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  1. Article ; Online: Substance use related violent deaths among racial/ethnic groups in the United States.

    Mowbray, Orion / Purser, Greg / Tennant, Elena / Paseda, Oluwayomi

    Addictive behaviors

    2022  Volume 133, Page(s) 107384

    Abstract: While prior research highlights the overlap of substance use and violent death, few examine this overlap among different racial/ethnic groups or how patterns change over time. This study examines how substance use related deaths differ by racial/ethnic ... ...

    Abstract While prior research highlights the overlap of substance use and violent death, few examine this overlap among different racial/ethnic groups or how patterns change over time. This study examines how substance use related deaths differ by racial/ethnic groups in the United States. We use data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), which includes violent deaths from 43 states in the U.S., collected for the decade between 2009 and 2019 (N = 226,459). Fixed-effects multivariate models examined whether race/ethnicity was associated with substance use-related death over time, controlling for additional demographic and clinical factors. Results showed a significantly larger rate of increase over time for African American and Hispanic (any race) persons compared to White non-Hispanic persons for most types of substance use-related deaths. While current rates of substance use may show little variability between African American, Hispanic, and White non-Hispanic individuals, this research suggests that the consequences for substance use, including death, may be disproportional.
    MeSH term(s) Cause of Death ; Ethnicity ; Homicide ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Suicide ; United States/epidemiology ; Violence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197618-7
    ISSN 1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
    ISSN (online) 1873-6327
    ISSN 0306-4603
    DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107384
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Conference proceedings ; Online: Using impact assessment to classify unconfined pyroclastic density currents and what it means for hazard assessment at stratovolcanoes

    Lerner, G. / Jenkins, S. / Charbonnier, S. / Komorowski, J. / Baxter, P. / Tennant, E.

    XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

    2023  

    Abstract: Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that escape their confining channels are among the most dangerous of volcanic hazards. These unconfined PDCs are capable of inundating inhabited areas that may be unprepared for these hazards, resulting in significant ... ...

    Abstract Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that escape their confining channels are among the most dangerous of volcanic hazards. These unconfined PDCs are capable of inundating inhabited areas that may be unprepared for these hazards, resulting in significant loss of life and damage to infrastructure. Unconfined PDCs can be categorized based on some of their primary dynamic characteristics (e.g., velocity, concentration, dynamic pressure, temperature), which also determine the impacts that they have on humans and infrastructure. Here, we used impact assessments following eruptions at Merapi (Indonesia) in 2010 and Fuego (Guatemala) in 2018 to better understand the dynamics of the PDCs during the eruptions. By analyzing these and similar events, we identified four main categories of unconfined PDC based on their dynamic characteristics: 1. fast overspill flows, 2. slow overspill flows, 3. high-energy surges, and 4. low-energy detached surges (LEDS). How we treat the uncertainty associated with forecasting the inundation area of these PDCs (e.g., in modelling) significantly impacts hazard planning for areas prone to volcanic eruptions. We provide an example of this using hazard modelling of lava dome collapse PDCs from several high-risk volcanoes in Southeast Asia, which show a difference in the projected impacts depending on the overspill buffer with which the PDC is modelled.
    Language English
    Publishing country de
    Document type Conference proceedings ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Government effectiveness and institutions as determinants of tropical cyclone mortality.

    Tennant, Elizabeth / Gilmore, Elisabeth A

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2020  Volume 117, Issue 46, Page(s) 28692–28699

    Abstract: Strong institutions as well as economic development are generally understood to play critical roles in protecting societies from the adverse impacts of natural hazards, such as tropical cyclones. The independent effect of institutions on reducing these ... ...

    Abstract Strong institutions as well as economic development are generally understood to play critical roles in protecting societies from the adverse impacts of natural hazards, such as tropical cyclones. The independent effect of institutions on reducing these risks, however, has not been confirmed empirically in previous global studies. As a storm's path and intensity influence the severity of the damages and may be spatially correlated with human vulnerabilities, failing to accurately capture physical exposure in an econometric analysis may result in imprecise and biased estimates of the influence of the independent variables. Here, we develop an approach to control for physical exposure by spatially interacting meteorological and socioeconomic data for over 1,000 tropical cyclone disasters from 1979 to 2016. We find evidence that higher levels of national government effectiveness are associated with lower tropical cyclone mortality, even when controlling for average income and other socioeconomic conditions. Within countries, deaths are higher when strong winds are concentrated over areas of the country with elevated infant mortality rates, an indicator of institutional effectiveness through public service delivery. These results suggest that policies and programs to enhance institutional capacity and governance can support risk reduction from extreme weather events.
    MeSH term(s) Cyclonic Storms/mortality ; Disasters ; Economic Development ; Government ; Government Programs ; Humans ; Spatial Analysis
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2006213117
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Book ; Online: Modeling Moral Choices in Social Dilemmas with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

    Tennant, Elizaveta / Hailes, Stephen / Musolesi, Mirco

    2023  

    Abstract: Practical uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the real world have demonstrated the importance of embedding moral choices into intelligent agents. They have also highlighted that defining top-down ethical constraints on AI according to any one type of ...

    Abstract Practical uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the real world have demonstrated the importance of embedding moral choices into intelligent agents. They have also highlighted that defining top-down ethical constraints on AI according to any one type of morality is extremely challenging and can pose risks. A bottom-up learning approach may be more appropriate for studying and developing ethical behavior in AI agents. In particular, we believe that an interesting and insightful starting point is the analysis of emergent behavior of Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents that act according to a predefined set of moral rewards in social dilemmas. In this work, we present a systematic analysis of the choices made by intrinsically-motivated RL agents whose rewards are based on moral theories. We aim to design reward structures that are simplified yet representative of a set of key ethical systems. Therefore, we first define moral reward functions that distinguish between consequence- and norm-based agents, between morality based on societal norms or internal virtues, and between single- and mixed-virtue (e.g., multi-objective) methodologies. Then, we evaluate our approach by modeling repeated dyadic interactions between learning moral agents in three iterated social dilemma games (Prisoner's Dilemma, Volunteer's Dilemma and Stag Hunt). We analyze the impact of different types of morality on the emergence of cooperation, defection or exploitation, and the corresponding social outcomes. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the development of moral agents in artificial and mixed human-AI societies.

    Comment: Accepted at IJCAI 2023 (32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Macao, S.A.R.)
    Keywords Computer Science - Multiagent Systems ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 170
    Publishing date 2023-01-20
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Book ; Online: Learning Machine Morality through Experience and Interaction

    Tennant, Elizaveta / Hailes, Stephen / Musolesi, Mirco

    2023  

    Abstract: Increasing interest in ensuring safety of next-generation Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems calls for novel approaches to embedding morality into autonomous agents. Traditionally, this has been done by imposing explicit top-down rules or hard ... ...

    Abstract Increasing interest in ensuring safety of next-generation Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems calls for novel approaches to embedding morality into autonomous agents. Traditionally, this has been done by imposing explicit top-down rules or hard constraints on systems, for example by filtering system outputs through pre-defined ethical rules. Recently, instead, entirely bottom-up methods for learning implicit preferences from human behavior have become increasingly popular, such as those for training and fine-tuning Large Language Models. In this paper, we provide a systematization of existing approaches to the problem of introducing morality in machines - modeled as a continuum, and argue that the majority of popular techniques lie at the extremes - either being fully hard-coded, or entirely learned, where no explicit statement of any moral principle is required. Given the relative strengths and weaknesses of each type of methodology, we argue that more hybrid solutions are needed to create adaptable and robust, yet more controllable and interpretable agents. In particular, we present three case studies of recent works which use learning from experience (i.e., Reinforcement Learning) to explicitly provide moral principles to learning agents - either as intrinsic rewards, moral logical constraints or textual principles for language models. For example, using intrinsic rewards in Social Dilemma games, we demonstrate how it is possible to represent classical moral frameworks for agents. We also present an overview of the existing work in this area in order to provide empirical evidence for the potential of this hybrid approach. We then discuss strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of moral learning agents. Finally, we present open research questions and implications for the future of AI safety and ethics which are emerging from this framework.
    Keywords Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Computers and Society ; Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Multiagent Systems
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-12-04
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Exploring attention to the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth using eye-tracking: A randomized control trial.

    Walters, A J / Lithopoulos, A / Tennant, E M / Weissman, S / Latimer-Cheung, A E

    Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)

    2022  Volume 39, Issue 5, Page(s) 982–992

    Abstract: Background: The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth ("Guidelines") not only pioneered the notion of an integrated movement continuum from sleep to vigorous-intensity physical activity but also introduced a new branded Guideline ... ...

    Abstract Background: The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth ("Guidelines") not only pioneered the notion of an integrated movement continuum from sleep to vigorous-intensity physical activity but also introduced a new branded Guideline visual identity.
    Objectives: This study evaluated youths' (N = 46) attention to and thoughts about the Guidelines and the brand.
    Design: A cross-sectional between-participants randomized intervention design was used.
    Sample: Canadian youth between 10 and 17 years of age comprised the study sample.
    Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned to view either branded Guidelines (n = 26) or unbranded Guidelines (n = 20). Youths' eye-movements (e.g., dwell time, fixation count) were recorded during Guideline viewing. Participants completed a follow-up survey assessing brand perceptions and Guideline cognitions.
    Results: The branded Guidelines neither drew greater overall attention nor led to more positive brand perceptions or Guideline cognitions compared to the unbranded Guidelines.
    Conclusions: Exploratory analyses provide valuable, yet preliminary insight into how branding and Guideline content may shape how Guidelines are perceived and acted upon. These findings inform an agenda for future health education resources.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Canada ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Eye-Tracking Technology ; Humans ; Sedentary Behavior ; Sleep
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 632563-4
    ISSN 1525-1446 ; 0737-1209
    ISSN (online) 1525-1446
    ISSN 0737-1209
    DOI 10.1111/phn.13064
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: A critical realist evaluation of an integrated care project for vulnerable families in Sydney, Australia.

    Tennant, E / Miller, E / Costantino, K / De Souza, D / Coupland, H / Fotheringham, P / Eastwood, J

    BMC health services research

    2020  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 995

    Abstract: Background: Healthy Homes and Neighbourhoods (HHAN) Integrated Care Initiative was established to improve the care of families with complex health and social needs who reside in Sydney Local Health District. HHAN seeks to provide long-term multi- ... ...

    Abstract Background: Healthy Homes and Neighbourhoods (HHAN) Integrated Care Initiative was established to improve the care of families with complex health and social needs who reside in Sydney Local Health District. HHAN seeks to provide long-term multi-disciplinary care coordination as well as enhance capacity building and promote integrated care. The critical realist study reported here is part of the longitudinal development and evaluation of complex integrated health and social care interventions in Sydney, Australia.
    Methods: We describe the qualitative component of a critical realist pilot case study aimed at exploring, explaining and refining emerging HHAN programme theories in relation to care coordination. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with HHAN clients (n = 12), staff and other stakeholders (n = 21). Interviews and coding used a context (C), mechanism (M) and outcome (O) framework. Inductive, deductive, retroductive and abductive modes of reasoning were used with the CMO heuristic tool to inform the developing programme theory.
    Results: The mechanisms underpinning effective engagement of clients by care coordinators included: building trust, leveraging other family, social and organisational relationships, meeting clients on their own terms, demonstrating staff effectiveness as quickly as possible, and client empowerment. Mechanisms for enhancing care integration included knowledge transfer activities and shared learning among collaborators, structural and cultural changes, enhancing mutual respect, co-location of multidisciplinary and/or interagency staff and cultivating faith in positive change among staff.
    Conclusions: Use of a critical realism case study approach served to elucidate the varied influences of contexts and mechanisms on programme outcomes, to highlight what works for whom and in what context. Findings supported the initial programme theory that engagement and trust building with clients, alongside enhanced collaboration and integration of services, improved outcomes for vulnerable families with complex needs. Further research is needed to explore the cost-effectiveness of integrated care initiatives, in view of the long term nature of service provision and the risk of staff burnout.
    MeSH term(s) Australia ; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated ; Family ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Evaluation Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2050434-2
    ISSN 1472-6963 ; 1472-6963
    ISSN (online) 1472-6963
    ISSN 1472-6963
    DOI 10.1186/s12913-020-05818-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Production of False-Positive Immunoglobulin M Antibodies to Hepatitis A Virus in Autoimmune Events.

    Tennant, Elaine / Post, Jeffrey J

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2016  Volume 213, Issue 2, Page(s) 324–325

    MeSH term(s) False Positive Reactions ; Hepatitis C/diagnosis ; Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood ; Humans
    Chemical Substances Hepatitis C Antibodies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiv417
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: How well do concentric radii approximate population exposure to volcanic hazards?

    Biass, Sébastien / Jenkins, Susanna F / Hayes, Josh L / Williams, George T / Meredith, Elinor S / Tennant, Eleanor / Yang, Qingyuan / Lerner, Geoffrey A / Burgos, Vanesa / Syarifuddin, Magfira / Verolino, Andrea

    Bulletin of volcanology

    2023  Volume 86, Issue 1, Page(s) 3

    Abstract: Effective risk management requires accurate assessment of population exposure to volcanic hazards. Assessment of this exposure at the large-scale has often relied on circular footprints of various sizes around a volcano to simplify challenges associated ... ...

    Abstract Effective risk management requires accurate assessment of population exposure to volcanic hazards. Assessment of this exposure at the large-scale has often relied on circular footprints of various sizes around a volcano to simplify challenges associated with estimating the directionality and distribution of the intensity of volcanic hazards. However, to date, exposure values obtained from circular footprints have never been compared with modelled hazard footprints. Here, we compare hazard and population exposure estimates calculated from concentric radii of 10, 30 and 100 km with those calculated from the simulation of dome- and column-collapse pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), large clasts, and tephra fall across Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 3, 4 and 5 scenarios for 40 volcanoes in Indonesia and the Philippines. We found that a 10 km radius-considered by previous studies to capture hazard footprints and populations exposed for VEI ≤ 3 eruptions-generally overestimates the extent for most simulated hazards, except for column collapse PDCs. A 30 km radius - considered representative of life-threatening VEI ≤ 4 hazards-overestimates the extent of PDCs and large clasts but underestimates the extent of tephra fall. A 100 km radius encapsulates most simulated life-threatening hazards, although there are exceptions for certain combinations of scenario, source parameters, and volcano. In general, we observed a positive correlation between radii- and model-derived population exposure estimates in southeast Asia for all hazards except dome collapse PDC, which is very dependent upon topography. This study shows, for the first time, how and why concentric radii under- or over-estimate hazard extent and population exposure, providing a benchmark for interpreting radii-derived hazard and exposure estimates.
    Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-023-01686-5.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-19
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1458483-9
    ISSN 1432-0819 ; 0258-8900
    ISSN (online) 1432-0819
    ISSN 0258-8900
    DOI 10.1007/s00445-023-01686-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Metrics of dose to highly ventilated lung are predictive of radiation-induced pneumonitis in lung cancer patients.

    Flakus, Mattison J / Kent, Sean P / Wallat, Eric M / Wuschner, Antonia E / Tennant, Erica / Yadav, Poonam / Burr, Adam / Yu, Menggang / Christensen, Gary E / Reinhardt, Joseph M / Bayouth, John E / Baschnagel, Andrew M

    Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology

    2023  Volume 182, Page(s) 109553

    Abstract: Purpose: To identify metrics of radiation dose delivered to highly ventilated lung that are predictive of radiation-induced pneumonitis.: Methods and materials: A cohort of 90 patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To identify metrics of radiation dose delivered to highly ventilated lung that are predictive of radiation-induced pneumonitis.
    Methods and materials: A cohort of 90 patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with standard fractionated radiation therapy (RT) (60-66 Gy in 30-33 fractions) were evaluated. Regional lung ventilation was determined from pre-RT 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) using the Jacobian determinant of a B-spline deformable image registration to estimate lung tissue expansion during respiration. Multiple voxel-wise population- and individual-based thresholds for defining high functioning lung were considered. Mean dose and volumes receiving dose ≥ 5-60 Gy were analyzed for both total lung-ITV (MLD,V5-V60) and highly ventilated functional lung-ITV (fMLD,fV5-fV60). The primary endpoint was symptomatic grade 2+ (G2+) pneumonitis. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analyses were used to identify predictors of pneumonitis.
    Results: G2+ pneumonitis occurred in 22.2% of patients, with no differences between stage, smoking status, COPD, or chemo/immunotherapy use between G<2 and G2+ patients (P≥ 0.18). Highly ventilated lung was defined as voxels exceeding the population-wide median of 18% voxel-level expansion. All total and functional metrics were significantly different between patients with and without pneumonitis (P≤ 0.039). Optimal ROC points predicting pneumonitis from functional lung dose were fMLD ≤ 12.3 Gy, fV5 ≤ 54% and fV20 ≤ 19 %. Patients with fMLD ≤ 12.3 Gy had a 14% risk of developing G2+ pneumonitis whereas risk significantly increased to 35% for those with fMLD > 12.3 Gy (P = 0.035).
    Conclusions: Dose to highly ventilated lung is associated with symptomatic pneumonitis and treatment planning strategies should focus on limiting dose to functional regions. These findings provide important metrics to be used in functional lung avoidance RT planning and designing clinical trials.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/radiotherapy ; Lung/diagnostic imaging ; Radiation Pneumonitis/diagnosis ; Radiation Pneumonitis/etiology ; Respiration
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-20
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 605646-5
    ISSN 1879-0887 ; 0167-8140
    ISSN (online) 1879-0887
    ISSN 0167-8140
    DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109553
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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