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Article ; Online: [A world beyond SARS-CoV-2, as well

Michael Sieg / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp

Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, Vol

Coronaviruses in zoo and wildlife animals]

2021 Volume 134

Abstract: The family of Coronaviridae comprises numerous virus species, some of which play an outstanding role in veterinary medicine. In addition to infections of the respiratory and/or the gastrointestinal tract, which are usually mild, severe systemic ... ...

Abstract	[The family of Coronaviridae comprises numerous virus species, some of which play an outstanding role in veterinary medicine. In addition to infections of the respiratory and/or the gastrointestinal tract, which are usually mild, severe systemic infections and even fatal outcomes can occur. Wild and zoo animals are just as affected by coronavirus infections as their domesticated counterparts. In many cases, however, other virus species or virus variants are found in wild animals, which so far have not been characterized in detail. Knowledge of the virus reservoirs, the transmission mechanisms, the virus evolution and the underlying pathomechanisms is a basic requirement for combating relevant infections in pets and farm animals. In the area of coronaviruses in zoo and wild animals, there is still a considerable need for research in order to be able to answer pestering questions regarding the zoonotic potential and possible cross-species transmissions between wild and domesticated animals.] Die Familie der Coronaviridae umfasst zahlreiche Virusspezies, die im Tierreich teils von großer Bedeutung sind. Neben Infektionen der Atemwege und/oder des Magen-Darm-Traktes, welche in der Regel mild verlaufen, können auch schwere systemische Infektionen bis hin zu tödlichen Krankheitsverläufen vorkommen. Wild- und Zootiere sind dabei von Infektionen mit Coronaviren genauso betroffen wie deren domestizierte Artgenossen. Allerdings findet man in wild lebenden Tieren in vielen Fällen noch weitere Virusspezies oder Virusvarianten, welche bis dato schlecht oder kaum charakterisiert sind. Dabei ist die Kenntnis des Virusreservoirs, der Übertragungsmechanismen, der Virusevolution und der zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen Grundvoraussetzung zur Bekämpfung entsprechender Infektionen bei Haus- und Nutztieren. Hinsichtlich der Coronaviren von Zoo- und Wildtieren besteht hierbei noch erheblicher Forschungsbedarf, um wichtige Fragen bezüglich des zoonotischen Potenzials und möglicher Spezies-Übertritte zwischen Wild- und ...
Keywords	reservoir ; zoonosis ; enteritis ; respiratory infections ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	801
Language	German
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Schlütersche Fachmedien GmbH
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) can deteriorate vaccination efficacy against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at subtoxic levels

Antje Rückner / Lisa Plagge / Kristin Heenemann / Maxi Harzer / Bastian Thaa / Janine Winkler / Sven Dänicke / Johannes Kauffold / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp

Porcine Health Management, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 13

Abstract: Abstract Background Feedgrain contamination with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON, “vomitoxin”) is relatively frequently encountered. Pigs are particularly sensitive to the toxicity of DON. To assess the interplay between DON and porcine ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Feedgrain contamination with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON, “vomitoxin”) is relatively frequently encountered. Pigs are particularly sensitive to the toxicity of DON. To assess the interplay between DON and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), we performed an experimental DON exposure–PRRSV vaccination–challenge infection trial. Three-week-old piglets were divided into four groups. Groups I, II and III (10 animals/group) were vaccinated with a PRRSV modified live vaccine and 2 weeks later challenged with a heterologous field strain. While group I was not supplemented with DON, animals in groups II and III received DON for 4 weeks prior to challenge infection at levels that can be encountered in pig feed, employing a low-dose or high-dose regime (group II: 40 µg DON/kg body weight per day; group III: 80 µg DON/kg body weight per day, corresponding to approx. 1 or 2 mg DON/kg feed, respectively). Eight animals (group IV; unvaccinated, not DON exposed) served as control animals for the challenge infection. Results We assessed clinical signs, virus load in serum and various organs as well as antibody titres in the animals. All vaccinated animals mounted an efficient PRRSV-specific antibody response within 2 weeks, except for 20% of the animals receiving the higher DON dose. Upon virus challenge, the vaccinated animals in group I were protected from clinical signs. Vaccinated DON-exposed animals in group II and III were protected from clinical signs to a lesser extent. Clinical signs in group III receiving the higher dose of DON were as severe as in the (unvaccinated, not DON exposed) control group IV. The animals of group III also displayed lower antibody titres compared with the animals in group I and II. Conclusions The experimental vaccination/challenge study therefore revealed that exposure of pigs to DON for a period of 4 weeks deteriorates the efficacy of vaccination against clinical signs of PRRS.
Keywords	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ; Arterivirus ; Modified live vaccine ; Deoxynivalenol ; Mycotoxin ; Vaccination ; Animal culture ; SF1-1100 ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An Explorative Study of the Causal Pathogenesis of Green Liver Discoloration in Organically Reared Female Bronze Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo ) Considering the Infectious Risk Factors

Larissa Cuta / Christoph Georg Baums / Kerstin Cramer / Maxi Harzer / Jutta Hauptmann / Kristin Heenemann / Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns / Ines Stegmaier / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp / Volker Schmidt

Animals, Vol 13, Iss 918, p

2023 Volume 918

Abstract: A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, ...

Abstract	A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout two fattening trials with two examinations each to determine possible infectious risk factors and reduce disease prevalence. Clinical and pathoanatomical examinations were performed on every hen. Histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations were performed on at least six hens without and, if applicable, six hens with green livers on each examination date. Overall, 9.0% of all hens had a green liver without a correlation with bacterial or parasitological findings but multiple health impairments. The discoloration correlated significantly with the detection of immunosuppressive turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus at the early stage and macro- and histological joint/bone lesions at the late fattening stage, indicating the presence of two different predisposing pathogeneses. Flocks not being vaccinated against hemorrhagic enteritis but having a virus-positive sample showed the highest prevalence of green liver discoloration and developed worse in various parameters. In conclusion, an adequate vaccination schedule and the prevention of field infections may lead to a decreased risk of performance reduction and improved animal health.
Keywords	Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex ; green liver ; hemorrhagic enteritis virus ; aseptic bone necrosis ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Epidemiological analysis of porcine rotavirus A genotypes in Germany

Wenske, Oliver / Antje Rückner / Bernd-Andreas Schwarz / Daniel Piehler / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp

Veterinary microbiology. 2018 Feb., v. 214

2018

Abstract: Group A porcine rotaviruses are a global threat to animal health in stock breeding. While certain genotypes have shown predominance in other countries, data from Europe's second largest swine population is still scarce. Therefore, porcine rotaviruses ... ...

Abstract	Group A porcine rotaviruses are a global threat to animal health in stock breeding. While certain genotypes have shown predominance in other countries, data from Europe's second largest swine population is still scarce. Therefore, porcine rotaviruses taken from different areas of Germany were genotyped to create a basis for comparison with data from neighboring countries. In addition, the potential predominance and regionality based on regions (federal states) have been investigated by examining 101 samples.The study revealed the dominance of the VP7 genotypes G9, G4, G5 as well as VP4 genotypes P[23], P[6], P[32]. The most common genotype combinations were G9P[23], G4P[6], and G9P[32]. Analysis focusing on the regionality aspect revealed that areas with high pig populations promote the emergence of dominant genotype combinations. However, pig populations in Germany cannot be considered individually and therefore results were put into international context, taken from already published genotyping data. In consequence, our data contributes to the fundamental understanding of regional and supraregional rotavirus epidemiology. The detected genotypes provide a basis for prospective porcine rotavirus surveillance, that first of all helps to identify interspecies transmission. Furthermore it may provide supporting data for the selection of particular genotypes, suitable for the production of porcine rotavirus A vaccine candidates.
Keywords	animal health ; disease transmission ; epidemiological studies ; genotype ; genotyping ; monitoring ; Rotavirus A ; swine ; vaccines ; Germany
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-02
Size	p. 93-98.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.014
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus in domestic cats in Hungary

Anna Szilasi / Lilla Dénes / Eszter Krikó / Kristin Heenemann / Reinhard Ertl / Míra Mándoki / Thomas W Vahlenkamp / Gyula Balka

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports, Vol

2019 Volume 5

Abstract: Objectives Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are retroviruses affecting cats worldwide. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of these retroviruses in domestic cats in Hungary and to characterise ... ...

Abstract	Objectives Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are retroviruses affecting cats worldwide. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of these retroviruses in domestic cats in Hungary and to characterise the phylogenetic relationships of FIV strains. Methods A total of 335 anticoagulated whole-blood samples obtained from both a healthy and ill cat population were examined for the presence of FIV and FeLV with two methods: ELISA and PCR. Statistical analysis was carried out to analyse the data obtained. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial polymerase ( pol ) gene sequences was performed to describe circulating FIV subtypes. Results Statistical analysis showed 11.8% and 9.9% true prevalence of FeLV and FIV, respectively, with ELISA. The apparent prevalence calculated from the PCR results were 17.3% for FeLV and 13.1% for FIV. Phylogenetic analysis of partial pol gene sequences obtained from 22 FIV strains showed that all observed Hungarian strains belonged to FIV subtype B. The strains were grouped into several monophyletic subgroups reflecting the geographic locations of the origin of the samples. The overall mean genetic similarity between the analysed strains was 98.2%. Conclusions and relevance We report the first thorough overview of the prevalence of FeLV and FIV in Hungary, which is relatively high, and give insight into the genetic diversity of Hungarian strains of FIV.
Keywords	Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SAGE Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Molecular characterization of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strains circulating in Egypt from 2003 to 2014

Shehata, Awad A / Hesham Sultan / Mohammed Y. Halami / Shaimaa Talaat / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp

Archives of virology. 2017 Dec., v. 162, no. 12

2017

Abstract: In the present study, four very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) isolates from flocks of chickens with vaccination failure in Egypt in 2003, 2007, 2010 and 2014 were characterized. The four viruses, designated USC2003, USC2007, USC2010 ... ...

Abstract	In the present study, four very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) isolates from flocks of chickens with vaccination failure in Egypt in 2003, 2007, 2010 and 2014 were characterized. The four viruses, designated USC2003, USC2007, USC2010 and USC2014, were detected by reverse transcription PCR, subjected to sequencing of both genomic segments (A and B) and compared with geographically and phylogenetically diverse IBDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of segment A (complete) and B (partial) revealed a close relationship between Egyptian and vvIBDV reference strains of European and Asian origin. The sequences of segments of A and B the current Egyptian isolates were 96.1-98.2% and 96.5-98.7% identical, respectively, to those of other known vvIBDV isolates. The deduced amino acid sequences of VP1, polyprotein (pVP2-VP4-VP3) and VP5 revealed the presence of putative virulence determinants of Egyptian isolates compared with vvIBDV and less virulent (classical and variant) strains. The Egyptian isolates also possess unique amino acids substitutions within the hypervariable region of VP2 that differ from those of other reference IBDV strains. Further studies may be necessary to determine the pathogenic significance of these amino acid substitutions to fully understand the molecular epidemiology and evolution of IBDV.
Keywords	amino acid substitution ; chickens ; flocks ; genomics ; Infectious bursal disease virus ; molecular epidemiology ; phylogeny ; polyproteins ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; vaccination ; virulence ; viruses ; Egypt
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 3803-3815.
Publishing place	Springer Vienna
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-017-3554-3
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Spread of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in the German Bird Population, 2019–2020

Ute Ziegler / Felicitas Bergmann / Dominik Fischer / Kerstin Müller / Cora M. Holicki / Balal Sadeghi / Michael Sieg / Markus Keller / Rebekka Schwehn / Maximilian Reuschel / Luisa Fischer / Oliver Krone / Monika Rinder / Karolin Schütte / Volker Schmidt / Martin Eiden / Christine Fast / Anne Günther / Anja Globig /

Franz J. Conraths / Christoph Staubach / Florian Brandes / Michael Lierz / Rüdiger Korbel / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp / Martin H. Groschup

Microorganisms, Vol 10, Iss 4, p

2022 Volume 807

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are important flaviviruses circulating in Germany. While USUV was first reported more than 10 years ago, WNV has only reached the country in 2018. Wild birds are important amplifying hosts for both viruses. ... ...

Abstract	West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are important flaviviruses circulating in Germany. While USUV was first reported more than 10 years ago, WNV has only reached the country in 2018. Wild birds are important amplifying hosts for both viruses. Therefore, we have been monitoring the bird population in different regions of Germany by a previously established network for many years. This report summarizes the results of molecular and/or serological methods of 2345 blood samples from birds of 22 different orders and over 2900 bird carcasses from 2019 and 2020. USUV RNA circulation was found in different regions of Germany, with emphasis on USUV lineages Europe 3 and Africa 3. Increased evidence of USUV lineage Europe 2 was detected in eastern Germany. WNV RNA was found only in birds from the eastern part of the country. The seroprevalence for USUV was between 3.11% and 7.20% in all three regions investigated, whereas the WNV seroprevalence spanned from 14.77% to 16.15% in eastern Germany, with a noticeable tendency for a westward and southward expansion in both years. Thus, wild bird monitoring for WNV and USUV can serve as an early warning system for a human exposure risk.
Keywords	West Nile virus ; Usutu virus ; bird ; monitoring ; flavivirus ; Germany ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in zoo animals and identification of a rodent-borne strain in a Syrian brown bear

Spahr, Carina / Rainer G. Ulrich / Reimar Johne / René Ryll / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp / Tobias Knauf-Witzens

Veterinary microbiology. 2017 Dec., v. 212

2017

Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E, an emerging infectious disease of humans. HEV infections have also been described in various animal species. Whereas domestic pigs and wild boars are well-known animal reservoirs for HEV, the ...

Abstract	Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E, an emerging infectious disease of humans. HEV infections have also been described in various animal species. Whereas domestic pigs and wild boars are well-known animal reservoirs for HEV, the knowledge on natural HEV infection in zoo animals is scarce so far. Here, we analysed 244 sera from 66 mammal species derived from three zoos in Germany using a commercial double antigen sandwich ELISA. HEV-specific antibodies were detected in 16 animal species, with the highest detection rates in suids (33.3%) and carnivores (27.0%). However, RNA of the human pathogenic HEV genotypes 1–4 was not detected in the serum samples from suids or carnivores. Using a broad spectrum RT-PCR, a ratHEV-related sequence was identified in a sample of a female Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus). Subsequent serum samples within a period of five years confirmed a HEV seroconversion in this animal. No symptoms of hepatitis were recorded. In a follow-up investigation at the same location, closely related ratHEV sequences were identified in free-living Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), whereas feeder rats (Rattus norvegicus forma domestica) were negative for HEV-specific antibodies and RNA. Therefore, a spillover infection of ratHEV from free-living Norway rats is most likely. The results indicate that a wide range of zoo animals can be naturally infected with HEV or HEV-related viruses. Their distinct role as possible reservoir animals for HEV and sources of HEV infection for humans and other animals remains to be investigated.
Keywords	antibodies ; antigens ; blood serum ; carnivores ; emerging diseases ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; females ; genotype ; hepatitis E ; Hepatitis E virus ; humans ; rats ; Rattus norvegicus ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; RNA ; seroconversion ; swine ; Ursus arctos ; viruses ; wild boars ; zoo animals ; zoos ; Germany
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 87-92.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Highly sensitive ELISA for the serological detection of murine rotavirus EDIM based on its major immunogen VP6

Fingas, Felix / Antje Rückner / Kristin Heenemann / Daniela Volke / Michael Sieg / Petra Bielefeldt / Thomas Grunwald / Thomas W. Vahlenkamp / Rayk Hassert / Ralf Hoffmann

Journal of virological methods. 2018 Dec., v. 262

2018

Abstract: Precise health monitoring of laboratory animals is a critical factor for surveillance and accuracy of animal experiments. Rotavirus epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) leads to infections in mice that can influence animal studies, e.g., by altering ... ...

Abstract	Precise health monitoring of laboratory animals is a critical factor for surveillance and accuracy of animal experiments. Rotavirus epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) leads to infections in mice that can influence animal studies, e.g., by altering the intestinal physiology. Thus, the aim of this study was establishing a highly sensitive and specific ELISA for the serological detection of EDIM infections in rodents. First, virus proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and immunogenic proteins were visualized by immunoblotting and identified after in-gel digestion by tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the major immunogen VP6 (virus protein 6) was expressed in Escherichia coli in high yields, purified by affinity chromatography, and used to establish an indirect ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were both above 99 % and the selectivity better than 98.7 % for animals infected by other pathogens listed by the Federation of Laboratory Animal Science Associations. Importantly, the Strep-rVP6-His-ELISA was more sensitive than a commercial virus-based ELISA and is a time- and cost-efficient complement to EDIM-specific immune-fluorescence assays. In conclusion, the assay can improve health monitoring by reducing the risk of missed EDIM infections in animal housing facilities, thereby improving animal welfare, reliability of animal studies, and protection of precious mice breeds.
Keywords	Escherichia coli ; Rotavirus ; affinity chromatography ; animal housing ; animal welfare ; antigens ; breeds ; cost effectiveness ; diagnostic sensitivity ; diarrhea ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; epizootic diseases ; immunoblotting ; laboratory animals ; mice ; monitoring ; pathogens ; physiology ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; tandem mass spectrometry ; viral proteins
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-12
Size	p. 72-78.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	8013-5
ISSN	1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
ISSN (online)	1879-0984
ISSN	0166-0934
DOI	10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.07.016
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Enhanced Antiviral Function of Magnesium Chloride-Modified Heparin on a Broad Spectrum of Viruses

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 10075, p

2021 Volume 10075

Abstract: Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human adenovirus (HAdV) in immortalized and primary cells. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed a conformational change of heparin when complexed with magnesium. To broadly explore this discovery, we tested the antiviral function of modified heparin against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and found that the replication of HSV-1 was even further decreased compared to aciclovir. Moreover, we investigated the antiviral effect against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and measured a 55-fold decreased viral load in the supernatant of infected cells associated with a 38-fold decrease in virus growth. The advantage of our modified heparin is an increased antiviral effect compared to regular heparin.
Keywords	modified heparin ; magnesium chloride ; antiviral ; HSV-1 ; adenovirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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