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Article ; Online: Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304, after spray-vaccination of 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks.

Kanci Condello, Anna / Wawegama, Nadeeka K / Ekanayake, Dilhani / Zhu, Ling / Tivendale, Kelly A / Shil, Pollob K / Daly, June / Mohotti, Sameera / Todhunter, Philip / Underwood, Gregory J / Noormohammadi, Amir H / Markham, Philip F / Browning, Glenn F

Veterinary microbiology

2024 Volume 293, Page(s) 110093

Abstract: Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. A novel vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304 (the ts-304 strain), has greater protective efficacy in chickens than the Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) vaccine when delivered by eye drop at 3 weeks of ... ...

Abstract	Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. A novel vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304 (the ts-304 strain), has greater protective efficacy in chickens than the Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) vaccine when delivered by eye drop at 3 weeks of age. Applying this vaccine in the hatchery to 1-day-old birds, using mass administration methods, would improve animal welfare and reduce labour costs associated with handling individual birds. This study assessed the protection provided by vaccination with Vaxsafe MG304 after administration to 1-day-old chicks. Chicks were administered a single dose of the vaccine to assess the efficacy of either a high dose (10
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mycoplasma gallisepticum/immunology ; Chickens/immunology ; Chickens/microbiology ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Bacterial Vaccines/immunology ; Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Mycoplasma Infections/prevention & control ; Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary ; Mycoplasma Infections/immunology ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Vaccines ; Antibodies, Bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110093
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Article ; Online: Nebulization as a more efficient method than atomizer for experimental reproduction of avian colibacillosis in young chickens.

Saliha, Uneeb / Tivendale, Kelly A / H Noormohammadi, Amir / Shil, Pollob / Daly, June / Omotainse, Oluwadamilola S / Arshad, Hafiz U / Marenda, Marc S

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2022 Volume 51, Issue 6, Page(s) 590–600

Abstract: Infection and immunity studies involving genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such as gene knockout bacterial mutants, require stringent physical containment to prevent the accidental spread of these organisms into the environment. Experimental ... ...

Abstract	Infection and immunity studies involving genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such as gene knockout bacterial mutants, require stringent physical containment to prevent the accidental spread of these organisms into the environment. Experimental respiratory tract infection models often require the animals, for example birds, to be transported several times between a negative pressure housing isolator and a bespoke aerosol exposure chamber under positive pressure. While the exposure chamber is sealed and fitted with HEPA filters, the repeated movements of infected animals and opening of the chamber can still pose a serious risk of breaching containment of the organism in the experimental facility. In the current study, the ability of two aerosol infection protocols that expose birds to avian pathogenic
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers/veterinary ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2112656
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Article ; Online: Nebulization as a more efficient method than atomizer for experimental reproduction of avian colibacillosis in young chickens

Saliha, Uneeb / Tivendale, Kelly A. / H. Noormohammadi, Amir / Shil, Pollob / Daly, June / Omotainse, Oluwadamilola S. / Arshad, Hafiz U. / Marenda, Marc S.

Avian Pathology. 2022 Nov. 02, v. 51, no. 6 p.590-600

2022

Abstract	Infection and immunity studies involving genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such as gene knockout bacterial mutants, require stringent physical containment to prevent the accidental spread of these organisms into the environment. Experimental respiratory tract infection models often require the animals, for example birds, to be transported several times between a negative pressure housing isolator and a bespoke aerosol exposure chamber under positive pressure. While the exposure chamber is sealed and fitted with HEPA filters, the repeated movements of infected animals and opening of the chamber can still pose a serious risk of breaching containment of the organism in the experimental facility. In the current study, the ability of two aerosol infection protocols that expose birds to avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) aerosols directly within the housing isolator was evaluated. Young chicks were exposed to APEC E956 within the negative pressure housing isolators using either a nebulizer or an atomizer. Birds exposed twice (days 1 and 4) to aerosols of APEC E956 produced by the nebulizer developed a rapidly progressing disease mimicking field cases of avian colibacillosis. However, birds exposed to aerosols of APEC E956 produced by an atomizer did not develop colibacillosis even after three exposures to APEC E956 on days 1, 4 and 7. Consequently, the current study reports the nebulizer was more efficacious in producing avian colibacillosis under stricter bacterial containment settings. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Two aerosol exposure methods were evaluated to develop avian colibacillosis. Nebulizer method found to be more efficient in reproducing avian colibacillosis. Refined infection method can be used to study genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Keywords	Escherichia coli ; aerosols ; atomization ; birds ; gene targeting ; immunity ; reproduction ; respiratory tract diseases ; risk ; Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli ; avian colibacillosis ; genetically modified organism ; infection model ; day-old birds ; aerosol ; nebulizer ; atomizer
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1102
Size	p. 590-600.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2112656
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Article: Evaluation of the MilA ELISA for the diagnosis of herd infection with Mycoplasma bovis using bulk tank milk and estimation of the prevalence of M. bovis in Australia

Salgadu, Ayesha / Firestone, Simon M. / Watt, Anne / Thilakarathne, Dulari S. / Condello, Anna Kanci / Siu, Dominic / Masukagami, Yumiko / Tivendale, Kelly A. / Stevenson, Mark A. / Mansell, Peter D. / Browning, Glenn F. / Wawegama, Nadeeka K.

Veterinary microbiology. 2022 July, v. 270

2022

Abstract: Infection with Mycoplasma bovis has been identified as a growing threat in dairy industries worldwide and there is an urgent need for an inexpensive and accurate herd-level screening tool to identify herds that have been exposed to M. bovis. This study ... ...

Abstract	Infection with Mycoplasma bovis has been identified as a growing threat in dairy industries worldwide and there is an urgent need for an inexpensive and accurate herd-level screening tool to identify herds that have been exposed to M. bovis. This study aimed to evaluate the use of the MilA ELISA for testing bulk tank milk (BTM) samples for antibodies against M. bovis and estimate a suitable cut-off and diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) for this assay. An optimal cut-off was then applied for investigating the geographical and seasonal distribution of infection with M. bovis in Australia. A total of 5554 BTM samples from 2683 dairy herds were collected during March, August and December 2017. BTM samples were tested in the MilA ELISA and a cut-off of 29 antibody units (AU) was estimated to be optimal using Bayesian latent class analysis which makes no assumption about the true disease status of herds under investigation. At this cut-off, the DSe and DSp were estimated to be 96.6% (95% highest probability density [HPD] interval: 87.0, 99.8) and 94.2% (95% HPD: 89.9, 97.4), respectively. The diagnostic specifications were found to vary markedly with stage of the production cycle, suggesting that targeted sampling was needed to maximize accuracy. We also found distinct differences in the apparent prevalence of M. bovis in different dairying regions, as well as seasonal variation. The highest apparent prevalence of M. bovis was observed in samples collected in March and an overall drop in the proportion of positive herds was seen from March to December. Overall, this study provides insights into the dynamics of BTM antibodies against M. bovis in Australian dairy herds and how the MilA ELISA can be applied for bulk tank milk testing.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; Mycoplasma bovis ; antibodies ; bulk milk ; diagnostic sensitivity ; microbiology ; milk production ; probability distribution ; seasonal variation ; Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109454
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of the MilA ELISA for the diagnosis of herd infection with Mycoplasma bovis using bulk tank milk and estimation of the prevalence of M. bovis in Australia.

Salgadu, Ayesha / Firestone, Simon M / Watt, Anne / Thilakarathne, Dulari S / Condello, Anna Kanci / Siu, Dominic / Masukagami, Yumiko / Tivendale, Kelly A / Stevenson, Mark A / Mansell, Peter D / Browning, Glenn F / Wawegama, Nadeeka K

Veterinary microbiology

2022 Volume 270, Page(s) 109454

Abstract	Infection with Mycoplasma bovis has been identified as a growing threat in dairy industries worldwide and there is an urgent need for an inexpensive and accurate herd-level screening tool to identify herds that have been exposed to M. bovis. This study aimed to evaluate the use of the MilA ELISA for testing bulk tank milk (BTM) samples for antibodies against M. bovis and estimate a suitable cut-off and diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) for this assay. An optimal cut-off was then applied for investigating the geographical and seasonal distribution of infection with M. bovis in Australia. A total of 5554 BTM samples from 2683 dairy herds were collected during March, August and December 2017. BTM samples were tested in the MilA ELISA and a cut-off of 29 antibody units (AU) was estimated to be optimal using Bayesian latent class analysis which makes no assumption about the true disease status of herds under investigation. At this cut-off, the DSe and DSp were estimated to be 96.6% (95% highest probability density [HPD] interval: 87.0, 99.8) and 94.2% (95% HPD: 89.9, 97.4), respectively. The diagnostic specifications were found to vary markedly with stage of the production cycle, suggesting that targeted sampling was needed to maximize accuracy. We also found distinct differences in the apparent prevalence of M. bovis in different dairying regions, as well as seasonal variation. The highest apparent prevalence of M. bovis was observed in samples collected in March and an overall drop in the proportion of positive herds was seen from March to December. Overall, this study provides insights into the dynamics of BTM antibodies against M. bovis in Australian dairy herds and how the MilA ELISA can be applied for bulk tank milk testing.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/diagnosis ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Dairying ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Milk ; Mycoplasma bovis ; Prevalence
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109454
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Article ; Online: Mycoplasma bovis

Adamu, James Y / Mitiku, Filimon / Hartley, Carol A / Sansom, Fiona M / Marenda, Marc S / Markham, Philip F / Browning, Glenn F / Tivendale, Kelly A

Journal of bacteriology

2020 Volume 203, Issue 2

Abstract: Mycoplasma ... ...

Abstract	Mycoplasma bovis
MeSH term(s)	Adhesins, Bacterial/chemistry ; Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics ; Adhesins, Bacterial/immunology ; Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Western/veterinary ; Cattle ; Computational Biology ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/veterinary ; Extracellular Matrix/chemistry ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Fibronectins/metabolism ; Lipoproteins/chemistry ; Lipoproteins/genetics ; Lipoproteins/metabolism ; Models, Structural ; Mycoplasma Infections/microbiology ; Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary ; Mycoplasma bovis/genetics ; Mycoplasma bovis/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ruminants ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary
Chemical Substances	Adhesins, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins ; Fibronectins ; Lipoproteins ; fibronectin-binding proteins, bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2968-3
ISSN	1098-5530 ; 0021-9193
ISSN (online)	1098-5530
ISSN	0021-9193
DOI	10.1128/JB.00154-20
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Article: Effects of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination against Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens

Kulappu Arachchige, Sathya N. / Kanci Condello, Anna / Zhu, Ling / Shil, Pollob K. / Tivendale, Kelly A. / Underwood, Gregory J. / Noormohammadi, Amir H. / Browning, Glenn F. / Wawegama, Nadeeka K.

Veterinary microbiology. 2021 Sept., v. 260

2021

Abstract: Immunosuppression can increase the susceptibility of chickens to other disease-causing pathogens and interfere with the efficacy of vaccination against those pathogens. Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are common ... ...

Abstract	Immunosuppression can increase the susceptibility of chickens to other disease-causing pathogens and interfere with the efficacy of vaccination against those pathogens. Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are common causes of immunosuppression in chickens. Immunosuppression was induced by experimental infection with either CAV or IBDV to assess the effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 against infection with virulent M. gallisepticum, a common bacterial pathogen of chickens worldwide. Birds were experimentally infected with either CAV or IBDV at 1 week of age, before vaccination and challenge with M. gallisepticum to examine the effect of immunosuppression at the time of vaccination, or at 6 weeks of age, after vaccination against M. gallisepticum but before challenge with virulent M. gallisepticum, to investigate the effect of immunosuppression at the time of challenge. All birds were vaccinated with a single dose of the ts-304 vaccine at 3 weeks of age and experimentally challenged with the virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 8 weeks of age. In immunosuppressed chickens there was a reduction in protection offered by the ts-304 vaccine at two weeks after challenge, as measured by tracheal mucosal thicknesses, serum antibody levels against M. gallisepticum, air sac lesion scores and virulent M. gallisepticum load in the trachea. Immunosuppressed birds with detectable serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum were less likely to have tracheal lesions. This study has shown that immunosuppression caused by infection with CAV or IBDV can interfere with vaccination against mycoplasmosis in chickens.
Keywords	Chicken anemia virus ; Infectious bursal disease virus ; Mycoplasma gallisepticum ; air sacs ; antibodies ; blood serum ; immunosuppression ; microbiology ; mycoplasmosis ; pathogens ; vaccination ; vaccines ; virulence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109182
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Article ; Online: Effects of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination against Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens.

Kulappu Arachchige, Sathya N / Kanci Condello, Anna / Zhu, Ling / Shil, Pollob K / Tivendale, Kelly A / Underwood, Gregory J / Noormohammadi, Amir H / Browning, Glenn F / Wawegama, Nadeeka K

Veterinary microbiology

2021 Volume 260, Page(s) 109182

Abstract	Immunosuppression can increase the susceptibility of chickens to other disease-causing pathogens and interfere with the efficacy of vaccination against those pathogens. Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are common causes of immunosuppression in chickens. Immunosuppression was induced by experimental infection with either CAV or IBDV to assess the effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 against infection with virulent M. gallisepticum, a common bacterial pathogen of chickens worldwide. Birds were experimentally infected with either CAV or IBDV at 1 week of age, before vaccination and challenge with M. gallisepticum to examine the effect of immunosuppression at the time of vaccination, or at 6 weeks of age, after vaccination against M. gallisepticum but before challenge with virulent M. gallisepticum, to investigate the effect of immunosuppression at the time of challenge. All birds were vaccinated with a single dose of the ts-304 vaccine at 3 weeks of age and experimentally challenged with the virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 8 weeks of age. In immunosuppressed chickens there was a reduction in protection offered by the ts-304 vaccine at two weeks after challenge, as measured by tracheal mucosal thicknesses, serum antibody levels against M. gallisepticum, air sac lesion scores and virulent M. gallisepticum load in the trachea. Immunosuppressed birds with detectable serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum were less likely to have tracheal lesions. This study has shown that immunosuppression caused by infection with CAV or IBDV can interfere with vaccination against mycoplasmosis in chickens.
MeSH term(s)	Air Sacs/virology ; Animals ; Birnaviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Birnaviridae Infections/veterinary ; Birnaviridae Infections/virology ; Chicken anemia virus/immunology ; Chicken anemia virus/pathogenicity ; Chickens/immunology ; Chickens/microbiology ; Circoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Circoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Circoviridae Infections/virology ; Immunity, Cellular/immunology ; Immunity, Humoral/immunology ; Immunosuppression/veterinary ; Infectious bursal disease virus/immunology ; Infectious bursal disease virus/pathogenicity ; Mucous Membrane/virology ; Mycoplasma Infections/microbiology ; Mycoplasma Infections/prevention & control ; Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary ; Mycoplasma gallisepticum/immunology ; Mycoplasma gallisepticum/pathogenicity ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control ; Trachea/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109182
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Article ; Online: Disruption of the membrane nuclease gene (MBOVPG45_0215) of Mycoplasma bovis greatly reduces cellular nuclease activity.

Sharma, Shukriti / Tivendale, Kelly A / Markham, Philip F / Browning, Glenn F

Journal of bacteriology

2015 Volume 197, Issue 9, Page(s) 1549–1558

Abstract: Unlabelled: Although the complete genome sequences of three strains of Mycoplasma bovis are available, few studies have examined gene function in this important pathogen. Mycoplasmas lack the biosynthetic machinery for the de novo synthesis of nucleic ... ...

Abstract	Unlabelled: Although the complete genome sequences of three strains of Mycoplasma bovis are available, few studies have examined gene function in this important pathogen. Mycoplasmas lack the biosynthetic machinery for the de novo synthesis of nucleic acid precursors, so nucleases are likely to be essential for them to acquire nucleotide precursors. Three putative membrane nucleases have been annotated in the genome of M. bovis strain PG45, MBOVPG45_0089 and MBOVPG45_0310, both of which have the thermonuclease (TNASE_3) functional domain, and MBOVPG45_0215 (mnuA), which has an exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase domain. While previous studies have demonstrated the function of TNASE_3 domain nucleases in several mycoplasmas, quantitative comparisons of the contributions of different nucleases to cellular nuclease activity have been lacking. Mapping of a library of 319 transposon mutants of M. bovis PG45 by direct genome sequencing identified mutants with insertions in MBOVPG45_0310 (the Δ0310 mutant) and MBOVPG45_0215 (the Δ0215 mutant). In this study, the detection of the product of MBOVPG45_0215 in the Triton X-114 fraction of M. bovis cell lysates, its cell surface exposure, and its predicted signal peptide suggested that it is a surface-exposed lipoprotein nuclease. Comparison of a ΔmnuA mutant with wild-type M. bovis on native and denatured DNA gels and in digestion assays using double-stranded phage λ DNA and closed circular plasmid DNA demonstrated that inactivation of this gene abolishes most of the cellular exonuclease and endonuclease activity of M. bovis. This activity could be fully restored by complementation with the wild-type mnuA gene, demonstrating that MnuA is the major cellular nuclease of M. bovis. Importance: Nucleases are thought to be important contributors to virulence and crucial for the maintenance of a nutritional supply of nucleotides in mycoplasmas that are pathogenic in animals. This study demonstrates for the first time that of the three annotated cell surface nuclease genes in an important pathogenic mycoplasma, the homologue of the thermostable nuclease identified in Gram-positive bacteria is responsible for the majority of the nuclease activity detectable in vitro.
MeSH term(s)	Cell Membrane/enzymology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Deoxyribonucleases/genetics ; Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genetic Testing ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mycoplasma bovis/enzymology
Chemical Substances	DNA Transposable Elements ; Deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-02-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2968-3
ISSN	1098-5530 ; 0021-9193
ISSN (online)	1098-5530
ISSN	0021-9193
DOI	10.1128/JB.00034-15
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Article: A combined metabolomic and bioinformatic approach to investigate the function of transport proteins of the important pathogen Mycoplasma bovis

Masukagami, Yumiko / Nijagal, Brunda / Mahdizadeh, Sara / Tseng, Chi-Wen / Dayalan, Saravanan / Tivendale, Kelly A / Markham, Philip F / Browning, Glenn F / Sansom, Fiona M

Veterinary microbiology. 2019 July, v. 234

2019

Abstract: Mycoplasma bovis is an economically important pathogen of the cattle industry worldwide, and there is an urgent need for a more effective vaccine to control the diseases caused by this organism. Although the M. bovis genome sequence is available, very ... ...

Abstract	Mycoplasma bovis is an economically important pathogen of the cattle industry worldwide, and there is an urgent need for a more effective vaccine to control the diseases caused by this organism. Although the M. bovis genome sequence is available, very few gene functions of M. bovis have been experimentally determined, and a better understanding of the genes involved in pathogenesis are required for vaccine development. In this study, we compared the metabolite profiles of wild type M. bovis to a number of strains that each contained a transposon insertion into a putative transporter gene. Transport systems are thought to play an important role in survival of mycoplasmas, as they rely on the host for many nutrients. We also performed 13C-stable isotope labelling on strains with transposon insertions into putative glycerol transporters. Integration of metabolomic and bioinformatic analyses revealed unexpected results (when compared to genome annotation) for two mutants, with a putative amino acid transporter (MBOVPG45_0533) appearing more likely to transport nucleotide sugars, and a second mutant, a putative dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation (Na+ or H+) symporter (DAACS), more likely to function as a biopterin/folate transporter. This study also highlighted the apparent redundancy in some transport and metabolic pathways, such as the glycerol transport systems, even in an organism with a reduced genome. Overall, this study highlights the value of metabolomics for revealing the likely function of a number of transporters of M. bovis.
Keywords	Mycoplasma bovis ; amino acid transporters ; biochemical pathways ; bioinformatics ; biopterin ; cattle industry ; disease control ; genes ; glycerol ; isotope labeling ; metabolites ; metabolomics ; mutants ; nutrients ; pathogenesis ; pathogens ; protons ; sodium ; symporters ; transposons ; vaccine development ; vaccines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-07
Size	p. 8-16.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.008
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