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Article ; Online: Five golden principles to advance marine reef restoration by linking science and industry

Remment ter Hofstede / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Mark van Koningsveld

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Marine reef ecosystems have degraded massively worldwide, and restoration efforts have as yet not managed to realize the scale required to reverse continued degradation. To achieve effective scales, scientific insights in restoration methods should be ... ...

Abstract	Marine reef ecosystems have degraded massively worldwide, and restoration efforts have as yet not managed to realize the scale required to reverse continued degradation. To achieve effective scales, scientific insights in restoration methods should be paired with industry-based approaches used for infrastructural development. We illustrate by five principles how long-standing experience of marine contractors with executing large-scale projects, can support reef restoration: i) utilizing industrial techniques to achieve positive impact at scale, ii) landscaping infrastructure to optimize habitat for targeted species, iii) inducing life to overcome connectivity bottle-necks and steer community composition, iv) designing nature development efforts to be self-sustainable, and v) ensuring continuity beyond project boundaries by early stakeholder engagement. Consciously connecting scientific knowledge to industry-based activities increases the likelihood that marine infrastructure development and ecosystem rehabilitation can be aligned. We plead that synergizing practices by science and industry is needed to upscale restoration efforts and truly improve marine reef ecosystems.
Keywords	reefs ; upscaling ; restoration ; industry ; infrastructure ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Drainage-Improved Sediment Strength Enhances Saltmarsh Seedling Establishment Chance

Haobing Cao / Zhenchang Zhu / Zhan Hu / Heng Wang / Tjeerd J. Bouma

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Identify critical factors driving seedling establishment is essential for saltmarsh restoration. Recent studies highlight drainage can facilitate seedling establishment for different saltmarsh species, yet the underling mechanism remains largely unknown. ...

Abstract	Identify critical factors driving seedling establishment is essential for saltmarsh restoration. Recent studies highlight drainage can facilitate seedling establishment for different saltmarsh species, yet the underling mechanism remains largely unknown. By a manipulative mesocosm experiment with contrasting sediment drainage treatments, we investigated the impacts of drainage on Spartina anglica seedlings survival, growth and stability. Surprisingly, neither S. anglica seedling survival nor seedling growth were observed to be directly promoted by well drained treatment. However, the critical erosion depth (maximum erosion tolerance) of S. anglica seedlings was found to positively correlate with seedling root length. Measurements on the sediment properties revealed that drainage increased the critical shear strength of sediments with lower water content and higher dry bulk density. These findings indicate that, by dewatering, drainage aids to sediment consolidation and critical shear strength, and thereby facilitate seedling establishment in tempering sediment dynamics. The latter is supported by a field study, in which we found that the magnitude of the sediment dynamics on two tidal flats were positively related to water content of sediment. Overall, present study suggests that drainage could be a key factor that determines seedling stability during the critical windows of opportunity for seedling establishment, and that it could be integrated into future designs for saltmarsh restoration to enhance establishment success.
Keywords	saltmarsh ; restoration ; seedling ; establishment ; stability ; drainage ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Early indicators of tidal ecosystem shifts in estuaries

Gregory S. Fivash / Stijn Temmerman / Maarten G. Kleinhans / Maike Heuner / Tjisse van der Heide / Tjeerd J. Bouma

Nature Communications, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: Transitions from bare tidal flats to vegetated marshes are an example of shift between alternative stable ecosystem states. Here, the authors use remote sensing and modelling to quantify three stages in tidal flat evolution and identify early warning ... ...

Abstract	Transitions from bare tidal flats to vegetated marshes are an example of shift between alternative stable ecosystem states. Here, the authors use remote sensing and modelling to quantify three stages in tidal flat evolution and identify early warning signals.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effects of Waves and Sediment Disturbance on Seed Bank Persistence at Tidal Flats

Zhenchang Zhu / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Qin Zhu / Yanpeng Cai / Zhifeng Yang

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes have been increasingly valued for their capacity to buffer global climate change effects, yet their long-term persistence is threatened by environmental changes. Whereas, previous studies largely focused on lateral ... ...

Abstract	Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes have been increasingly valued for their capacity to buffer global climate change effects, yet their long-term persistence is threatened by environmental changes. Whereas, previous studies largely focused on lateral erosion risk induced by stressors like sea level rise, it remains poorly understood of the response of lateral expansion to changing environments. Seedling establishment is a key process governing lateral marsh expansion as seen in many coastal regions such as Europe and East Asia. Here, we evaluate mechanistically the response of seed bank dynamics to changing physical disturbance at tidal flats, using the globally common coastal foundation plant, cordgrass as a model. We conducted a large-scale field study in an estuary in Northwest Europe, where seed bank dynamics of cordgrass in the tidal flats was determined and linked to in situ hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. The results revealed that wave disturbance reduced the persistence of seeds on the surface, whereas amplified sediment disturbance lowered the persistence of both surface and buried seeds. Overall, this indicates that increasing storminess and associated sediment variability under climate change threatens seed bank persistence in tidal flats, and hence need urgently be incorporated into models for long-term bio-geomorphological development of vegetated coastal ecosystems. The knowledge gained here provides a basis for more accurate predictions on how climatically driven environmental changes may alter the fitness, resilience and persistence of coastal foundation plants, with significant implications for nature-based solutions with coastal vegetation to mitigate climate change effects.
Keywords	waves ; sediment disturbance ; tidal flats ; seed bank ; persistence ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sediment Bulk Density Effects on Benthic Macrofauna Burrowing and Bioturbation Behavior

Lauren E. Wiesebron / Natalie Steiner / Claudia Morys / Tom Ysebaert / Tjeerd J. Bouma

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Benthic macrofauna are a key component of intertidal ecosystems. Their mobility and behavior determine processes like nutrient cycling and the biogeomorphic development of intertidal flats. Many physical drivers of benthic macrofauna behavior, such as ... ...

Abstract	Benthic macrofauna are a key component of intertidal ecosystems. Their mobility and behavior determine processes like nutrient cycling and the biogeomorphic development of intertidal flats. Many physical drivers of benthic macrofauna behavior, such as sediment grain size, have been well-studied. However, little is known about how sediment bulk density (a measure of sediment compaction and water content) affects this behavior. We investigated the effect of bulk density on the burrowing rate, burrowing depth, bioturbation activity, and oxygen consumption of bivalves (Limecola balthica, Scrobicularia plana, and Cerastoderma edule) and polychaetes (Hediste diversicolor and Arenicola marina) during a 29-day mesocosm experiment. We compared four sediment treatments consisting of two sediments of differing grain size classes (sandy and muddy) with two bulk densities (compact and soft). Overall, bulk density had a strong effect on benthic macrofauna behavior. Benthic macrofauna burrowed faster and bioturbation more intensely in soft sediments with low bulk density, regardless of grain size. In addition, L. balthica burrowed deeper in low bulk density sediment. Finally, we found that larger bivalves (both C. edule and S. plana) burrowed slower in compact sediment than smaller ones. This study shows that benthic macrofauna change their behavior in subtle but important ways under different sediment bulk densities which could affect animal-sediment interactions and tidal flat biogeomorphology. We conclude that lower bulk density conditions lead to more active macrofaunal movement and sediment reworking.
Keywords	grain size ; bulk density ; benthic macrofauna ; intertidal mudflat ; burrowing behavior ; bioturbation ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Transitional polders along estuaries

Steven A.H. Weisscher / Anne W. Baar / Jim van Belzen / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Maarten G. Kleinhans

Nature-Based Solutions, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 100022- (2022)

Driving land-level rise and reducing flood propagation

2022

Abstract: Dikes are the conventional means of flood defence along rivers and estuaries. However, dikes gradually lead to the superelevation of waterbodies compared to the subsiding embanked areas, resulting in a rapidly increasing unstable situation under sea- ... ...

Abstract	Dikes are the conventional means of flood defence along rivers and estuaries. However, dikes gradually lead to the superelevation of waterbodies compared to the subsiding embanked areas, resulting in a rapidly increasing unstable situation under sea-level rise. Therefore, future flood management requires new, sustainable strategies that not only minimise flood risk, but also steer land-level rise. An example is a transitional polder, where a dike-protected area is temporarily reopened to the tide to capture sediment until it has risen well above mean sea-level, after which it could be returned to its original function. This study explores how the sequence of opening transitional polders affects sediment capture and large-scale estuary dynamics through 2D modelling in Delft3D. To this end, different opening sequences were tested along a large estuary, using the Western Scheldt (NL) as an example. Findings show land-level rise in all permutations. However, polders opened later in an opening sequence temporarily experience a lag in muddy sediment capture, most likely due to a deficit in fines. Opening more upstream located polders alone or at the start of an opening sequence generally causes a stronger reduction in mean tidal range than opening more downstream located polders. This is explained by increased friction due to (1) locally added intertidal width and (2) shallowing of the main channels because of increased flood dominance. An upstream-to-downstream opening sequence caused the greatest reduction in mean tidal range, but this is negligible compared to the increase in tidal range due to historic dredging within the estuary for navigational purposes. Further work is needed to determine how dredging, closure of transitional polders and storm surges may negate this benefit to flood safety.
Keywords	Transitional polders ; Estuary management ; Land-level rise ; Reduced flood propagation ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Fossilized diatoms as indirect indicators of the origin of carbon stored in intertidal flats

El-Hacen M. El-Hacen / Ties Mens / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Theunis Piersma / Suzanne A.G. Leroy / Han Olff / Francesca Sangiorgi

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Coastal systems store enormous carbon quantities in their sediment, which originates from various autochthonous and allochthonous sources. Carbon fluxes in coastal ecosystems have a strong effect on the recipient food-webs and carbon emission offsets. ... ...

Abstract	Coastal systems store enormous carbon quantities in their sediment, which originates from various autochthonous and allochthonous sources. Carbon fluxes in coastal ecosystems have a strong effect on the recipient food-webs and carbon emission offsets. Yet, the relative importance of autochthonous vs. allochthonous C inputs to coastal carbon budget is still challenging to identify. Here, we combine diatoms preserved in the sediment with geochemical analyses to identify the sources of carbon stored in Africa’s largest intertidal seagrass beds at Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania. The area lies between an active ocean upwelling and the ‘Sahara-dust hotspot’ systems. The extensive seagrass beds of the area are thus expected to receive C from these neighboring systems in addition to producing C in-situ. Three sediment cores (50 cm) were collected at three intertidal sites with different hydrodynamic regimes, and analyzed for diatom composition, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and carbon isotopic signatures (δ13C). Diatom taxa are grouped into three guilds: (1) benthic (epiphyte, epipelon, and epipsammon), (2) planktonic, and (3) freshwater. Benthic diatoms are considered to be autochthonous, while typical oceanic and freshwater diatoms are considered to be allochthonous. Benthic diatoms are the most diverse and abundant group, while allochthonous freshwater (i.e., dust imported) and typical upwelling (i.e., tidal imported) taxa ranked last in both abundance and species’ richness. Structure equation modelling shows that variation in the stored carbon is best explained by the total abundance of diatoms and guild composition. We conclude that the C stored in the intertidal seagrass beds of Banc d’Arguin is predominantly autochthonous. Our method provides an effective way to identify historical carbon sources in coastal systems.
Keywords	Banc d’Arguin-Mauritania ; carbon sequestration ; global warming ; carbon flux ; fossils ; seagrass (Zostera) ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	333 ; 550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Wave attenuation by flattened vegetation (Scirpus mariqueter)

Yuxi Ma / Longhuan Zhu / Zhong Peng / Liming Xue / Wenzhen Zhao / Tianyou Li / Shiwei Lin / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Bas Hofland / Chuning Dong / Xiuzhen Li

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: With the capacity to reduce wave energy and trap sediment, Scirpus mariqueter has become an important native species of annual grass for ecology restoration at the Yangtze Estuary in eastern China. Due to seasonal variances of biophysical characteristics, ...

Abstract	With the capacity to reduce wave energy and trap sediment, Scirpus mariqueter has become an important native species of annual grass for ecology restoration at the Yangtze Estuary in eastern China. Due to seasonal variances of biophysical characteristics, S. mariqueter usually bends and breaks in winter, resulting in flattened stems that may reduce its wave attenuation capacity. To investigate the effects of vegetation flattening on wave attenuation, a set of flume experiments were conducted for flattened and standing vegetation under different wave conditions. The model vegetation was designed to represent the wilted S. mariqueter collected in winter with dynamic similarity. Results showed that the wave damping coefficient for flattened vegetation (βF) was 33.6%-72.4% of that for standing vegetation (βS) with the same vegetation length. Both βF and βS increased with wave height but decreased with water depth. A wave attenuation indicator (WAI) was defined to generate empirical formulas for βS and βF as well as their ratio βF/βS. The empirical formulas were then applied to modify the existing standing vegetation-based wave attenuation model for flattened vegetation and performed successfully. Understanding the wave attenuation characteristics of flattened vegetation is essential for the management of ecological restoration and coastal protection.
Keywords	Scirpus mariqueter ; wave attenuation ; flattened vegetation ; wave attenuation indicator ; flume experiment ; natural coastal protection ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	535
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Plant trait-mediated drag forces on seedlings of four tidal marsh pioneer species

Charlotte S. Steinigeweg / Swantje Löbel / Boris Schröder / Ken Schoutens / Svenja Reents / Ben R. Evans / Stijn Temmerman / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Iris Möller / Maike Paul

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Salt marshes play an important role in coastal protection by reducing the impact of waves and shoreline erosion risks. While mature vegetation is responsible for the persistence and stability of marsh ecosystems, seedling survival of pioneer species is ... ...

Abstract	Salt marshes play an important role in coastal protection by reducing the impact of waves and shoreline erosion risks. While mature vegetation is responsible for the persistence and stability of marsh ecosystems, seedling survival of pioneer species is especially crucial for marsh propagation. Marsh seedlings, however, may be threatened by climate change induced increased coastal storm surge intensity and accompanying (extreme) wave conditions, imposing stronger drag forces on marsh seedlings. We test the hypothesis that drag forces experienced by seedlings increase with horizontal orbital velocity (Uw) in a species-specific manner, and that the drag forces experienced are individual-plant trait-mediated. To test our hypotheses, seedlings of four contrasting pioneer marsh species (Bolboschoenus maritimus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Spartina anglica, and Puccinellia maritima) were exposed to storm wave conditions in a flume, where Uw and experienced drag forces were measured. Linear mixed effect models demonstrated that seedling’s susceptibility to storm wave conditions is at least partly mediated by individual plant traits. Drag forces experienced by seedlings tended to increase with Uw, and with stem length and diameter. The interplay of both traits was complex, with increasing stem length being the most important trait accounting for increases in drag forces experienced at low to moderate Uw, while the stem diameter became more important with increasing Uw. Furthermore, experienced drag forces appeared to be affected by species-specific traits such as rigidity and leaf growth, being highest for Bolboschoenus maritimus and lowest for Puccinellia maritima. Our results provide important mechanistic insights into the drivers of tidal marsh seedling vulnerability to storm wave conditions due to experienced drag, both based on the traits of individual plants and species-specific ones. This type of knowledge is of key importance when modelling saltmarsh establishment and resilience under climate change.
Keywords	tidal marshes ; flume experiment ; seedlings ; drag forces ; plant traits ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Vegetation controls on channel network complexity in coastal wetlands

Roeland C. van de Vijsel / Jim van Belzen / Tjeerd J. Bouma / Daphne van der Wal / Bas W. Borsje / Stijn Temmerman / Loreta Cornacchia / Olivier Gourgue / Johan van de Koppel

Nature Communications, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Channel networks are key to coastal wetland functioning and resilience under climate change. Vegetation affects sediment and hydrodynamics in many different ways, which calls for a coherent framework to explain how vegetation shapes channel ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Channel networks are key to coastal wetland functioning and resilience under climate change. Vegetation affects sediment and hydrodynamics in many different ways, which calls for a coherent framework to explain how vegetation shapes channel network geometry and functioning. Here, we introduce an idealized model that shows how coastal wetland vegetation creates more complexly branching networks by increasing the ratio of channel incision versus topographic diffusion rates, thereby amplifying the channelization feedback that recursively incises finer-scale side-channels. This complexification trend qualitatively agrees with and provides an explanation for field data presented here as well as in earlier studies. Moreover, our model demonstrates that a stronger biogeomorphic feedback leads to higher and more densely vegetated marsh platforms and more extensive drainage networks. These findings may inspire future field research by raising the hypothesis that vegetation-induced self-organization enhances the storm surge buffering capacity of coastal wetlands and their resilience under sea-level rise.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Subject code	003
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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