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Article ; Online: Plant-microbe interactions in the apoplast: Communication at the plant cell wall.

Dora, Susanne / Terrett, Oliver M / Sánchez-Rodríguez, Clara

2022 Volume 34, Issue 5, Page(s) 1532–1550

Abstract: The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides ... ...

Abstract	The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
MeSH term(s)	Cell Wall/metabolism ; Communication ; Plant Cells ; Plants
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	623171-8
ISSN	1532-298X ; 1040-4651
ISSN (online)	1532-298X
ISSN	1040-4651
DOI	10.1093/plcell/koac040
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Article: Covalent interactions between lignin and hemicelluloses in plant secondary cell walls

Terrett, Oliver M / Paul Dupree

Current opinion in biotechnology. 2019 Apr., v. 56

2019

Abstract: The plant secondary cell wall is a complex structure composed of polysaccharides and lignin, and is a key evolutionary innovation of vascular land plants. Although cell wall composition is well understood, the cross-linking of the different polymers is ... ...

Abstract	The plant secondary cell wall is a complex structure composed of polysaccharides and lignin, and is a key evolutionary innovation of vascular land plants. Although cell wall composition is well understood, the cross-linking of the different polymers is only now yielding to investigation. Cross-linking between hemicelluloses and lignin occurs via two different mechanisms: incorporation into lignin by radical coupling of ferulate substitutions on xylan in commelinid monocots, and incorporation of hemicellulosic glycosyl residues by re-aromatisation of lignification intermediates. Recent genetic evidence indicates that hemicellulose:lignin cross-linking has a substantial impact on plant cell wall recalcitrance. Engineering plant biomass with modified frequencies of cross-links will have significant impacts on biomass utilisation.
Keywords	Liliopsida ; cell wall components ; cell walls ; chemical bonding ; crosslinking ; embryophytes ; engineering ; lignification ; lignin ; phytomass ; xylan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-04
Size	p. 97-104.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1052045-4
ISSN	1879-0429 ; 0958-1669
ISSN (online)	1879-0429
ISSN	0958-1669
DOI	10.1016/j.copbio.2018.10.010
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Article ; Online: Covalent interactions between lignin and hemicelluloses in plant secondary cell walls.

Terrett, Oliver M / Dupree, Paul

Current opinion in biotechnology

2018 Volume 56, Page(s) 97–104

Abstract	The plant secondary cell wall is a complex structure composed of polysaccharides and lignin, and is a key evolutionary innovation of vascular land plants. Although cell wall composition is well understood, the cross-linking of the different polymers is only now yielding to investigation. Cross-linking between hemicelluloses and lignin occurs via two different mechanisms: incorporation into lignin by radical coupling of ferulate substitutions on xylan in commelinid monocots, and incorporation of hemicellulosic glycosyl residues by re-aromatisation of lignification intermediates. Recent genetic evidence indicates that hemicellulose:lignin cross-linking has a substantial impact on plant cell wall recalcitrance. Engineering plant biomass with modified frequencies of cross-links will have significant impacts on biomass utilisation.
MeSH term(s)	Cell Wall/chemistry ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Lignin/chemistry ; Lignin/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Polysaccharides/chemistry ; Polysaccharides/metabolism ; Xylans/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Polysaccharides ; Xylans ; hemicellulose (8024-50-8) ; Lignin (9005-53-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1052045-4
ISSN	1879-0429 ; 0958-1669
ISSN (online)	1879-0429
ISSN	0958-1669
DOI	10.1016/j.copbio.2018.10.010
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Article: Two conifer GUX clades are responsible for distinct glucuronic acid patterns on xylan

Lyczakowski, Jan J. / Yu, Li / Terrett, Oliver M. / Fleischmann, Christina / Temple, Henry / Thorlby, Glenn / Sorieul, Mathias / Dupree, Paul

The new phytologist. 2021 Sept., v. 231, no. 5

2021

Abstract: Wood of coniferous trees (softwood), is a globally significant carbon sink and an important source of biomass. Despite that, little is known about the genetic basis of softwood cell wall biosynthesis. Branching of xylan, one of the main hemicelluloses in ...

Abstract	Wood of coniferous trees (softwood), is a globally significant carbon sink and an important source of biomass. Despite that, little is known about the genetic basis of softwood cell wall biosynthesis. Branching of xylan, one of the main hemicelluloses in softwood secondary cell walls, with glucuronic acid (GlcA) is critical for biomass recalcitrance. Here, we investigate the decoration patterns of xylan by conifer GlucUronic acid substitution of Xylan (GUX) enzymes. Through molecular phylogenetics we identify two distinct conifer GUX clades. Using transcriptional profiling we show that the genes are preferentially expressed in secondary cell wall forming tissues. With in vitro and in planta assays we demonstrate that conifer GUX enzymes from both clades are active glucuronyltransferases. Conifer GUX enzymes from each clade have different specific activities. While members of clade one add evenly spaced GlcA branches, the members of clade two are also capable of glucuronidating two consecutive xyloses. Importantly, these types of xylan patterning are present in softwood. As xylan patterning might modulate xylan–cellulose and xylan–lignin interactions, our results further the understanding of softwood cell wall biosynthesis and provide breeding or genetic engineering targets that can be used to modify softwood properties.
Keywords	biomass ; biosynthesis ; carbon sinks ; cell walls ; conifers ; glucuronic acid ; phylogeny ; softwood ; transcription (genetics) ; xylan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-09
Size	p. 1720-1733.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.17531
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Article ; Online: Two conifer GUX clades are responsible for distinct glucuronic acid patterns on xylan.

Lyczakowski, Jan J / Yu, Li / Terrett, Oliver M / Fleischmann, Christina / Temple, Henry / Thorlby, Glenn / Sorieul, Mathias / Dupree, Paul

The New phytologist

2021 Volume 231, Issue 5, Page(s) 1720–1733

Abstract	Wood of coniferous trees (softwood), is a globally significant carbon sink and an important source of biomass. Despite that, little is known about the genetic basis of softwood cell wall biosynthesis. Branching of xylan, one of the main hemicelluloses in softwood secondary cell walls, with glucuronic acid (GlcA) is critical for biomass recalcitrance. Here, we investigate the decoration patterns of xylan by conifer GlucUronic acid substitution of Xylan (GUX) enzymes. Through molecular phylogenetics we identify two distinct conifer GUX clades. Using transcriptional profiling we show that the genes are preferentially expressed in secondary cell wall forming tissues. With in vitro and in planta assays we demonstrate that conifer GUX enzymes from both clades are active glucuronyltransferases. Conifer GUX enzymes from each clade have different specific activities. While members of clade one add evenly spaced GlcA branches, the members of clade two are also capable of glucuronidating two consecutive xyloses. Importantly, these types of xylan patterning are present in softwood. As xylan patterning might modulate xylan-cellulose and xylan-lignin interactions, our results further the understanding of softwood cell wall biosynthesis and provide breeding or genetic engineering targets that can be used to modify softwood properties.
MeSH term(s)	Arabidopsis ; Cell Wall ; Glucuronic Acid ; Plant Breeding ; Tracheophyta/genetics ; Xylans
Chemical Substances	Xylans ; Glucuronic Acid (8A5D83Q4RW)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.17531
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Article: Structural Imaging of Native Cryo-Preserved Secondary Cell Walls Reveals the Presence of Macrofibrils and Their Formation Requires Normal Cellulose, Lignin and Xylan Biosynthesis.

Lyczakowski, Jan J / Bourdon, Matthieu / Terrett, Oliver M / Helariutta, Ykä / Wightman, Raymond / Dupree, Paul

Frontiers in plant science

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 1398

Abstract: The woody secondary cell walls of plants are the largest repository of renewable carbon biopolymers on the planet. These walls are made principally from cellulose and hemicelluloses and are impregnated with lignin. Despite their importance as the main ... ...

Abstract	The woody secondary cell walls of plants are the largest repository of renewable carbon biopolymers on the planet. These walls are made principally from cellulose and hemicelluloses and are impregnated with lignin. Despite their importance as the main load bearing structure for plant growth, as well as their industrial importance as both a material and energy source, the precise arrangement of these constituents within the cell wall is not yet fully understood. We have adapted low temperature scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) for imaging the nanoscale architecture of angiosperm and gymnosperm cell walls in their native hydrated state. Our work confirms that cell wall macrofibrils, cylindrical structures with a diameter exceeding 10 nm, are a common feature of the native hardwood and softwood samples. We have observed these same structures in
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2613694-6
ISSN	1664-462X
ISSN	1664-462X
DOI	10.3389/fpls.2019.01398
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Article ; Online: Golgi-localized putative S-adenosyl methionine transporters required for plant cell wall polysaccharide methylation.

Temple, Henry / Phyo, Pyae / Yang, Weibing / Lyczakowski, Jan J / Echevarría-Poza, Alberto / Yakunin, Igor / Parra-Rojas, Juan Pablo / Terrett, Oliver M / Saez-Aguayo, Susana / Dupree, Ray / Orellana, Ariel / Hong, Mei / Dupree, Paul

Nature plants

2022 Volume 8, Issue 6, Page(s) 656–669

Abstract: Polysaccharide methylation, especially that of pectin, is a common and important feature of land plant cell walls. Polysaccharide methylation takes place in the Golgi apparatus and therefore relies on the import of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) from the ... ...

Abstract	Polysaccharide methylation, especially that of pectin, is a common and important feature of land plant cell walls. Polysaccharide methylation takes place in the Golgi apparatus and therefore relies on the import of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) from the cytosol into the Golgi. However, so far, no Golgi SAM transporter has been identified in plants. Here we studied major facilitator superfamily members in Arabidopsis that we identified as putative Golgi SAM transporters (GoSAMTs). Knockout of the two most highly expressed GoSAMTs led to a strong reduction in Golgi-synthesized polysaccharide methylation. Furthermore, solid-state NMR experiments revealed that reduced methylation changed cell wall polysaccharide conformations, interactions and mobilities. Notably, NMR revealed the existence of pectin 'egg-box' structures in intact cell walls and showed that their formation is enhanced by reduced methyl esterification. These changes in wall architecture were linked to substantial growth and developmental phenotypes. In particular, anisotropic growth was strongly impaired in the double mutant. The identification of putative transporters involved in import of SAM into the Golgi lumen in plants provides new insights into the paramount importance of polysaccharide methylation for plant cell wall structure and function.
MeSH term(s)	Arabidopsis/genetics ; Arabidopsis/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Methionine/analysis ; Methionine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Pectins/metabolism ; Polysaccharides/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Arabidopsis Proteins ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Polysaccharides ; Pectins (89NA02M4RX) ; Methionine (AE28F7PNPL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2055-0278
ISSN (online)	2055-0278
DOI	10.1038/s41477-022-01156-4
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Article ; Online: Eudicot primary cell wall glucomannan is related in synthesis, structure, and function to xyloglucan.

Yu, Li / Yoshimi, Yoshihisa / Cresswell, Rosalie / Wightman, Raymond / Lyczakowski, Jan J / Wilson, Louis F L / Ishida, Konan / Stott, Katherine / Yu, Xiaolan / Charalambous, Stephan / Wurman-Rodrich, Joel / Terrett, Oliver M / Brown, Steven P / Dupree, Ray / Temple, Henry / Krogh, Kristian B R M / Dupree, Paul

The Plant cell

2022 Volume 34, Issue 11, Page(s) 4600–4622

Abstract: Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell ...

Abstract	Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell wall hemicelluloses such as glucomannan, xylan, and xyloglucan (XyG) remain unclear. As the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG is considered important in eudicot PCWs, but plants devoid of XyG show relatively mild phenotypes. We report here that a patterned β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) is widespread in eudicot PCWs and shows remarkable similarities to XyG. The sugar linkages forming the backbone and side chains of β-GGM are analogous to those that make up XyG, and moreover, these linkages are formed by glycosyltransferases from the same CAZy families. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that β-GGM shows low mobility in the cell wall, consistent with interaction with cellulose. Although Arabidopsis β-GGM synthesis mutants show no obvious growth defects, genetic crosses between β-GGM and XyG mutants produce exacerbated phenotypes compared with XyG mutants. These findings demonstrate a related role of these two similar but distinct classes of hemicelluloses in PCWs. This work opens avenues to study the roles of β-GGM and XyG in PCWs.
MeSH term(s)	Xylans ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Cell Wall/chemistry ; Cellulose
Chemical Substances	xyloglucan (37294-28-3) ; Xylans ; (1-6)-alpha-glucomannan (36W3E5TAMG) ; Cellulose (9004-34-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	623171-8
ISSN	1532-298X ; 1040-4651
ISSN (online)	1532-298X
ISSN	1040-4651
DOI	10.1093/plcell/koac238
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Article ; Online: Molecular architecture of softwood revealed by solid-state NMR.

Terrett, Oliver M / Lyczakowski, Jan J / Yu, Li / Iuga, Dinu / Franks, W Trent / Brown, Steven P / Dupree, Ray / Dupree, Paul

Nature communications

2019 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 4978

Abstract: Economically important softwood from conifers is mainly composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, galactoglucomannan and xylan, and the phenolic polymer, lignin. The interactions between these polymers lead to wood mechanical strength and must be ... ...

Abstract	Economically important softwood from conifers is mainly composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, galactoglucomannan and xylan, and the phenolic polymer, lignin. The interactions between these polymers lead to wood mechanical strength and must be overcome in biorefining. Here, we use
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-019-12979-9
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Article ; Online: Ectopic callose deposition into woody biomass modulates the nano-architecture of macrofibrils.

Bourdon, Matthieu / Lyczakowski, Jan J / Cresswell, Rosalie / Amsbury, Sam / Vilaplana, Francisco / Le Guen, Marie-Joo / Follain, Nadège / Wightman, Raymond / Su, Chang / Alatorre-Cobos, Fulgencio / Ritter, Maximilian / Liszka, Aleksandra / Terrett, Oliver M / Yadav, Shri Ram / Vatén, Anne / Nieminen, Kaisa / Eswaran, Gugan / Alonso-Serra, Juan / Müller, Karin H /

Iuga, Dinu / Miskolczi, Pal Csaba / Kalmbach, Lothar / Otero, Sofia / Mähönen, Ari Pekka / Bhalerao, Rishikesh / Bulone, Vincent / Mansfield, Shawn D / Hill, Stefan / Burgert, Ingo / Beaugrand, Johnny / Benitez-Alfonso, Yoselin / Dupree, Ray / Dupree, Paul / Helariutta, Ykä

Nature plants

2023 Volume 9, Issue 9, Page(s) 1530–1546

Abstract: Plant biomass plays an increasingly important role in the circular bioeconomy, replacing non-renewable fossil resources. Genetic engineering of this lignocellulosic biomass could benefit biorefinery transformation chains by lowering economic and ... ...

Abstract	Plant biomass plays an increasingly important role in the circular bioeconomy, replacing non-renewable fossil resources. Genetic engineering of this lignocellulosic biomass could benefit biorefinery transformation chains by lowering economic and technological barriers to industrial processing. However, previous efforts have mostly targeted the major constituents of woody biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Here we report the engineering of wood structure through the introduction of callose, a polysaccharide novel to most secondary cell walls. Our multiscale analysis of genetically engineered poplar trees shows that callose deposition modulates cell wall porosity, water and lignin contents and increases the lignin-cellulose distance, ultimately resulting in substantially decreased biomass recalcitrance. We provide a model of the wood cell wall nano-architecture engineered to accommodate the hydrated callose inclusions. Ectopic polymer introduction into biomass manifests in new physico-chemical properties and offers new avenues when considering lignocellulose engineering.
MeSH term(s)	Lignin ; Wood ; Biomass ; Cellulose
Chemical Substances	callose (9064-51-1) ; Lignin (9005-53-2) ; Cellulose (9004-34-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2055-0278
ISSN (online)	2055-0278
DOI	10.1038/s41477-023-01459-0
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