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  1. Article ; Online: Arthropod-borne encephalitis: an overview for the clinician and emerging considerations.

    Boruah, Abhilasha Pankaj / Thakur, Kiran T

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2023  Volume 99, Issue 1174, Page(s) 826–833

    Abstract: The rapid spread of arboviral infections in recent years has continually established arthropod-borne encephalitis to be a pressing global health concern. Causing a wide range of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant ... ...

    Abstract The rapid spread of arboviral infections in recent years has continually established arthropod-borne encephalitis to be a pressing global health concern. Causing a wide range of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant neurological disease, the hallmark features of arboviral infection are important to clinically recognise. Arboviral infections may cause severe neurological presentations such as meningoencephalitis, epilepsy, acute flaccid paralysis and stroke. While the pathogenesis of arboviral infections is still being investigated, shared neuroanatomical pathways among these viruses may give insight into future therapeutic targets. The shifting infection transmission patterns and evolving distribution of arboviral vectors are heavily influenced by global climate change and human environmental disruption, therefore it is of utmost importance to consider this potential aetiology when assessing patients with encephalitic presentations.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Arbovirus Infections ; Arboviruses ; Encephalitis, Arbovirus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pmj-2022-142002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Building Equitable Neuroscience Research Collaborations in Resource-limited Settings.

    Asukile, Melody T / Zunt, Joseph R / Thakur, Kiran T

    Seminars in neurology

    2024  Volume 44, Issue 2, Page(s) 159–167

    Abstract: The burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders, such as stroke, dementia, and headache disorders, are on the rise in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), while neuroinfectious diseases remain a major concern. The development of neuroscience ... ...

    Abstract The burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders, such as stroke, dementia, and headache disorders, are on the rise in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), while neuroinfectious diseases remain a major concern. The development of neuroscience research aimed at defining the burden of neurological diseases across the lifespan, as well as optimizing diagnosis and treatment strategies, is fundamental to improving neurological health in resource-limited settings. One of the key factors to advancing neuroscience research in LMICs is the establishment of effective collaborations based on responsible and trustworthy partnerships between local scientists in LMICs and international collaborators. LMIC researchers face many logistical, institutional, and individual level challenges as they embark on their neuroscience research journey. Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for improving LMIC investigator-led research that should focus on human and institutional infrastructure development. With regard to human capacity building, potential areas for offering support include enhancing research methodology training, offering instruction in manuscript and grant-writing, institutionalizing mentorship programs, and providing opportunities to conduct funded, mentored research to disseminate in high-impact journals. The foundational elements required for implementing and optimizing neuroscience research within an institution include an institutional review board, mentorship programs, data management, research administration, and laboratory facilities. This institutional capacity varies significantly across and within countries, and many rely on collaborations with better-resourced institutions to initiate research. Successful equitable collaborations ensure the engagement of all local and international stakeholders, as well as implementation of a self-sustaining long-term program. Building research capacity in LMICs is an essential endeavor that requires ongoing commitment to training independent scientists. As research capacity increases, LMIC institutions and governments should consider developing competitive research grant programs to support innovative studies led by local researchers, foster regional collaborations, and hence create a sustainable and independent neuroscience research environment.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Resource-Limited Settings ; Developing Countries ; Capacity Building
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603165-1
    ISSN 1098-9021 ; 0271-8235
    ISSN (online) 1098-9021
    ISSN 0271-8235
    DOI 10.1055/s-0043-1778640
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: CNS infections in HIV.

    Thakur, Kiran T

    Current opinion in infectious diseases

    2020  Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 267–272

    Abstract: Purpose of review: Central nervous system (CNS) infections associated with HIV remain significant contributors to morbidity and mortality, particularly among people living with HIV (PLWH) in resource-limited settings worldwide. In this review, we ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: Central nervous system (CNS) infections associated with HIV remain significant contributors to morbidity and mortality, particularly among people living with HIV (PLWH) in resource-limited settings worldwide. In this review, we discuss several recent important scientific discoveries in the prevention, diagnosis, and management around two of the major causes of CNS opportunistic infections-tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and cryptococcal meningitis including immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS) associated with cryptococcal meningitis. We also discuss the CNS as a possible viral reservoir, highlighting Cerebrospinal fluid viral escape.
    Recent findings: CNS infections in HIV-positive people in sub-Saharan Africa contribute to 15-25% of AIDS-related deaths. Morbidity and mortality in those is associated with delays in HIV diagnosis, lack of availability for antimicrobial treatment, and risk of CNS IRIS. The CNS may serve as a reservoir for replication, though it is unclear whether this can impact peripheral immunosuppression.
    Summary: Significant diagnostic and treatment advances for TBM and cryptococcal meningitis have yet to impact overall morbidity and mortality according to recent data. Lack of early diagnosis and treatment initiation, and also maintenance on combined antiretroviral treatment are the main drivers of the ongoing burden of CNS opportunistic infections. The CNS as a viral reservoir has major potential implications for HIV eradication strategies, and also control of CNS opportunistic infections.
    MeSH term(s) Central Nervous System Infections/diagnosis ; Central Nervous System Infections/drug therapy ; Central Nervous System Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/complications ; Humans ; Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/diagnosis ; Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/drug therapy ; Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/prevention & control ; Meningitis, Cryptococcal/diagnosis ; Meningitis, Cryptococcal/drug therapy ; Meningitis, Cryptococcal/prevention & control ; Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis ; Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy ; Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal/prevention & control ; Viruses
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 645085-4
    ISSN 1473-6527 ; 1535-3877 ; 0951-7375 ; 1355-834X
    ISSN (online) 1473-6527 ; 1535-3877
    ISSN 0951-7375 ; 1355-834X
    DOI 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000652
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Application of Pathogen Discovery/Metagenomic Sequencing in CNS HIV.

    Thakur, Kiran T

    Current HIV/AIDS reports

    2020  Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) 507–513

    Abstract: Purpose of review: Neurological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS including central nervous system (CNS), opportunistic infections (OI), chronic conditions including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: Neurological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS including central nervous system (CNS), opportunistic infections (OI), chronic conditions including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. CNS infections in HIV-infected patients are often challenging to diagnose by traditional microbiological testing, impacting treatment and outcome.
    Recent findings: Recent advances in diagnostic techniques, including metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), are changing the landscape of microbiological testing, mainly in resource-rich settings. Pathogen discovery techniques offer a hypothesis-free approach to diagnostic testing, yielding comprehensive analysis of microbial genetic material. Given the extent of genetic material produced, deep sequencing tools not only hold promise in the diagnosis of CNS infections but also in defining key pathogenic steps which have previously been unanswered. Significant challenges remain to implementing pathogen discovery techniques in routine clinical practice including cost, expertise and infrastructure needed including laboratory and bioinformatics support, and sample contamination risk. The use in resource-limited regions where the burden of CNS complications due to HIV/AIDS is highest remains poorly defined. Though, major opportunities utilizing pathogen discovery techniques exist to enhance surveillance and diagnosis and improve our understanding of mechanisms of neuroinvasion in CNS conditions associated with HIV.
    MeSH term(s) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis ; Central Nervous System/pathology ; Central Nervous System/virology ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/isolation & purification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Humans ; Metagenomics/methods
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2151206-1
    ISSN 1548-3576 ; 1548-3568
    ISSN (online) 1548-3576
    ISSN 1548-3568
    DOI 10.1007/s11904-020-00514-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Addressing neurological burden in the Americas.

    Tausch, Amy / Thakur, Kiran T / Oliveira E Souza, Renato

    The Lancet. Neurology

    2024  Volume 23, Issue 4, Page(s) 327–328

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2081241-3
    ISSN 1474-4465 ; 1474-4422
    ISSN (online) 1474-4465
    ISSN 1474-4422
    DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00085-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Autoimmune and inflammatory neurological disorders in the intensive care unit.

    Legouy, Camille / Cervantes, Anna / Sonneville, Romain / Thakur, Kiran T

    Current opinion in critical care

    2024  Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 142–150

    Abstract: Purpose of review: The present review summarizes the diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis (AE) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and provides practical guidance on therapeutic management.: Recent findings: Autoimmune encephalitis represents ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: The present review summarizes the diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis (AE) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and provides practical guidance on therapeutic management.
    Recent findings: Autoimmune encephalitis represents a group of immune-mediated brain diseases associated with antibodies that are pathogenic against central nervous system proteins. Recent findings suggests that the diagnosis of AE requires a multidisciplinary approach including appropriate recognition of common clinical syndromes, brain imaging and electroencephalography to confirm focal pathology, and cerebrospinal fluid and serum tests to rule out common brain infections, and to detect autoantibodies. ICU admission may be necessary at AE onset because of altered mental status, refractory seizures, and/or dysautonomia. Early management in ICU includes prompt initiation of immunotherapy, detection and treatment of seizures, and supportive care with neuromonitoring. In parallel, screening for neoplasm should be systematically performed. Despite severe presentation, epidemiological studies suggest that functional recovery is likely under appropriate therapy, even after prolonged ICU stays.
    Conclusion: AE and related disorders are increasingly recognized in the ICU population. Critical care physicians should be aware of these conditions and consider them early in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with unexplained encephalopathy. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for diagnosis, ICU management, specific therapy, and prognostication.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Encephalitis/diagnosis ; Encephalitis/therapy ; Seizures ; Intensive Care Units ; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System/diagnosis ; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System/therapy ; Hashimoto Disease
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1235629-3
    ISSN 1531-7072 ; 1070-5295
    ISSN (online) 1531-7072
    ISSN 1070-5295
    DOI 10.1097/MCC.0000000000001139
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Building Equitable Neuroscience Research Collaborations in Resource-limited Settings

    Asukile, Melody T. / Zunt, Joseph R. / Thakur, Kiran T.

    Seminars in Neurology

    (Neurology in Underserved and Marginalized Populations)

    2024  Volume 44, Issue 02, Page(s) 159–167

    Abstract: The burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders, such as stroke, dementia, and headache disorders, are on the rise in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), while neuroinfectious diseases remain a major concern. The development of neuroscience ... ...

    Series title Neurology in Underserved and Marginalized Populations
    Abstract The burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders, such as stroke, dementia, and headache disorders, are on the rise in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), while neuroinfectious diseases remain a major concern. The development of neuroscience research aimed at defining the burden of neurological diseases across the lifespan, as well as optimizing diagnosis and treatment strategies, is fundamental to improving neurological health in resource-limited settings. One of the key factors to advancing neuroscience research in LMICs is the establishment of effective collaborations based on responsible and trustworthy partnerships between local scientists in LMICs and international collaborators. LMIC researchers face many logistical, institutional, and individual level challenges as they embark on their neuroscience research journey. Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for improving LMIC investigator-led research that should focus on human and institutional infrastructure development. With regard to human capacity building, potential areas for offering support include enhancing research methodology training, offering instruction in manuscript and grant-writing, institutionalizing mentorship programs, and providing opportunities to conduct funded, mentored research to disseminate in high-impact journals. The foundational elements required for implementing and optimizing neuroscience research within an institution include an institutional review board, mentorship programs, data management, research administration, and laboratory facilities. This institutional capacity varies significantly across and within countries, and many rely on collaborations with better-resourced institutions to initiate research. Successful equitable collaborations ensure the engagement of all local and international stakeholders, as well as implementation of a self-sustaining long-term program. Building research capacity in LMICs is an essential endeavor that requires ongoing commitment to training independent scientists. As research capacity increases, LMIC institutions and governments should consider developing competitive research grant programs to support innovative studies led by local researchers, foster regional collaborations, and hence create a sustainable and independent neuroscience research environment.
    Keywords research infrastructure ; capacity building ; international collaboration ; neurosciences
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-14
    Publisher Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 603165-1
    ISSN 1098-9021 ; 0271-8235
    ISSN (online) 1098-9021
    ISSN 0271-8235
    DOI 10.1055/s-0043-1778640
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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  8. Article: Application of Pathogen Discovery/Metagenomic Sequencing in CNS HIV

    Thakur, Kiran T

    Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neurological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS including central nervous system (CNS), opportunistic infections (OI), chronic conditions including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape ... ...

    Abstract PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neurological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS including central nervous system (CNS), opportunistic infections (OI), chronic conditions including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. CNS infections in HIV-infected patients are often challenging to diagnose by traditional microbiological testing, impacting treatment and outcome. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent advances in diagnostic techniques, including metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), are changing the landscape of microbiological testing, mainly in resource-rich settings. Pathogen discovery techniques offer a hypothesis-free approach to diagnostic testing, yielding comprehensive analysis of microbial genetic material. Given the extent of genetic material produced, deep sequencing tools not only hold promise in the diagnosis of CNS infections but also in defining key pathogenic steps which have previously been unanswered. Significant challenges remain to implementing pathogen discovery techniques in routine clinical practice including cost, expertise and infrastructure needed including laboratory and bioinformatics support, and sample contamination risk. The use in resource-limited regions where the burden of CNS complications due to HIV/AIDS is highest remains poorly defined. Though, major opportunities utilizing pathogen discovery techniques exist to enhance surveillance and diagnosis and improve our understanding of mechanisms of neuroinvasion in CNS conditions associated with HIV.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #32839940
    Database COVID19

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  9. Article ; Online: Threat of resurgence or hope for global eradication of poliovirus?

    Kim, Carla Y / Piamonte, Bernadeth / Allen, Rebecca / Thakur, Kiran T

    Current opinion in neurology

    2023  Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 229–237

    Abstract: Purpose of review: Recent outbreaks of poliomyelitis in countries that have been free of cases for decades highlight the challenges of eradicating polio in a globalized interconnected world beset with a novel viral pandemic. We provide an ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: Recent outbreaks of poliomyelitis in countries that have been free of cases for decades highlight the challenges of eradicating polio in a globalized interconnected world beset with a novel viral pandemic. We provide an epidemiological update, advancements in vaccines, and amendments in public health strategy of poliomyelitis in this review.
    Recent findings: Last year, new cases of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) were documented in regions previously documented to have eradicated WPV1 and reports of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) and 3 (cVDPV3) in New York and Jerusalem made international headlines. Sequencing of wastewater samples from environmental surveillance revealed that the WPV1 strains were related to WPV1 lineages from endemic countries and the cVDPV2 strains from New York and Jerusalem were not only related to each other but also to environmental isolates found in London. The evidence of importation of WPV1 cases from endemic countries, and global transmission of cVDPVs justifies renewed efforts in routine vaccination programs and outbreak control measures that were interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. After the novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) received emergency authorization for containment of cVDPV2 outbreaks in 2021, subsequent reduced incidence, transmission rates, and vaccine adverse events, alongside increased genetic stability of viral isolates substantiates the safety and efficacy of nOPV2. The nOPV1 and nOPV3 vaccines, against type 1 and 3 cVDPVs, and measures to increase accessibility and efficacy of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) are in development.
    Summary: A revised strategy utilizing more genetically stable vaccine formulations, with uninterrupted vaccination programs and continued active surveillance optimizes the prospect of global poliomyelitis eradication.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Poliovirus/genetics ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/complications ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliomyelitis/etiology ; Disease Outbreaks
    Chemical Substances Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1182686-1
    ISSN 1473-6551 ; 1350-7540
    ISSN (online) 1473-6551
    ISSN 1350-7540
    DOI 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001156
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Acute neurologic emerging flaviviruses.

    Caldwell, Marissa / Boruah, Abhilasha P / Thakur, Kiran T

    Therapeutic advances in infectious disease

    2022  Volume 9, Page(s) 20499361221102664

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the challenges we face as a global society in preventing and containing emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Multiple intersecting factors, including environmental changes, host immunological factors, and pathogen ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the challenges we face as a global society in preventing and containing emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Multiple intersecting factors, including environmental changes, host immunological factors, and pathogen dynamics, are intimately connected to the emergence and re-emergence of communicable diseases. There is a large and expanding list of communicable diseases that can cause neurological damage, either through direct or indirect routes. Novel pathogens of neurotropic potential have been identified through advanced diagnostic techniques, including metagenomic next-generation sequencing, but there are also known pathogens which have expanded their geographic distribution to infect non-immune individuals. Factors including population growth, climate change, the increase in animal and human interface, and an increase in international travel and trade are contributing to the expansion of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Challenges exist around antimicrobial misuse giving rise to antimicrobial-resistant infectious neurotropic organisms and increased susceptibility to infection related to the expanded use of immunomodulatory treatments. In this article, we will review key concepts around emerging and re-emerging pathogens and discuss factors associated with neurotropism and neuroinvasion. We highlight several neurotropic pathogens of interest, including West Nile virus (WNV), Zika Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV). We emphasize neuroinfectious diseases which impact the central nervous system (CNS) and focus on flaviviruses, a group of vector-borne pathogens that have expanded globally in recent years and have proven capable of widespread outbreak.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2728410-4
    ISSN 2049-937X ; 2049-9361
    ISSN (online) 2049-937X
    ISSN 2049-9361
    DOI 10.1177/20499361221102664
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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