeneration and age-related disease such as osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly understood. STAT3 is a critical age-patterned transcription factor highly active in fetal and OA chondrocytes, but the context- ... ...

    Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms guiding articular cartilage regeneration and age-related disease such as osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly understood. STAT3 is a critical age-patterned transcription factor highly active in fetal and OA chondrocytes, but the context-specific role of STAT3 in regulating the epigenome of cartilage cells remain elusive. In this study, DNA methylation profiling was performed across human chondrocyte ontogeny to build an epigenetic clock and establish an association between CpG methylation and human chondrocyte age. Exposure of adult chondrocytes to a small molecule STAT3 agonist decreased DNA methylation, while genetic ablation of STAT3 in fetal chondrocytes induced global hypermethylation. CUT&RUN assay and subsequent transcriptional validation revealed DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3B) as one of the putative STAT3 targets in chondrocyte development and OA. Functional assessment of human OA chondrocytes showed the acquisition of progenitor-like immature phenotype by a significant subset of cells. Finally, conditional deletion of Stat3 in cartilage cells increased DNMT3B expression in articular chondrocytes in the knee joint in vivo and resulted in a more prominent OA progression in a post-traumatic OA (PTOA) mouse model induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Taken together these data reveal a novel role for STAT3 in regulating DNA methylation in cartilage development and disease. Our findings also suggest that elevated levels of active STAT3 in OA chondrocytes may indicate an intrinsic attempt of the tissue to regenerate by promoting a progenitor-like phenotype. However, it is likely that chronic activation of this pathway, induced by IL-6 cytokines, is detrimental and leads to tissue degeneration.
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Animals ; Humans ; Chondrocytes/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Osteoarthritis/genetics ; Osteoarthritis/metabolism ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; DNA Methylation/genetics ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
    Chemical Substances STAT3 protein, human ; STAT3 Transcription Factor
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2113083-8
    ISSN 1474-9726 ; 1474-9718
    ISSN (online) 1474-9726
    ISSN 1474-9718
    DOI 10.1111/acel.13773
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  9. Article ; Online: Organ of Corti size is governed by Yap/Tead-mediated progenitor self-renewal.

    Gnedeva, Ksenia / Wang, Xizi / McGovern, Melissa M / Barton, Matthew / Tao, Litao / Trecek, Talon / Monroe, Tanner O / Llamas, Juan / Makmura, Welly / Martin, James F / Groves, Andrew K / Warchol, Mark / Segil, Neil

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2020  Volume 117, Issue 24, Page(s) 13552–13561

    Abstract: Precise control of organ growth and patterning is executed through a balanced regulation of progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. In the auditory sensory epithelium-the organ of Corti-progenitor cells exit the cell cycle in a coordinated wave ... ...

    Abstract Precise control of organ growth and patterning is executed through a balanced regulation of progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. In the auditory sensory epithelium-the organ of Corti-progenitor cells exit the cell cycle in a coordinated wave between E12.5 and E14.5 before the initiation of sensory receptor cell differentiation, making it a unique system for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling the switch between proliferation and differentiation. Here we identify the Yap/Tead complex as a key regulator of the self-renewal gene network in organ of Corti progenitor cells. We show that Tead transcription factors bind directly to the putative regulatory elements of many stemness- and cell cycle-related genes. We also show that the Tead coactivator protein, Yap, is degraded specifically in the Sox2-positive domain of the cochlear duct, resulting in down-regulation of Tead gene targets. Further, conditional loss of the
    MeSH term(s) Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Self Renewal ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Hair Cells, Auditory ; Mice ; Organ of Corti/cytology ; Organ of Corti/embryology ; Organ of Corti/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Stem Cells/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Sox2 protein, mouse ; Transcription Factors ; Yap1 protein, mouse
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2000175117
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Generation of inner ear hair cells by direct lineage conversion of primary somatic cells.

    Menendez, Louise / Trecek, Talon / Gopalakrishnan, Suhasni / Tao, Litao / Markowitz, Alexander L / Yu, Haoze V / Wang, Xizi / Llamas, Juan / Huang, Chichou / Lee, James / Kalluri, Radha / Ichida, Justin / Segil, Neil

    eLife

    2020  Volume 9

    Abstract: The mechanoreceptive sensory hair cells in the inner ear are selectively vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults. In mammals, hair cells lack regenerative capacity, and their death leads to permanent hearing loss and vestibular ... ...

    Abstract The mechanoreceptive sensory hair cells in the inner ear are selectively vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults. In mammals, hair cells lack regenerative capacity, and their death leads to permanent hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Their paucity and inaccessibility has limited the search for otoprotective and regenerative strategies. Growing hair cells in vitro would provide a route to overcome this experimental bottleneck. We report a combination of four transcription factors (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Lineage ; Fibroblasts/physiology ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/physiology ; Labyrinth Supporting Cells/physiology ; Mice/physiology ; Mice, Transgenic ; Tail ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Transcription Factors
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.55249
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