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  1. Article ; Online: Neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: What we know and what we don't.

    Keramatian, Kamyar / Torres, Ivan J / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Dialogues in clinical neuroscience

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 29–38

    Abstract: Introduction: ...

    Abstract Introduction:
    MeSH term(s) Bipolar Disorder/psychology ; Humans ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2188781-0
    ISSN 1958-5969 ; 1294-8322
    ISSN (online) 1958-5969
    ISSN 1294-8322
    DOI 10.1080/19585969.2022.2042164
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Progressive neurocognitive decline in schizophrenia: A diagnostic dilemma for clinicians.

    Colijn, Mark Ainsley / Torres, Ivan J / Menon, Mahesh / Howard, Andrew / Honer, William G / Stowe, Robert M

    Schizophrenia research

    2022  Volume 241, Page(s) 59–62

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Schizophrenic Psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 639422-x
    ISSN 1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
    ISSN (online) 1573-2509
    ISSN 0920-9964
    DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Brain age and cognitive functioning in first-episode bipolar disorder.

    Chakrabarty, Trisha / Frangou, Sophia / Torres, Ivan J / Ge, Ruiyang / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Psychological medicine

    2022  Volume 53, Issue 11, Page(s) 5127–5135

    Abstract: Background: There is significant heterogeneity in cognitive function in patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI); however, there is a dearth of research into biological mechanisms that might underlie cognitive heterogeneity, especially at disease onset. ... ...

    Abstract Background: There is significant heterogeneity in cognitive function in patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI); however, there is a dearth of research into biological mechanisms that might underlie cognitive heterogeneity, especially at disease onset. To this end, this study investigated the association between accelerated or delayed age-related brain structural changes and cognition in early-stage BDI.
    Methods: First episode patients with BDI (
    Results: Patients in the lowest (delayed) tertile of brainPAD values (brainPAD range -17.9 to -6.5 years) had significantly lower global cognitive scores (
    Conclusion: These results provide evidence linking cognitive dysfunction in the early stage of BDI to apparent delay in typical age-related brain changes. Further studies are required to assess how age-related brain changes and cognitive functioning evolve over time.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Bipolar Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Bipolar Disorder/psychology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Cognition ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Executive Function ; Memory, Short-Term
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 217420-0
    ISSN 1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
    ISSN (online) 1469-8978
    ISSN 0033-2917
    DOI 10.1017/S0033291722002136
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Serum epidermal growth factor, clinical illness course, and limbic brain volumes in early-stage bipolar disorder.

    Bond, David J / Torres, Ivan J / Lam, Raymond W / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Journal of affective disorders

    2020  Volume 270, Page(s) 30–35

    Abstract: Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) belongs to a family of growth factors implicated in the etiology of psychiatric illnesses. We conducted this cross-sectional case-control study to determine whether (1) serum EGF levels differ between bipolar ... ...

    Abstract Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) belongs to a family of growth factors implicated in the etiology of psychiatric illnesses. We conducted this cross-sectional case-control study to determine whether (1) serum EGF levels differ between bipolar disorder (BD) patients and non-BD comparison subjects, (2) EGF levels in patients are influenced by mood illness related factors (number of past mood episodes, medication treatment) and non-mood illness related factors (body mass index), and (3) lower EGF levels predict lower limbic brain volumes in BD.
    Methods: We measured serum EGF in 51 early-stage BD patients and 22 healthy comparison subjects (HS). A subset of 25 patients underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants were assessed at the University of British Columbia Mood Disorders Centre between June 2004 and June 2012.
    Results: A general linear model with diagnosis and BMI category (overweight/obese vs normal weight) as factors showed that patients had lower mean log(e)-transformed EGF (LnEGF) than HS (4.99 vs 5.47, p = .011). There was no effect of BMI and no diagnosis x BMI interaction. Multiple linear regression models showed that in patients, more past mood episodes predicted lower LnEGF (β = -0.358, t = -2.585, p = .013) and lower LnEGF predicted lower bilateral temporal lobe volumes (left: β = 0.560, p = .011; right: β = 0.543, p = .009).
    Limitations: Our cross-sectional study design limits our ability to make inferences about the causal directions of the relationships between EGF, diagnosis, mood episodes, and brain volumes.
    Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary evidence that EGF is a novel biomarker that may play a role in the pathophysiology of BD.
    MeSH term(s) Bipolar Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Chemical Substances Epidermal Growth Factor (62229-50-9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-27
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.055
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Weight gain as a risk factor for progressive neurochemical abnormalities in first episode mania patients: a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

    Bond, David J / Silveira, Leonardo E / Torres, Ivan J / Lam, Raymond W / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Psychological medicine

    2021  , Page(s) 1–9

    Abstract: Background: We previously reported that bipolar disorder (BD) patients with clinically significant weight gain (CSWG; ⩾7% of baseline weight) in the 12 months after their first manic episode experienced greater limbic brain volume loss than patients ... ...

    Abstract Background: We previously reported that bipolar disorder (BD) patients with clinically significant weight gain (CSWG; ⩾7% of baseline weight) in the 12 months after their first manic episode experienced greater limbic brain volume loss than patients without CSWG. It is unknown whether CSWG is also a risk factor for progressive neurochemical abnormalities.
    Methods: We investigated whether 12-month CSWG predicted greater 12-month decreases in hippocampal N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and greater increases in glutamate + glutamine (Glx) following a first manic episode. In BD patients (n = 58) and healthy comparator subjects (HS; n = 34), we measured baseline and 12-month hippocampal NAA and Glx using bilateral 3-Tesla single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We used general linear models for repeated measures to investigate whether CSWG predicted neurochemical changes.
    Results: Thirty-three percent of patients and 18% of HS experienced CSWG. After correcting for multiple comparisons, CSWG in patients predicted a greater decrease in left hippocampal NAA (effect size = -0.52, p = 0.005). CSWG also predicted a greater decrease in left hippocampal NAA in HS with a similar effect size (-0.53). A model including patients and HS found an effect of CSWG on Δleft NAA (p = 0.007), but no diagnosis effect and no diagnosis × CSWG interaction, confirming that CSWG had similar effects in patients and HS.
    Conclusion: CSWG is a risk factor for decreasing hippocampal NAA in BD patients and HS. These results suggest that the well-known finding of reduced NAA in BD may result from higher body mass index in patients rather than BD diagnosis.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 217420-0
    ISSN 1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
    ISSN (online) 1469-8978
    ISSN 0033-2917
    DOI 10.1017/S0033291721000544
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Subjective cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, and objective cognitive functioning in people with treatment-resistant psychosis.

    Zumrawi, Daniah / Glazier, Brianne L / Leonova, Olga / Menon, Mahesh / Procyshyn, Ric / White, Randall / Stowe, Robert / Honer, William G / Torres, Ivan J

    Cognitive neuropsychiatry

    2022  Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 411–429

    Abstract: Introduction: ...

    Abstract Introduction:
    MeSH term(s) Cognition ; Cognition Disorders/psychology ; Depression/diagnosis ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychotic Disorders/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1324282-9
    ISSN 1464-0619 ; 1354-6805
    ISSN (online) 1464-0619
    ISSN 1354-6805
    DOI 10.1080/13546805.2022.2108389
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Association of total peripheral inflammation with lower frontal and temporal lobe volumes in early-stage bipolar disorder: A proof-of-concept study.

    Bond, David J / Andreazza, Ana C / Torres, Ivan J / Honer, William G / Lam, Raymond W / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Journal of affective disorders

    2022  Volume 319, Page(s) 229–234

    Abstract: Background: We previously reported that in early-stage bipolar disorder (BD), frontal and temporal lobe volume reductions were more pronounced in patients with elevated BMI and more rapidly progressive in patients with additional weight gain. Elevated ... ...

    Abstract Background: We previously reported that in early-stage bipolar disorder (BD), frontal and temporal lobe volume reductions were more pronounced in patients with elevated BMI and more rapidly progressive in patients with additional weight gain. Elevated BMI is a pro-inflammatory state, and inflammation may contribute to brain volume reductions in BD. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between inflammation and brain volumes.
    Methods: We conducted a proof-of-concept analysis to investigate whether a composite measure of total peripheral inflammation derived from 9 cytokines predicted lower frontal and temporal lobe volumes, measured with 3 T MRI, in early-stage BD.
    Results: In 25 early-stage patients, linear regression models showed that greater total inflammation predicted lower white matter (WM) volumes in the left frontal lobe (β = -0.691, p = 0.001) and bilateral temporal lobes (left: β = -0.617, p = 0.003; right: β = -0.636, p = 0.001). Greater inflammation also predicted lower right frontal WM, although this did not survive correction for multiple comparisons (β = -0.557, p = 0.020). It did not predict frontal or temporal GM. Total inflammation was a stronger predictor of lower WM volumes than were individual cytokines.
    Limitations: Although the magnitude of the association between total inflammation and lower WM volumes was large, our sample was small. Our findings require confirmation in further studies, with samples large enough to determine whether inflammation mediates the relationship between elevated BMI and brain volumes.
    Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to brain volume reductions in BD and suggests that total inflammatory burden best captures the impact of inflammation on the brain.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Bipolar Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Temporal Lobe/diagnostic imaging ; White Matter/diagnostic imaging ; Frontal Lobe/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Brain ; Inflammation/diagnostic imaging ; Cytokines
    Chemical Substances Cytokines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-22
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.044
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Cognitive subgroups in first episode bipolar I disorder: Relation to clinical and brain volumetric variables.

    Chakrabarty, Trisha / Torres, Ivan J / Su, Weizhong W / Sawatzky, Richard / Keramatian, Kamyar / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica

    2020  Volume 143, Issue 2, Page(s) 151–161

    Abstract: Objective: Distinct cognitive subgroups are seen in patients with long duration bipolar I disorder (BDI), possibly reflective of underlying pathophysiological differences. It is unknown whether such cognitive heterogeneity is present at illness onset. ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Distinct cognitive subgroups are seen in patients with long duration bipolar I disorder (BDI), possibly reflective of underlying pathophysiological differences. It is unknown whether such cognitive heterogeneity is present at illness onset. We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to cognitive test scores in first episode BDI patients. Exploratory analysis elucidated whether impaired subgroups were characterized by 'early neurodevelopmental' (low premorbid IQ and intracranial volume) versus 'later neurodevelopmental' (decline from premorbid to current IQ, changes in relative grey (GM)/white (WM) matter volumes) pathology.
    Methods: Recently recovered first manic episode BDI patients (n = 91) and healthy controls (HC, n = 63) comprised the study sample. LCA identified subgroups based on processing speed, verbal memory, non-verbal memory, executive functioning, attention and working memory scores. Subgroups were compared amongst each other and HC on premorbid/current IQ, intracranial (ICV), total brain and regional volumes.
    Results: Three cognitive subgroups emerged: (i) globally impaired (GI, n = 31), scoring 0.5-1 SD below demographically corrected norms across domains, (ii) selectively impaired (SI, n = 47), with predominant processing speed deficits and (iii) high performing (HP, n = 13), with above-average cognitive performance. GI patients showed a 'later neurodevelopmental' pattern, with normal ICV, significant decline from premorbid to current IQ, higher total GM and lower total WM (with respect to total brain volume) versus SI and HC (p = 0.003). GI patients had higher left frontal pole GM versus HC (p < 0.05, FWE corrected).
    Conclusions: A globally impaired patient subgroup is identifiable in first episode BDI, possibly characterized by unique neurodevelopmental pathologic processes proximal to illness onset.
    MeSH term(s) Bipolar Disorder ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Cognition ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neuropsychological Tests
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 103-x
    ISSN 1600-0447 ; 0001-690X
    ISSN (online) 1600-0447
    ISSN 0001-690X
    DOI 10.1111/acps.13245
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Effects of intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition and hippocampal volumes in bipolar depression.

    Torres, Ivan J / Ge, Ruiyang / McGirr, Alexander / Vila-Rodriguez, Fidel / Ahn, Sharon / Basivireddy, Jayasree / Walji, Nazlin / Frangou, Sophia / Lam, Raymond W / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Dialogues in clinical neuroscience

    2023  Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 24–32

    Abstract: Introduction: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used to treat neurocognitive symptoms in mood disorders. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a brief version of TMS that may preferentially target cognitive ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used to treat neurocognitive symptoms in mood disorders. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a brief version of TMS that may preferentially target cognitive functions. This study evaluated whether iTBS leads to cognitive improvements and associated increased hippocampal volumes in bipolar depression.
    Methods: In a two-site double-blind randomised sham controlled trial (NCT02749006), 16 patients received active iTBS to the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPF) and 15 patients received sham stimulation across four weeks. A composite neuropsychological score and declarative memory scores served as the cognitive outcomes. Hippocampal volumes were derived from T1 weighted MRI scans using the longitudinal ComBat method to harmonise data across sites.
    Results: No significant improvements were observed in any cognitive variables in the active relative to the sham group; however, there was a trend for increased left hippocampal volume in the former. Left hippocampal volume increases were associated with improvements in nonverbal memory in the active group.
    Conclusions: Although cognitive improvements were not associated with iTBS, the finding that hippocampal volume increases were associated with memory improvement suggests there may be some level of prefrontal-temporal neuroplasticity that could support cognitive change in future studies of iTBS in bipolar disorder.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Bipolar Disorder/therapy ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods ; Theta Rhythm/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Cognition ; Hippocampus/diagnostic imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2188781-0
    ISSN 1958-5969 ; 1294-8322
    ISSN (online) 1958-5969
    ISSN 1294-8322
    DOI 10.1080/19585969.2023.2186189
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Inflammatory cytokines and cognitive functioning in early-stage bipolar I disorder.

    Chakrabarty, Trisha / Torres, Ivan J / Bond, David J / Yatham, Lakshmi N

    Journal of affective disorders

    2018  Volume 245, Page(s) 679–685

    Abstract: Background: Increased circulating inflammatory cytokines is a replicated finding in bipolar I disorder (BDI). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1 have also been associated with poorer cognitive functioning in patients with longer ... ...

    Abstract Background: Increased circulating inflammatory cytokines is a replicated finding in bipolar I disorder (BDI). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1 have also been associated with poorer cognitive functioning in patients with longer illness duration. However, the effect of inflammatory cytokines on cognition in early stage patients is not yet known. Here, we investigate the relationship between cytokines and cognition in BDI patients within three years of diagnosis.
    Methods: Serum pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine levels were compared between 51 early stage BDI patients and 20 healthy controls. 46 patients completed neuropsychological testing, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess the association between cytokine levels and cognition after accounting for relevant clinical and demographic variables.
    Results: TNFα was elevated at trend level significance in BDI patients compared to healthy controls, and was negatively associated with global cognition, processing speed, and working memory in patients. IL-6, IL-1α, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were comparable between groups and were not significantly associated with cognition.
    Limitations: Direct causation cannot be established in this cross-sectional study; in addition, cytokine levels were not taken on the same day as neuropsychological testing for all patients.
    Conclusions: TNFα may negatively impact cognition in early BDI. While replication is required in larger samples, these results suggest that inhibition of TNFα activity might be a strategy to preserve cognition in newly diagnosed BDI patients.
    MeSH term(s) Bipolar Disorder/blood ; Bipolar Disorder/psychology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognition ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytokines/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Cytokines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.018
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