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  1. Article ; Online: Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical wound infections in clean and clean-contaminated surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Chen, Po-Jung / Hua, Yi-Ming / Toh, Han Siong / Lee, Mei-Chuan

    BJS open

    2022  Volume 5, Issue 6

    Abstract: Background: Topical antibiotics are widely prescribed as prophylaxis for surgical site infection (SSI). Despite giving high drug concentrations at local wound sites, their efficacy remains controversial. This study is a systematic review and meta- ... ...

    Abstract Background: Topical antibiotics are widely prescribed as prophylaxis for surgical site infection (SSI). Despite giving high drug concentrations at local wound sites, their efficacy remains controversial. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to compare the efficacy and safety of topical antibiotics with non-antibiotic agents in preventing SSI.
    Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing topical antibiotics in patients with clean and clean-contaminated postsurgical wounds were included. Relevant trials published before 30 September 2020, were searched in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases, without language restrictions. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSIs, presented as the event rate. The secondary outcome was the incidence of contact dermatitis (safety outcome). Data were synthesized using the random-effects model, with the results expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.).
    Results: Thirteen RCTs were included. The incidence of SSIs and contact dermatitis showed no significant difference between topical antibiotics and non-antibiotic agents (RR 0.89, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.32 (P = 0.56, I2 = 48 per cent); and RR 2.79, 95 per cent c.i. 0.51 to 15.19 (P = 0.24, I2 = 0 per cent), respectively). In the subgroup analyses, a reduction in SSIs was also not observed in dermatological (RR 0.77, 95 per cent c.i. 0.39 to 1.55; P = 0.46, I2 = 65 per cent), ocular (RR 0.08, 95 per cent c.i. 0.00 to 1.52; P = 0.09), spinal (RR 1.34, 95 per cent c.i. 0.65 to 2.77; P = 0.43, I2 = 0 per cent), orthopaedic (RR 0.69, 95 per cent c.i. 0.37 to 1.29; P = 0.25, I2 = 0 per cent), or cardiothoracic surgeries (RR 1.60, 95 per cent c.i. 0.79 to 3.25; P = 0.19).
    Conclusion: Given the current evidence, the routine application of topical antibiotics to surgical wounds did not reduce the incidence of SSI. Further trials are needed to assess their effectiveness in high-risk surgeries or in selected patient groups.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods ; Humans ; Surgical Wound ; Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology ; Surgical Wound Infection/prevention & control
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 2474-9842
    ISSN (online) 2474-9842
    DOI 10.1093/bjsopen/zrab125
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Erratum to: Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical wound infections in clean and clean-contaminated surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Chen, Po-Jung / Hua, Yi-Ming / Toh, Han Siong / Lee, Mei-Chuan

    BJS open

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 2

    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Published Erratum
    ISSN 2474-9842
    ISSN (online) 2474-9842
    DOI 10.1093/bjsopen/zrac040
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Variations in the sleep-related breathing disorder index on polysomnography between men with HIV and controls: a matched case-control study.

    Chen, Yen-Chin / Chen, Chang-Chun / Lin, Wen-Kuei / Toh, Han Siong / Ko, Nai-Ying / Lin, Cheng-Yu

    BMC infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 456

    Abstract: Background: Both sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) and HIV infection can interfere with normal sleep architecture, and also cause physical and psychological distress. We aimed to understand the differences in the obstructive patterns, sleep ... ...

    Abstract Background: Both sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) and HIV infection can interfere with normal sleep architecture, and also cause physical and psychological distress. We aimed to understand the differences in the obstructive patterns, sleep architecture, physical and psychological distress when compared between people living with HIV (PLWH) and matched the severity of SRBDs controls.
    Methods: A comparative study using matched case-control design was conducted. Men with HIV infection (case group) were enrolled from 2016 to 2019. A control group with HIV seronegative men were matched for SRBDs severity, and were selected from sleep medicine center database for comparison.
    Results: The mean age of the 108 men (including 54 cases and 54 matched controls) was 33.75 years. Central-apnea index (CI) was higher in the case group rather than matched controls (mean CI, 0.34 vs. 0.17, p = 0.049). PLWH had a lower mean percentage of stage 3 sleep (10.26% vs. 13.94%, p = 0.034) and a higher percentage of rapid eye movement sleep (20.59% vs. 17.85%, p = 0.011) compared to matched controls. Nocturnal enuresis and sleepiness causing traffic accidents were more frequent complaint in PLWH compared to controls.
    Conclusions: Early detected SRBDs and subtypes in PLWH to begin treatment for the underlying cause could reduce the risk of sleepiness-related traffic accidents.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Case-Control Studies ; Adult ; HIV Infections/complications ; HIV Infections/physiopathology ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/diagnosis ; Polysomnography ; Middle Aged
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041550-3
    ISSN 1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
    ISSN (online) 1471-2334
    ISSN 1471-2334
    DOI 10.1186/s12879-024-09322-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: A Rare Cause of Left Atrium Compression.

    Chen, Sih-Yao / Toh, Han Siong / Chang, Wei-Ting / Liao, Chia-Te

    International heart journal

    2021  Volume 62, Issue 4, Page(s) 944–948

    Abstract: Extrinsic compression of the left atrium (LA) due to esophageal achalasia has been considered a rare occurrence. Patients might present with dysphagia, dyspnea, and even hemodynamic compromise simultaneously. Prompt detection with a thorough differential ...

    Abstract Extrinsic compression of the left atrium (LA) due to esophageal achalasia has been considered a rare occurrence. Patients might present with dysphagia, dyspnea, and even hemodynamic compromise simultaneously. Prompt detection with a thorough differential diagnosis is crucial for subsequent management. In this case report, we present a patient with LA compression by esophageal achalasia and performed a literature review to gather information as regards the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment strategy of this rare disease.A 59-year-old man with intermittent palpitation, heartburn sensation, and difficulty swallowing came to our emergency department due to acute onset of chest compression and breathlessness after a large meal. As per his chest X-ray, dilated mediastinum and small gastric bubble were noted. Electrocardiogram implied left atrial enlargement, and the Holter monitor reported one episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation attack during his meal. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a round-shaped, well-bordered, hyperechogenic, and heterogeneous mass compressing the LA irrespective of the systolic or diastolic phase. A chest contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan was then performed, wherein it showed diffuse esophageal dilatation with a smoothly thickening wall aligned compressing the LA. Meanwhile, the barium swallow esophagogram revealed contrast pooling at the esophagogastric junction with a bird beak shape. Accordingly, extrinsic compression of LA by esophageal achalasia was diagnosed.Esophageal achalasia compressing LA has been considered rare. Remarkably, given that a patient is presenting with dysphagia and concurrent chest tightness, palpitation, and dyspnea after swallowing food, the clinicians should keep this diagnosis in mind. Careful history review to clarify the causal relationship between the symptoms, specific findings on electrocardiogram and chest X-ray, and utilization of echocardiography and esophagography are beneficial for a prompt and accurate diagnosis.
    MeSH term(s) Atrial Fibrillation/etiology ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Esophageal Achalasia/complications ; Esophageal Achalasia/diagnostic imaging ; Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-06
    Publishing country Japan
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2187806-7
    ISSN 1349-3299 ; 1349-2365
    ISSN (online) 1349-3299
    ISSN 1349-2365
    DOI 10.1536/ihj.20-734
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Cost-effectiveness of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control Among Older Patients With Hypertension.

    Liao, Chia-Te / Toh, Han Siong / Sun, Li / Yang, Chun-Ting / Hu, Angie / Wei, Dongmei / Melgarejo, Jesus / Zhang, Zhen-Yu

    JAMA network open

    2023  Volume 6, Issue 2, Page(s) e230708

    Abstract: Importance: Older patients with hypertension receiving intensive systolic blood pressure control (110-130 mm Hg) have lower incidences of cardiovascular events than those receiving standard control (130-150 mm Hg). Nevertheless, the mortality reduction ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Older patients with hypertension receiving intensive systolic blood pressure control (110-130 mm Hg) have lower incidences of cardiovascular events than those receiving standard control (130-150 mm Hg). Nevertheless, the mortality reduction is insignificant, and intensive blood pressure management results in more medical costs from treatments and subsequent adverse events.
    Objective: To examine the incremental lifetime outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of intensive vs standard blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension from the health care payer's perspective.
    Design, setting, and participants: This economic analysis was conducted with a Markov model to examine the cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure management among patients aged 60 to 80 years with hypertension. Treatment outcome data from the Trial of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Older Patients With Hypertension (STEP trial) and different cardiovascular risk assessment models for a hypothetical cohort of STEP-eligible patients were used. Costs and utilities were obtained from published sources. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) against the willingness-to-pay threshold was used to evaluate whether the management was cost-effective. Extensive sensitivity, subgroup, and scenario analyses were performed to address uncertainty. The US and UK population using race-specific cardiovascular risk models were conducted in the generalizability analysis. Data for the STEP trial were collected from February 10 to March 10, 2022, and were analyzed for the present study from March 10 to May 15, 2022.
    Interventions: Hypertension treatments with a systolic blood pressure target of 110 to 130 mm Hg or 130 to 150 mm Hg.
    Main outcomes and measures: Incremental lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and ICER are discounted at the given rates annually.
    Results: After simulating 10 000 STEP-eligible patients assumed to be 66 years of age (4650 men [46.5%] and 5350 women [53.5%]) in the model, the ICER values were ¥51 675 ($12 362) per QALY gained in China, $25 417 per QALY gained in the US, and £4679 ($7004) per QALY gained in the UK. Simulations projected that the intensive management in China being cost-effective were 94.3% and 100% below the willingness-to-pay thresholds of 1 time (¥89 300 [$21 364]/QALY) and 3 times (¥267 900 [$64 090]/QALY) the gross domestic product per capita, respectively. The US had 86.9% and 95.6% probabilities of cost-effectiveness at $50 000/QALY and $100 000/QALY, respectively, and the UK had 99.1% and 100% of probabilities of cost-effectiveness at £20 000 ($29 940)/QALY and £30 000 ($44 910)/QALY, respectively.
    Conclusions and relevance: In this economic evaluation, the intensive systolic blood pressure control in older patients produced fewer cardiovascular events and had acceptable costs per QALY gained, well below the typical willingness-to-pay thresholds. The cost-effective advantages of intensive blood pressure management in older patients were consistent over various clinical scenarios across different countries.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; China ; Head
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0708
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: The clinical efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

    Huang, Po-Yu / Wu, Jheng-Yan / Liu, Ting-Hui / Tsai, Ya-Wen / Chen, Po-Tsang / Liao, Chia-Te / Toh, Han Siong

    Frontiers in medicine

    2023  Volume 10, Page(s) 1171294

    Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with cytokine storm leading to exaggerating immune response, multi-organ dysfunction and death. Melatonin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and ... ...

    Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with cytokine storm leading to exaggerating immune response, multi-organ dysfunction and death. Melatonin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and its effect on COVID-19 clinical outcomes is controversial. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of melatonin on COVID-19 patients.
    Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched without any language or publication year limitations from inception to 15 Nov 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using melatonin as therapy in COVID-19 patients were included. The primary outcome was mortality, and the secondary outcomes included were the recovery rate of clinical symptoms, changes in the inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). A random-effects model was applied for meta-analyses, and further subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted.
    Results: A total of nine RCTs with 718 subjects were included. Five studies using melatonin with the primary outcome were analyzed, and the pooled results showed no significant difference in mortality between melatonin and control groups with high heterogeneity across studies identified (risk ratio [RR] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-1.11,
    Conclusion: In conclusion, based on low certainty of evidence, the study concluded that melatonin therapy does not significantly reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients, but there are possible benefits in patients under 55 years or treated for more than 10 days. With a very low certainty of evidence, we found no significant difference in the recovery rate of COVID-19 related symptoms or inflammatory markers in current studies. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to determine the possible efficacy of melatonin on COVID-19 patients.
    Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022351424.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2775999-4
    ISSN 2296-858X
    ISSN 2296-858X
    DOI 10.3389/fmed.2023.1171294
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  7. Article: Assessment of subclinical cardiac dysfunction by speckle-tracking echocardiography among people living with human immunodeficiency virus.

    Liao, Chia-Te / Toh, Han Siong / Chang, Wei-Ting / Yang, Chun-Ting / Chen, Zhih-Cherng / Tang, Hung-Jen / Strong, Carol

    Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine

    2023  Volume 10, Page(s) 1200418

    Abstract: Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). As speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has been used to detect subclinical myocardial abnormalities, this study aims to detect early ... ...

    Abstract Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). As speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has been used to detect subclinical myocardial abnormalities, this study aims to detect early cardiac impairment among Asian PLWH using STE and to investigate the associated risk factors.
    Methods: We consecutively recruited asymptomatic PLWH without previous CVD from a medical center of Taiwan, and their cardiac function was evaluated by conventional echocardiogram and STE. Enrolled PLWH were classified as antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and ART-naive, and multivariable regressions were used to assess the association between myocardial strain and risk factors including traditional CVD and HIV-associated factors.
    Results: A total of 181 PLWH (mean age: 36.4 ± 11.4 years, 173 males) were recruited and conventional echocardiogram parameters were within normal ranges. Decreased myocardial strain across the myocardium was found, with a mean left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain of -18.7 ± 2.9%. The LV strain in the ART-experienced group (-19.0 ± 2.9%) was significantly better than the ART-naive group (-17.9 ± 2.8%), despite a younger age and lesser CVD risk factors in the ART-naive group. Hypertension [B = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.19-3.62,
    Conclusion: This is the first and largest cohort using STE to investigate myocardial strain in Asian PLWH. Our results suggest that hypertension and detectable VL are associated with impaired myocardial strain. Thus, timely ART administration with VL suppression and hypertension control are crucial in preventing CVD when making the management parallel with the improved life expectancy of PLWH on ART.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2781496-8
    ISSN 2297-055X
    ISSN 2297-055X
    DOI 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1200418
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  8. Article ; Online: Assessing the diversity and determinants of health-related quality of life measures in patients with acute heart failure.

    Patil, Dhrumil / Tang, Hsin-Ju / Kuo, Fang-Hsiu / Toh, Han Siong / Yang, I-Ning / Chang, Wei-Ting / Lee, Mei-Chuan / Chung, Kai-Ning / Huang, Chi-Ya / Hsu, Wan-Hsuan / Chang, Ting-Chia / Shih, Jhih-Yuan / Liao, Chia-Te

    ESC heart failure

    2024  

    Abstract: Aims: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) significantly impacts health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Existing HR-QoL questionnaires can show inconsistencies, potentially misrepresenting patient self-reports. This study examines the ... ...

    Abstract Aims: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) significantly impacts health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Existing HR-QoL questionnaires can show inconsistencies, potentially misrepresenting patient self-reports. This study examines the variation in HR-QoL measurement tools for HFrEF patients, identifying related determinants.
    Methods and results: We retrospectively analysed 134 hospitalized patients with acute decompensated HFrEF at a Taiwanese tertiary centre's Heart Failure Post-Acute-Care (HF-PAC) programme. Participants completed the EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire, the EQ-5D visual analogue scale (VAS), and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). Utility values were obtained from the EQ-5D questionnaire. Demographic features were depicted using descriptive statistics, while multivariate regression was used to ascertain relationships between HR-QoL measurements and determinants. Average scores for EQ-5D, MLHFQ, EQ-5D utility, and VAS were 6.1 ± 1.6, 21.8 ± 21.3, 81.7 ± 27.0, and 59.5 ± 14.6, respectively. Significant correlations were observed among the three tools. The New York Heart Association functional class showed a notable association with all tool scores. Other associations encompassed EQ-5D with coronary artery disease, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and the 6 min walk test; EQ-5D VAS with chronic kidney disease; and MLHFQ with age.
    Conclusions: This study illuminates the variance in HR-QoL measurement tools for Taiwanese HFrEF patients. Using a range of these tools is beneficial in unveiling diverse determinants and approaching comprehensive patient-centred care. However, for a more precise HR-QoL assessment in Taiwanese HFrEF patients, recalibrating the EQ-5D-derived utility scores might be necessary, emphasizing the importance of patient-specific considerations within the HF-PAC programme.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2814355-3
    ISSN 2055-5822 ; 2055-5822
    ISSN (online) 2055-5822
    ISSN 2055-5822
    DOI 10.1002/ehf2.14745
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  9. Article ; Online: A Double-Edged Sword-Cardiovascular Concerns of Potential Anti-COVID-19 Drugs.

    Yu, Wen-Liang / Toh, Han Siong / Liao, Chia-Te / Chang, Wei-Ting

    Cardiovascular drugs and therapy

    2020  Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 205–214

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 significantly affects multiple systems including the cardiovascular system. Most importantly, in addition to the ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 significantly affects multiple systems including the cardiovascular system. Most importantly, in addition to the direct injury from the virus per se, the subsequent cytokine storm, an overproduction of immune cells and their activating compounds, causes devastating damage. To date, emerging anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments are warranted to control epidemics. Several candidate drugs have been screened and are currently under investigation. These primarily include antiviral regimens and immunomodulatory regimens. However, beyond the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects, these drugs may also have risks to the cardiovascular system, especially altering cardiac conduction. Herein, we review the cardiovascular risks of potential anti-COVID-19 drugs.
    MeSH term(s) Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19/immunology ; Cardiotoxicity/prevention & control ; Cardiovascular System/drug effects ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; Risk Assessment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Immunologic Factors
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 639068-7
    ISSN 1573-7241 ; 0920-3206
    ISSN (online) 1573-7241
    ISSN 0920-3206
    DOI 10.1007/s10557-020-07024-7
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  10. Article ; Online: Cardiac Involvement of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review.

    Chang, Wei-Ting / Toh, Han Siong / Liao, Chia-Te / Yu, Wen-Liang

    The American journal of the medical sciences

    2020  Volume 361, Issue 1, Page(s) 14–22

    Abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 has reached a pandemic level. COVID-19 can significantly affect patients' cardiovascular ...

    Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 has reached a pandemic level. COVID-19 can significantly affect patients' cardiovascular systems. First, those with COVID-19 and preexisting cardiovascular disease have an increased risk of severe disease and death. Mortality from COVID-19 is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Second, therapies under investigation for COVID-19 may have cardiovascular side effects of arrhythmia. Third, COVID-19 is associated with multiple direct and indirect cardiovascular complications. Associated with a high inflammatory burden related to cytokine release, COVID-19 can induce vascular inflammation, acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, venous thromboembolism, metabolic syndrome and Kawasaki disease. Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system is essential for providing comprehensive medical care for cardiac and/or COVID-19 patients. We hereby review the literature on COVID-19 regarding cardiovascular virus involvement.
    MeSH term(s) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 82078-7
    ISSN 1538-2990 ; 0002-9629
    ISSN (online) 1538-2990
    ISSN 0002-9629
    DOI 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.10.002
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