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Article ; Online: Black-spotted pond frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus as a new host for the renal coccidian genus Hyaloklossia (Alveolata

Toshihiro Tokiwa / Shyun Chou / Riona Morizane / Natsuhiko Yoshikawa

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 17, Iss , Pp 194-

Apicomplexa)

2022 Volume 198

Abstract: Hyaloklossia Labbé, 1896 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) is a renal coccidium that infects anuran species. The genus consists of two species: H. lieberkuehni, recorded from Pelophylax kl. esculentus, Pelophylax ridibundus, and Rana temporaria in Europe; and ...

Abstract	Hyaloklossia Labbé, 1896 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) is a renal coccidium that infects anuran species. The genus consists of two species: H. lieberkuehni, recorded from Pelophylax kl. esculentus, Pelophylax ridibundus, and Rana temporaria in Europe; and H. kasumiensis, recorded from Pelophylax porosus porosus in Japan. However, there have been no reports of Hyaloklossia in the other anurans in Japan. On June 2021, we examined a total of 58 adult frogs comprising 2 P. p. porosus, 23 Pelophylax nigromaculatus, 8 Rana japonica, 3 Glandirana rugosa (Ranidae), 13 Fejervarya kawamurai (Dicroglossidae), and 9 Buergeria buergeri (Rhacophoridae) for infection by Hyaloklossia. Microscopic examination of kidney tissues revealed a high infection incidence of 47.8% (11/23) in P. nigromaculatus, but the other frog species were negative for Hyaloklossia. Morphological and molecular analyses using nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial genes confirmed the infective species as H. kasumiensis. This is a new host record for H. kasumiensis.
Keywords	Apicomplexa ; Coccidia ; Hyaloklossia ; Pelophylax ; Anuran ; Kidney ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa

Shyun Chou / Nobumoto Izawa / Kazunori Ike / Toshihiro Tokiwa

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 14, Iss , Pp 75-

Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host–parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913

2021 Volume 83

Abstract: The genus Eumonospora Allen, 1933 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), an avian coccidia, is characterized by monosporocystic and octasporozoic oocysts without Stieda and substieda bodies. Some members of Eumonospora, which infect several raptor species, ... ...

Abstract	The genus Eumonospora Allen, 1933 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), an avian coccidia, is characterized by monosporocystic and octasporozoic oocysts without Stieda and substieda bodies. Some members of Eumonospora, which infect several raptor species, exhibit high levels of pathogenicity, making eumonosporiosis the leading cause of death in captive-bred raptors. The host specificity of these species appears to be mesostenoxenous, as evidenced by unsuccessful transmission between different orders of avian hosts. However, several studies have detected Eumonospora spp. in taxonomically distant avian hosts, indicating that some of these species may be euryxenous. In the current study, diarrheic fecal examination of a captive-bred juvenile merlin (Falconiformes: Aves) in Tokyo, Japan, was conducted, and a large number of oocysts were morphologically and molecularly identified as E. henryae (Yakimoff and Matschulsky, 1932), a coccidia species reported only in Strigiformes. This is a new recorded host for this coccidia. Phylogenetic analyses via Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods using concatenated genomic datasets consisting of nuclear 18S rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene, revealed a well-supported monophyletic clade of Eumonospora spp. belonging to the family Sarcocystidae Poche 1913, which largely corresponded to the avian host phylogram. Therefore, based on distinguishable oocyst morphology, a new subfamily, Eumonosporinae, within the family Sarcocystidae, is proposed, and a reconsideration of the definition of Sarcocystidae is suggested. Further molecular characterization of this emerging pathogen, as well as clarification of its complete life cycle, including cyst-forming ability, is required for more appropriate generic assessment.
Keywords	Coccidia ; Eumonospora ; Sarcocystidae ; E. henryae ; Falconiformes ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Trichinella T9 in wild bears in Japan

Masaki Murakami / Toshihiro Tokiwa / Hiromu Sugiyama / Mitsuko Shiroyama / Yasuyuki Morishima / Sota Watanabe / Takato Sasamori / Mami Kondo / Tsutomu Mano / Hifumi Tsuruga

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 21, Iss , Pp 264-

Prevalence, species/genotype identification, and public health implications

2023 Volume 268

Abstract: In Japan, the recent series of sporadic outbreaks of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichocephalida) has occurred owing to the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat from wild bears. However, the infection status and ... ...

Abstract	In Japan, the recent series of sporadic outbreaks of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichocephalida) has occurred owing to the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat from wild bears. However, the infection status and molecular characteristics of Trichinella larvae in Japanese wild bears remain poorly understood. This study investigated the prevalence of Trichinella spp. in brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Hokkaido, and Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) from three prefectures (Aomori, Akita, and Iwate) in northern Japan, between April 2019 and August 2022. Trichinella larvae were detected in 2.5% (6/236) of the brown bears and 0.9% (1/117) of the Japanese black bears. Sequence analysis using two genetic loci, the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, revealed that the larvae collected from the seven infected bears were identical to one of the two haplotypes of Trichinella T9. The prevalence of Trichinella T9 is low but is maintained in bears in the Hokkaido and Iwate prefectures suggesting that undercooked meat from these animals could cause human infection. Thus, continued health education campaigns are needed to raise awareness of the potential risk of trichinellosis among hunters, meat suppliers, consumers, and local governmental health agencies.
Keywords	Bear ; Game meat ; Public health ; Trichinella ; Ursus thibetanus japonicus ; Ursus arctos ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in wild-caught pet spiny-tailed lizards

Rie Kubota / Toshihiro Tokiwa / Katsuki Matsubara / Minoru Okamoto / Kazunori Ike

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 11, Iss , Pp 83-

2020 Volume 87

Abstract: Uromastyx is a genus of the herbivorous agamid lizards, also known as spiny-tailed lizards or mastigures, which are found in parts of Africa and the Middle East. Currently, several species of this genus are available in the international pet trade in ... ...

Abstract	Uromastyx is a genus of the herbivorous agamid lizards, also known as spiny-tailed lizards or mastigures, which are found in parts of Africa and the Middle East. Currently, several species of this genus are available in the international pet trade in Japan. In this study, two imported wild-caught spiny-tailed lizards (Arabian blue mastigure, Uromastyx ornata philbyi, and Sudan mastigure, Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata) were diagnosed with a Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infection based on the presence of the oocysts in the rectal feces using sucrose flotation and light microscopy examination at a local animal hospital in Tokyo, Japan. One of the lizards had died, and histopathological examination revealed enteritis with the Cryptosporidium parasite. Sequence analyses using the small subunit ribosomal RNA, actin, and 70-kDa heat shock protein genes indicated that the lizards had contracted a novel variant of C. avium that commonly infects avian species. Keywords: Cryptosporidiosis, Reptiles, Cryptosporidium avium, Imported animals
Keywords	Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Hyaloklossia Labbé, 1896 (Alveolata

Toshihiro Tokiwa / Shyun Chou / Yuki Tochigi / Kentaro Katayama / Donald W. Duszynski

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 15, Iss , Pp 199-

Apicomplexa) in frogs: Description of a new species and proposing a new subfamily to accommodate these enigmatic parasites

2021 Volume 207

Abstract: Hyaloklossia Labbé ,1896 (Alveolata: Apicomplexa) is a monotypic genus of renal coccidia found in anurans, particularly in the edible frog Pelophylax kl. esculentus (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae), distributed in different parts of Europe. Here we propose a ... ...

Abstract	Hyaloklossia Labbé ,1896 (Alveolata: Apicomplexa) is a monotypic genus of renal coccidia found in anurans, particularly in the edible frog Pelophylax kl. esculentus (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae), distributed in different parts of Europe. Here we propose a new Hyaloklossia species from the Tokyo daruma pond frog, Pelophylax porosus porosus. The coccidium detected in the renal tissue of P. p. porosus shared some morphological characteristics with the type species, Hyaloklossia lieberkuehni (Labbé, 1894), reported from P. kl. esculentus. However, in addition to size differences in several oocyst and sporocyst features between these parasites, phylogenetic analysis of gene fragments from two nuclear ribosomal loci and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, exposed distinct genetic differences between H. lieberkuehni and our new species. Although our analysis validated the monophyly of Hyaloklossia with some members of the Toxoplasmatinae Biocca, 1957, Cystoisosporinae Frenkel et al., 1987, and Eumonosporinae Chou et al., 2021 (Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913), comparison of genetic differences between Hyaloklossia species from P. p. porosus and H. lieberkuehni revealed the presence of a greater number of polymorphisms than that observed when comparing inter-species (Heydornia spp., Besnoisita spp.) or inter-genus (Toxoplasma vs. Neospora, Neospora vs. Hammondia, and Neospora vs. Heydornia) variabilities among members of the Sarcocystidae. This indicates that Hyaloklossia, as re-erected and defined by Modrý et al. (2001, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51, 767–772), with its homoxenous life cycle, requires placement in its own subfamily. Thus, we propose a new subfamily, Hyaloklossiinae n. subfam., to accommodate two species, H. lieberkuehni from Europe and Hyaloklossia kasumienesis n. sp. which we describe here from P. p. porosus in Japan.
Keywords	18S rRNA ; Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ; Hyaloklossia kasumiensis n. sp ; Hyaloklossiinae n. subfam ; Kidney ; Morphology ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Three new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa

Toshihiro Tokiwa / Shyun Chou / Hina Kitazoe / Keiko Ito / Ryouta Torimoto / Yuki Shoshi / Chizu Sanjoba / Masami Yamamoto / Hisashi Yoshimura

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 18, Iss , Pp 194-

Eimeriidae) from the Amami rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi (Mammalia: Leporidae)

2022 Volume 200

Abstract: The Amami rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae), is a relict and endangered species endemic to the Amami-Oshima and Tokunoshima Islands, located in southwestern Japan. Here, we described three new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: ... ...

Abstract	The Amami rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae), is a relict and endangered species endemic to the Amami-Oshima and Tokunoshima Islands, located in southwestern Japan. Here, we described three new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) parasites detected from fecal samples of wild Amami rabbits. Eimeria furnessi n. sp., recorded in 21 (58.3%) samples, has ellipsoidal oocysts with two walls and micropyle, 26.0 × 16.6 μm, and elongate-ovoidal sporocysts, 13.1 × 6.3 μm, with Stieda body. Eimeria hilleri n. sp., recorded in 9 (25.0%) samples, has ellipsoidal oocysts with two walls and micropyle, 34.7 × 21.4 μm, and elongate-fusiform to elongate-ovoidal sporocysts, 15.7 × 8.3 μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies. Eimeria sagentae n. sp., recorded in 13 (36.1%) samples, has ellipsoidal oocysts with two walls and micropyle, 20.9 × 14.5 μm, and elongate-ovoidal sporocysts, 10.4 × 5.0 μm, with Stieda body. The three new species can be distinguished by the size and color of their oocysts. Further studies related to the pathogenicity of these parasites can improve the breeding and propagation procedures of the Amami rabbit.
Keywords	Amami rabbit ; Eimeria ; Eimeriidae ; Endangered species ; Pentalagus furnessi ; Leporidae ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Larva Migrans of Baylisascaris potosis In Experimental Animals

Taira, Kensuke / Shohei Nakamura / Toshihiro Tokiwa / Yumi Une

Journal of parasitology. 2018 Aug., v. 104, no. 4

2018

Abstract: Occurrence of clinical signs by infection with Baylisascaris potosis, the roundworm of kinkajous (Potos flavus), in mice, rats, and rabbit were studied, and the migration behavior of larvae in mice were compared with that of Baylisascaris transfuga, the ... ...

Abstract	Occurrence of clinical signs by infection with Baylisascaris potosis, the roundworm of kinkajous (Potos flavus), in mice, rats, and rabbit were studied, and the migration behavior of larvae in mice were compared with that of Baylisascaris transfuga, the roundworm of bears (Ursus spp.). Three groups of 8 mice, 3 groups of 6 rats, and 3 groups of 2 rabbits were inoculated with either 10, 100, or 1,000 B. potosis eggs. The other 8 mice were inoculated with 1,000 B. transfuga eggs. Animals were monitored for the occurrence of clinical signs until 60 days postinoculation (DPI). The carcass, viscera, brain, and eyes of each of 6 mice inoculated with 1,000 eggs of B. potosis or B. transfuga at 60 DPI were removed individually, and the number of larvae was counted. One mouse inoculated with 100 B. potosis eggs showed rolling at 27 DPI, and 1 larva was found in the medulla oblongata of this mouse. No clinical signs were observed in the other mice or in the rats and rabbits. A mean of 387.2 larvae was recovered from mice inoculated with 1,000 B. potosis eggs, and a mean of 422.0 larvae from mice inoculated with 1,000 B. transfuga eggs. The highest number of larvae was recovered from the carcasses for both B. potosis and B. transfuga. In the viscera, higher numbers of B. transfuga larvae (mean 131.8) were seen than B. potosis larvae (mean 33.1). In the brain, only 1 larva was detected in 1/6 mice inoculated with 1,000 B. potosis eggs, whereas a mean of 21 larvae was detected in mice inoculated with 1,000 B. transfuga eggs. A few larvae (range 0–1) were detected in the eyes of both mice inoculated with B. potosis or B. transfuga eggs. The result indicated that B. potosis larvae do not show a higher tendency to migrate into the brain of mice than B. transfuga larvae. However, 1 mouse inoculated with 100 eggs had 1 larva in the central nervous system and showed a serious neurological sign. This result may underline a potential risk of B. potosis to cause neural larva migrans in humans.
Keywords	Baylisascaris ; Potos flavus ; Ursus ; eggs ; eyes ; laboratory animals ; larva migrans ; larvae ; medulla oblongata ; mice ; migratory behavior ; rabbits ; rats ; rolling ; signs and symptoms (animals and humans)
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-08
Size	p. 424-428.
Publishing place	American Society of Parasitologists
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	300870-8
ISSN	1937-2345 ; 0022-3395
ISSN (online)	1937-2345
ISSN	0022-3395
DOI	10.1645/18-41
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Morphological and molecular characterization of Cystoisospora sp. from Asian small-clawed otters Aonyx cinereus

Toshihiro Tokiwa / Ai Ohnuki / Rie Kubota / Kenichi Tamukai / Kazunori Ike

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 268-

2018 Volume 273

Abstract: In this study, we provide the first description of Cystoisospora infection in Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus). In July 2017, three juvenile otters recently imported from the Republic of Indonesia showed severe diarrhea and were diagnosed with ... ...

Abstract	In this study, we provide the first description of Cystoisospora infection in Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus). In July 2017, three juvenile otters recently imported from the Republic of Indonesia showed severe diarrhea and were diagnosed with coccidial infection; two of them eventually died. Fecal examination revealed the presence of numerous oocysts. Sporulated oocysts showed typical Cystoisospora features, measuring 24.6 ± 1.6 (22.0–27.0) × 21.8 ± 1.4 (19.0–25.0) μm, with an oocyst length/width ratio of 1.1 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.3). Each sporocyst contained four sporozoites in a head-to-tail arrangement. The Stieda body was absent, and the sporocyst residuum was present. These morphological characteristics differentiated this species from the other valid Cystoisospora species described from mustelids. Molecular analysis was conducted at two loci: the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes. The 18S sequence showed high similarity with canine Cystoisispora ohioensis (1-bp difference, 1422/1423 [99.9%]). At the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene locus, the sequence from otters was identical to that of feline Cystoisospora rivolta (847/847 [100%]). Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated data demonstrated that Cystoisospora sp. from otters and C. rivolta grouped together in the same Cystoisospora clade. Based on these data, we concluded that Cystoisospora sp. detected from otters appeared to be highly similar to C. rivolta. Keywords: Cystoisospora, Isospora, Otter, Phylogenetic analysis, Coccidianl infection
Keywords	Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Molecular and histopathological features of Cryptosporidium ubiquitum infection in imported chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera in Japan

Kubota, Rie / Katsuki Matsubara / Kazunori Ike / Kenichi Tamukai / Toshihiro Tokiwa

Parasitology international. 2019 Feb., v. 68, no. 1

2019

Abstract: Long-tailed chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera are popular rodent species kept both in households, where they are hand-raised as pets, and in zoological facilities. From January 2016 to February 2017, 13 juvenile chinchillas from five facilities in Japan ... ...

Abstract	Long-tailed chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera are popular rodent species kept both in households, where they are hand-raised as pets, and in zoological facilities. From January 2016 to February 2017, 13 juvenile chinchillas from five facilities in Japan were diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis at the animal hospital. Eight of the cases were fatal. All of the animals were imported from the Czech Republic by the same vendor. Histopathological and multilocus sequence analyses using 18S ribosomal RNA, actin, 70-kDa heat shock protein, and 60-kDa glycoprotein genes confirmed Cryptosporidium ubiquitum of subtype XIId as the etiological agent. Multilocus analysis demonstrated the presence of two new sequence types closely related to the C. ubiquitum Xlld strain isolated from a human in the USA. This study indicated that potentially zoonotic Cryptosporidium is widespread and may have caused a high number of deaths among imported juvenile chinchillas.
Keywords	actin ; Chinchilla lanigera ; cryptosporidiosis ; Cryptosporidium ; etiological agents ; genes ; glycoproteins ; heat shock proteins ; histopathology ; households ; humans ; juveniles ; pets ; ribosomal DNA ; ribosomal RNA ; rodents ; veterinary clinics ; Czech Republic ; Japan ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-02
Size	p. 9-13.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1363151-2
ISSN	1383-5769
ISSN	1383-5769
DOI	10.1016/j.parint.2018.09.002
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Ranavirus in an outbreak of dermatophilosis in captive inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

Tamukai, Kenichi / Hideki Kobayashi / Toshihiro Tokiwa / Yumi Une

Veterinary dermatology. 2016 Apr., v. 27, no. 2

2016

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Various pathogens cause skin diseases in lizards. An outbreak of skin disease occurred in a population of 100 inland bearded dragons at a breeding facility in Japan; 50 developed skin lesions and 15 mortalities were reported. HYPOTHESIS/ ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Various pathogens cause skin diseases in lizards. An outbreak of skin disease occurred in a population of 100 inland bearded dragons at a breeding facility in Japan; 50 developed skin lesions and 15 mortalities were reported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To identify the pathogens responsible for the skin lesions and to determine the cause of death. ANIMALS: Eight specimens (three dead, two euthanized, three living) were randomly selected from a group of inland bearded dragons with skin lesions consisting of multifocal superficial dermatitis. METHODS: Biopsy samples were taken from skin lesions and healthy skin of the live specimens. Postmortem examinations were performed on the dead and euthanized specimens. Skin samples were processed for microbiological culture, 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing for bacteria, ranavirus major capsid protein (MCP) gene sequencing and histopathological examination. Histopathological examinations were also performed on postmortem tissue samples. RESULTS: Both Austwickia chelonae and ranavirus (DNA) were detected in the skin lesions. Pathological examination revealed no significant visceral lesions caused by A. chelonae or ranavirus infection in dead specimens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: To the best of the authorsâ knowledge this is the first report of dermatophilosis due to A. chelonae infection in lizards and the first description of a concurrent infection with a ranavirus. The combined infection associated with the skin lesions may have been the primary cause of death. Coâinfection with a ranavirus should be considered as a possible factor in cases of reptilian dermatophilosis.
Keywords	bacteria ; biopsy ; breeding ; coat proteins ; death ; dermatitis ; histopathology ; lizards ; mixed infection ; mortality ; necropsy ; pathogens ; Pogona vitticeps ; Ranavirus ; ribosomal DNA ; sequence analysis ; skin lesions ; veterinary medicine ; Japan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-04
Size	p. 99-e28.
Publishing place	European Society of Veterinary Dermatology
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2011122-8
ISSN	1365-3164 ; 0959-4493
ISSN (online)	1365-3164
ISSN	0959-4493
DOI	10.1111/vde.12288
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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