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Article ; Online: Of sheep, sentinels and surveillance: what is the new 'normal'?

Tongue, Sue C

2019 Volume 184, Issue 21, Page(s) 647–648

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ireland ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Sheep
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	390015-0
ISSN	2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
ISSN (online)	2042-7670
ISSN	0042-4900
DOI	10.1136/vr.l3057
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Article: Bovine mortality: the utility of two data sources for the provision of population-level surveillance intelligence.

Eze, Jude I / Correia-Gomes, Carla / Gunn, George J / Tongue, Sue C

Frontiers in veterinary science

2024 Volume 11, Page(s) 1270329

Abstract: Introduction: The use of existing data to provide surveillance intelligence is widely advocated but often presents considerable challenges. Two data sources could be used as proxies for the mortality experienced by the Scottish cattle population: deaths ...

Abstract	Introduction: The use of existing data to provide surveillance intelligence is widely advocated but often presents considerable challenges. Two data sources could be used as proxies for the mortality experienced by the Scottish cattle population: deaths recorded in the mandatory register [Cattle Tracing System (CTS)] and fallen stock collections by the National Fallen Stock Company (NSFCo) with a nationwide voluntary membership. Methods: Data for the period 2011-2016 were described and compared to establish their strengths and limitations. Similarities and differences in their temporal, seasonal and spatial patterns were examined overall, at postcode area level and for different age groups. Temporal aberration detection algorithms (TADA) were fitted. Results: Broadly, similar patterns were observed in the two datasets; however, there were some notable differences. The observed seasonal, annual and spatial patterns match expectations, given knowledge of Scottish cattle production systems. The registry data provide more comprehensive coverage of all areas of Scotland, while collections data provide a more comprehensive measure of the mortality experienced in 0-1-month-old calves. Discussion: Consequently, estimates of early calf mortality and their impact on the livestock sector made using CTS, or successor registers, will be under-estimates. This may apply to other registry-based systems. Fitted TADA detected points of deviations from expected norms some of which coincided in the two datasets; one with a known external event that caused increased mortality. We have demonstrated that both data sources do have the potential to be utilized to provide measures of mortality in the Scottish cattle population that could inform surveillance activities. While neither is perfect, they are complementary. Each has strengths and weaknesses, so ideally, a system where they are analyzed and interpreted in parallel would optimize the information obtained for surveillance purposes for epidemiologists, risk managers, animal health policy-makers and the wider livestock industry sector. This study provides a foundation on which to build an operational system. Further development will require improvements in the timeliness of data availability and further investment of resources.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2024.1270329
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Corrigendum: Evaluations of the disease surveillance centre network in Scotland: what parts has it reached?

Duncan, Andrew J / Eze, Jude I / Brülisauer, Franz / Stirling, Julie M / Jennings, Amy / Tongue, Sue C

Frontiers in veterinary science

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 1192445

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1099057.]. ...

Abstract	[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1099057.].
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2023.1192445
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Article: Evaluations of the Disease Surveillance Centre network in Scotland: What parts has it reached?

Duncan, Andrew J / Eze, Jude I / Brülisauer, Franz / Stirling, Julie M / Jennings, Amy / Tongue, Sue C

Frontiers in veterinary science

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 1099057

Abstract: Regular evaluation is a prerequisite for systems that provide surveillance of animal populations. Scotland's Rural College Veterinary Services' Disease Surveillance Centre (DSC) network plays an integral part in surveillance to detect new and re-emerging ...

Abstract	Regular evaluation is a prerequisite for systems that provide surveillance of animal populations. Scotland's Rural College Veterinary Services' Disease Surveillance Centre (DSC) network plays an integral part in surveillance to detect new and re-emerging threats within animal populations, predominantly livestock. In response to surveillance reviews and proposed changes to the network, an initial evaluation of diagnostic submissions data in 2010 to mid-2012 established a baseline “footprint,” while highlighting challenges with the data. In this recent evaluation for the period 2013–2018, we developed a new denominator using a combination of agricultural census and movement data, to identify relevant holdings more accurately. Iterative discussions between those processing submissions data and those involved in collection at source took place to understand the intricacies of the data, establish the most appropriate dataset, and develop the processes required to optimise the data extraction and cleansing. The subsequent descriptive analysis identifies the number of diagnostic submissions, the number of unique holdings making submissions to the network and shows that both the surrounding geographic region of, and maximum distance to the closest DSC vary greatly between centres. Analysis of those submissions classed as farm animal post-mortems also highlights the effect of distance to the closest DSC. Whether specific differences between the time periods are due to changes in the behavior of the submitting holdings or the data extraction and cleaning processes was difficult to disentangle. However, with the improved techniques producing better data to work with, a new baseline footprint for the network has been created. This provides information that can help policy makers and surveillance providers make decisions about service provision and evaluate the impact of future changes. Additionally, the outputs of these analyses can provide feedback to those employed in the service, providing evidence of what they are achieving and why changes to data collection processes and ways of working are being made. In a different setting, other data will be available and different challenges may arise. However, the fundamental principles highlighted in these evaluations and the solutions developed should be of interest to any surveillance providers generating similar diagnostic data.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2023.1099057
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Article: The Use of Sheep Movement Data to Inform Design and Interpretation of Slaughterhouse-Based Surveillance Activities.

Stirling, Julie M / Eze, Jude I / Foster, Geoffrey / Reeves, Aaron / Gunn, George J / Tongue, Sue C

Frontiers in veterinary science

2020 Volume 7, Page(s) 205

Abstract: The design of surveillance strategies is often a compromise between science, feasibility, and available resources, especially when sampling is based at fixed locations, such as slaughter-houses. Advances in animal identification, movement recording and ... ...

Abstract	The design of surveillance strategies is often a compromise between science, feasibility, and available resources, especially when sampling is based at fixed locations, such as slaughter-houses. Advances in animal identification, movement recording and traceability should provide data that can facilitate the development, design and interpretation of surveillance activities. Here, for the first time since the introduction of electronic identification of sheep, the utility of a statutory sheep movement database to inform the design and interpretation of slaughter-house based surveillance activities has been investigated. Scottish sheep movement records for 2015-2018 were analyzed in combination with several other data sources. Patterns of off-farm movements of Scottish sheep to slaughter were described and the spatial distribution of several distinct slaughter populations, throughputs and catchment areas for Scottish slaughterhouses were determined. These were used to evaluate the coverage of a convenience-sample slaughter-house based survey for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, non-slaughter sheep movements within and between Scottish regions were described and inter-and intra-regional movement matrices were produced. There is potential at a number of levels for bias in spatially-associated factors for ovine surveillance activities based at Scottish slaughterhouses. The first is intrinsic because the slaughtered in Scotland population differs from the overall Scottish sheep slaughter population. Other levels will be survey-dependent and occur when the catchment area differs from the slaughtered in Scotland population and when the sampled sheep differ from the catchment area. These are both observed in the AMR survey. Furthermore, the Scottish non-slaughter sheep population is dynamic. Inter-regional movements vary seasonally, driven by the sheep calendar year, structure of the Scottish sheep industry and management practices. These sheep movement data provide a valuable resource for surveillance purposes, despite a number of challenges and limitations that were encountered. They can be used to identify and characterize the spatial origin of relevant populations and so inform the interpretation of existing slaughterhouse-based surveillance activities. They can be used to improve future design by exploring the feasibility and cost:benefit of alternative sampling strategies. Further development could also contribute to other surveillance activities, such as situational awareness and resource allocation, for the benefit of stakeholders.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2020.00205
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Article: Improving the Utility of Voluntary Ovine Fallen Stock Collection and Laboratory Diagnostic Submission Data for Animal Health Surveillance Purposes: A Development Cycle.

Tongue, Sue C / Eze, Jude I / Correia-Gomes, Carla / Brülisauer, Franz / Gunn, George J

Frontiers in veterinary science

2020 Volume 6, Page(s) 487

Abstract: There are calls from policy-makers and industry to use existing data sources to contribute to livestock surveillance systems, especially for syndromic surveillance. However, the practical implications of attempting to use such data sources are ... ...

Abstract	There are calls from policy-makers and industry to use existing data sources to contribute to livestock surveillance systems, especially for syndromic surveillance. However, the practical implications of attempting to use such data sources are challenging; development often requires incremental steps in an iterative cycle. In this study the utility of business operational data from a voluntary fallen stock collection service was investigated, to determine if they could be used as a proxy for the mortality experienced by the British sheep population. Retrospectively, Scottish ovine fallen stock collection data (2011-2014) were transformed into meaningful units for analysis, temporal and spatial patterns were described, time-series methods and a temporal aberration detection algorithm applied. Distinct annual and spatial trends plus seasonal patterns were observed in the three age groups investigated. The algorithm produced an alarm at the point of an historic known departure from normal (April 2013) for two age groups, across Scotland as a whole and in specific postcode areas. The analysis was then extended. Initially, to determine if similar methods could be applied to ovine fallen stock collections from England and Wales for the same time period. Additionally, Scottish contemporaneous laboratory diagnostic submission data were analyzed to see if they could provide further insight for interpretation of statistical alarms. Collaboration was required between the primary data holders, those with industry sector knowledge, plus veterinary, epidemiological and statistical expertise, in order to turn data and analytical outcomes into potentially useful information. A number of limitations were identified and recommendations were made as to how some could be addressed in order to facilitate use of these data as surveillance "intelligence." e.g., improvements to data collection and provision. A recent update of the fallen stock collections data has enabled a longer temporal period to be analyzed, with evidence of changes made in line with the recommendations. Further development will be required before a functional system can be implemented. However, there is potential for use of these data as: a proxy measure for mortality in the sheep population; complementary components in a future surveillance system, and to inform the design of additional surveillance system components.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2019.00487
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Article: Phylogenetic relationship and virulence composition of

Hoyle, Deborah V / Wee, Bryan A / Macleod, Kareen / Chase-Topping, Margo E / Bease, Andrew G / Tongue, Sue C / Gally, David L / Delannoy, Sabine / Fach, Patrick / Pearce, Michael C / Gunn, George J / Holmes, Anne / Allison, Lesley

Frontiers in microbiology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1260422

Abstract: O26 is the commonest non-O157 Shiga toxin ( ...

Abstract	O26 is the commonest non-O157 Shiga toxin (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2587354-4
ISSN	1664-302X
ISSN	1664-302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260422
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Article: Estimating antimicrobial usage based on sales to beef and dairy farms from UK veterinary practices

Humphry, Roger William / Henry, Madeleine Kate / Reeves, Aaron / Correia‐Gomes, Carla / Innocent, Giles Thomas / Smith, R. / Mason, Colin Stuart / Gunn, George John / Tongue, Sue C.

Veterinary record. 2021 July, v. 189, no. 1

2021

Abstract: Background: Accurate estimation of antimicrobial use (AMU) is important in assessing reduction of agricultural AMU. This cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate several approaches for estimating AMU at the herd level and to report on AMU for beef and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Accurate estimation of antimicrobial use (AMU) is important in assessing reduction of agricultural AMU. This cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate several approaches for estimating AMU at the herd level and to report on AMU for beef and dairy farms in Scotland. Methods: Pharmaceutical sales data for 75 cattle herds (2011‐2015) were screened for antimicrobial products and aggregated by herd and year. Several denominators for usage estimates were calculated and compared for their suitability at the herd level. Results: The median total mass of active ingredient sold per kg of bovine livestock was 9.5 mg/kg for beef herds and 14.3 mg/kg for dairy herds. The ‘highest priority critically important’ antimicrobials (HPCIA) were by total mass of active ingredient, 10.6% of all sales; by total defined daily dose veterinary (DDDVet), 29.8% and by DCDvet, 20.0%. These are the first estimates of AMU for beef cattle in the UK, and for cattle of any kind in Scotland. Estimates of herd‐level usage based on population correction unit (PCU) were sensitive to low values for PCU for specific herd‐years due to their demographic composition. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical sales data can provide useful estimates of AMU, but estimating usage per PCU is not appropriate for comparing groups of cattle with different demographic compositions or for setting herd‐level targets. Total mass of active ingredient per kilogram of livestock is more stable and hence suitable than PCU‐based methods for assessing AMU at the herd level.
Keywords	active ingredients ; anti-infective agents ; beef ; beef cattle ; cross-sectional studies ; Scotland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	390015-0
ISSN	2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
ISSN (online)	2042-7670
ISSN	0042-4900
DOI	10.1002/vetr.28
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Review of pig health and welfare surveillance data sources in England and Wales

Smith, Richard P / Correia‐Gomes, Carla / Williamson, Susanna / Marier, Elizabeth A / Gilson, Daniel / Tongue, Sue C

Veterinary record. 2019 Mar., v. 184, no. 11

2019

Abstract: The capability to set baselines and monitor trends of health and welfare conditions is an important requirement for livestock industries in order to maintain economic competitiveness and sustainability. Monitoring schemes evaluate the relative importance ...

Abstract	The capability to set baselines and monitor trends of health and welfare conditions is an important requirement for livestock industries in order to maintain economic competitiveness and sustainability. Monitoring schemes evaluate the relative importance of conditions so that: appropriate actions can be determined, prioritised and implemented; new and (re)emerging conditions can be promptly detected and the effectiveness of any actions can be measured. In 2011, the national pig levy board published a strategy document highlighting health and welfare conditions of importance to the pig industry that were to be targeted for control. In this study, existing schemes that could be used to monitor or set baselines for these conditions in pigs were reviewed, in order to evaluate their suitability for this purpose, using a standardised surveillance evaluation framework (SERVAL). The schemes included: government‐funded surveillance of endemic and exotic disease and pig welfare; industry surveillance of endemic diseases; regional schemes for improving pig health; national accreditation schemes and information collected by retailers, private veterinary practices and private laboratories. The evaluation of each scheme highlights its capability to monitor any of the targeted conditions. This study identifies the biases, strengths and gaps in each scheme and provides discussion of opportunities for future development.
Keywords	monitoring ; swine ; England
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-03
Size	p. 349.
Publishing place	BMJ Publishing Group Limited
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	390015-0
ISSN	2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
ISSN (online)	2042-7670
ISSN	0042-4900
DOI	10.1136/vr.104896
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: E coli prevalence study among finishing cattle in the UK.

Henry, Madeleine K / Tongue, Sue C / Gunn, George J

The Veterinary record

2014 Volume 175, Issue 8, Page(s) 208

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Escherichia coli O157/isolation & purification ; Prevalence ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	390015-0
ISSN	2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
ISSN (online)	2042-7670
ISSN	0042-4900
DOI	10.1136/vr.g5328
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