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  1. Article ; Online: Reversible oxidation/reduction steps in the metabolic degradation of the glycerol side chain of the S1P

    Treiber, Alexander / Seeland, Swen / Segrestaa, Jérôme / Lescop, Cyrille / Bolli, Martin H

    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems

    2024  Volume 54, Issue 4, Page(s) 182–194

    Abstract: 1. Ponesimod is a selective modulator of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P: 2.  The two major metabolic pathways give the acids M12 (-OCH: 3. Metabolic pathways for both acids were not independent and several of the transformations were ... ...

    Abstract 1. Ponesimod is a selective modulator of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P
    2.  The two major metabolic pathways give the acids M12 (-OCH
    3. Metabolic pathways for both acids were not independent and several of the transformations were reversible, depending on reaction conditions. Formation of M13 occurred either
    4. The phenol metabolite M32 was produced as part of several pathways. Control experiments at various pH values and in the absence of metabolising enzymes support the conclusion that its formation resulted from chemical degradation rather than from metabolic processes.
    MeSH term(s) Oxidation-Reduction ; Humans ; Microsomes, Liver/metabolism ; Glycerol/metabolism ; Thiazoles/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor Modulators/metabolism
    Chemical Substances ponesimod (5G7AKV2MKP) ; Glycerol (PDC6A3C0OX) ; Thiazoles ; Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor Modulators
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120287-x
    ISSN 1366-5928 ; 0049-8254
    ISSN (online) 1366-5928
    ISSN 0049-8254
    DOI 10.1080/00498254.2024.2319812
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The metabolism of the orexin-1 selective receptor antagonist nivasorexant.

    Treiber, Alexander / Seeland, Swen / Haschimi, Belal / Weigel, Aude / Williams, Jodi T / Gabillet, Jerome

    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems

    2024  Volume 54, Issue 3, Page(s) 124–137

    Abstract: Nivasorexant was the first orexin-1 selective receptor antagonist entering clinical development. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence in animal models, a proof-of-concept trial in binge-eating patients recently failed to demonstrate its clinical ... ...

    Abstract Nivasorexant was the first orexin-1 selective receptor antagonist entering clinical development. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence in animal models, a proof-of-concept trial in binge-eating patients recently failed to demonstrate its clinical utility in this population.Across species, nivasorexant clearance was driven by metabolism along seven distinct pathways, five of which were hydroxylation reactions in various locations of the molecule. The exact sites of metabolism were identified by means of mass spectrometry, the use of deuterated analogues, and finally confirmed by chemical references.CYP3A4 was the main cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in nivasorexant metabolism
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism ; Orexins/metabolism ; Orexins/pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Hydroxylation ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism ; Microsomes, Liver/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Orexins ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 (EC 1.14.14.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120287-x
    ISSN 1366-5928 ; 0049-8254
    ISSN (online) 1366-5928
    ISSN 0049-8254
    DOI 10.1080/00498254.2024.2319811
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The metabolism of the dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant.

    Treiber, Alexander / Delahaye, Stephane / Weigel, Aude / Aeänismaa, Päivi / Gatfield, John / Seeland, Swen

    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems

    2023  Volume 53, Issue 3, Page(s) 173–183

    Abstract: Daridorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist developed for the treatment of insomnia disorder and has shown improvement in sleep outcomes and daytime functioning. The present work describes its biotransformation ... ...

    Abstract Daridorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist developed for the treatment of insomnia disorder and has shown improvement in sleep outcomes and daytime functioning. The present work describes its biotransformation pathways
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Rats ; Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists ; Imidazoles ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/drug therapy ; Pyrrolidines
    Chemical Substances daridorexant ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists ; Imidazoles ; Pyrrolidines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120287-x
    ISSN 1366-5928 ; 0049-8254
    ISSN (online) 1366-5928
    ISSN 0049-8254
    DOI 10.1080/00498254.2023.2183159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Effect of nivasorexant (ACT-539313), a selective orexin-1-receptor antagonist, on multiple cytochrome P450 probe substrates in vitro and in vivo using a cocktail approach in healthy subjects.

    Berger, Benjamin / Kaufmann, Priska / Berse, Matthias / Treiber, Alexander / Grignaschi, Nathalie / Dingemanse, Jasper

    Pharmacology research & perspectives

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) e01143

    Abstract: Nivasorexant, a selective orexin-1-receptor antagonist, has recently been assessed in the treatment of humans with binge-eating disorder. Herein, the inhibitory potential of nivasorexant on cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 was evaluated. Human ... ...

    Abstract Nivasorexant, a selective orexin-1-receptor antagonist, has recently been assessed in the treatment of humans with binge-eating disorder. Herein, the inhibitory potential of nivasorexant on cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 was evaluated. Human liver microsomes/recombinant CYP enzymes were evaluated in vitro. In vivo, a single-center, open-label, fixed-sequence study was performed in healthy adults to explore the effect of 100 mg nivasorexant administered twice daily (b.i.d.) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of flurbiprofen (50 mg, CYP2C9), omeprazole (20 mg, CYP2C19), midazolam (2 mg, CYP3A4) making use of a cocktail approach. Plasma PK sampling was performed over 24 h on Day 1 (Cocktail alone), 8 (Cocktail + nivasorexant), and 15 (Cocktail + nivasorexant at steady state). Genotyping of subjects' CYPs was performed while safety and tolerability were also assessed. In vitro, nivasorexant inhibited CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 in competitive inhibition assays with IC
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; Orexins ; Midazolam ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors ; Healthy Volunteers ; Flurbiprofen ; Drug Interactions ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; Omeprazole/pharmacokinetics
    Chemical Substances Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 (EC 1.14.13.-) ; Orexins ; Midazolam (R60L0SM5BC) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors ; Flurbiprofen (5GRO578KLP) ; ACT-539313 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Omeprazole (KG60484QX9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2740389-0
    ISSN 2052-1707 ; 2052-1707
    ISSN (online) 2052-1707
    ISSN 2052-1707
    DOI 10.1002/prp2.1143
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Discovery of Nivasorexant (ACT-539313): The First Selective Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist (SO1RA) Investigated in Clinical Trials.

    Williams, Jodi T / Bolli, Martin H / Brotschi, Christine / Sifferlen, Thierry / Steiner, Michel A / Treiber, Alexander / Gatfield, John / Boss, Christoph

    Journal of medicinal chemistry

    2024  Volume 67, Issue 4, Page(s) 2337–2348

    Abstract: The orexin system consists of two neuropeptides (orexins A and B) and two receptors (OX1 and OX2). Selective OX1 receptor antagonists (SO1RA) are gaining interest for their potential use in the treatment of CNS disorders, including substance abuse, ... ...

    Abstract The orexin system consists of two neuropeptides (orexins A and B) and two receptors (OX1 and OX2). Selective OX1 receptor antagonists (SO1RA) are gaining interest for their potential use in the treatment of CNS disorders, including substance abuse, eating, obsessive compulsive, or anxiety disorders. While blocking OX2 reduces wakefulness, the expected advantage of selectively antagonizing OX1 is the ability to achieve clinical efficacy without the promotion of sleep. Herein we report our discovery efforts starting from a dual orexin receptor antagonist and describe a serendipitous finding that triggered a medicinal chemistry program that culminated in the identification of the potent SO1RA ACT-539313. Efficacy in a rat model of schedule-induced polydipsia supported the decision to select the compound as a preclinical candidate. Nivasorexant (
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Animals ; Orexins ; Neuropeptides/pharmacology ; Orexin Receptors ; Morpholines ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Orexins ; ACT-539313 ; Neuropeptides ; Orexin Receptors ; Morpholines ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 218133-2
    ISSN 1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
    ISSN (online) 1520-4804
    ISSN 0022-2623
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01894
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Pyrazole derivatives as selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORA): synthesis, structure-activity-relationship, and sleep-promoting properties in rats.

    Brotschi, Christine / Bolli, Martin H / Gatfield, John / Roch, Catherine / Sifferlen, Thierry / Treiber, Alexander / Williams, Jodi T / Boss, Christoph

    RSC medicinal chemistry

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 344–354

    Abstract: Selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists (2-SORA) such as seltorexant (15) are in clinical development for the treatment of insomnia and other conditions such as depression. Herein, we report our structure-activity-relationship (SAR) optimization efforts ... ...

    Abstract Selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists (2-SORA) such as seltorexant (15) are in clinical development for the treatment of insomnia and other conditions such as depression. Herein, we report our structure-activity-relationship (SAR) optimization efforts starting from an HTS hit (1) (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2632-8682
    ISSN (online) 2632-8682
    DOI 10.1039/d3md00573a
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: CYP3A4 Catalyzes the Rearrangement of the Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist Daridorexant to 4-Hydroxypiperidinol Metabolites.

    Treiber, Alexander / Aissaoui, Hamed / Delahaye, Stéphane / Glutz, Sven / Grimont, Julien / Müller, Claus / Seeland, Swen / Siefken, Valérie / Boss, Christoph

    ChemMedChem

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) e202300030

    Abstract: The dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant was approved in 2022 in the USA and EU for the treatment of insomnia. The purpose of this study was the identification of its metabolic pathways and the human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes involved in its ...

    Abstract The dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant was approved in 2022 in the USA and EU for the treatment of insomnia. The purpose of this study was the identification of its metabolic pathways and the human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes involved in its biotransformation. With human liver microsomes, daridorexant underwent hydroxylation at the methyl group of the benzimidazole moiety, oxidative O-demethylation of the anisole to the corresponding phenol, and hydroxylation to a 4-hydroxy piperidinol derivative. While the chemical structures of the benzylic alcohol and the phenol proved to be products of standard P450 reactions, 1D and 2D NMR data of the latter hydroxylation product was incompatible with the initially postulated hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring and suggested the disappearance of the pyrrolidine ring and formation of a new 6-membered ring. Its formation is best explained by initial hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring in 5-position to yield a cyclic hemiaminal. Hydrolytic ring opening then results in an aldehyde that subsequently cyclizes onto one of the benzimidazole nitrogen atoms to yield the final 4-hydroxy piperidinol. The proposed mechanism was substantiated using an N-methylated analogue, which might hydrolyze to the open-chain aldehyde but cannot undergo the final cyclization step. CYP3A4 was the major P450 enzyme responsible for daridorexant metabolism, accounting for 89 % of metabolic turnover.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Pyrrolidines/pharmacology ; Microsomes, Liver/metabolism ; Benzimidazoles/pharmacology ; Phenols/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; daridorexant ; Orexin Receptor Antagonists ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Pyrrolidines ; Benzimidazoles ; Phenols ; CYP3A4 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.55)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-12
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2218496-X
    ISSN 1860-7187 ; 1860-7179
    ISSN (online) 1860-7187
    ISSN 1860-7179
    DOI 10.1002/cmdc.202300030
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  8. Article ; Online: Evaluating the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist nivasorexant in an animal model of binge-eating disorder.

    Steiner, Michel Alexander / Botticelli, Luca / Bergamini, Giorgio / Micioni Di Bonaventura, Emanuela / Gatfield, John / Williams, Jodi T / Treiber, Alexander / Vaillant, Catherine / Cifani, Carlo / Micioni Di Bonaventura, Maria Vittoria

    The International journal of eating disorders

    2024  

    Abstract: Objective: Test the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist (SO1RA) nivasorexant in an animal model of binge-eating disorder (BED) and study its dose-response relationship considering free brain concentrations and calculated OX1R ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Test the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist (SO1RA) nivasorexant in an animal model of binge-eating disorder (BED) and study its dose-response relationship considering free brain concentrations and calculated OX1R occupancy. Compare nivasorexant's profile to that of other, structurally diverse SO1RAs. Gain understanding of potential changes in orexin-A (OXA) neuropeptide and deltaFosB (ΔFosB) protein expression possibly underlying the development of the binge-eating phenotype in the rat model used.
    Method: Binge-like eating of highly palatable food (HPF) in rats was induced through priming by intermittent, repeated periods of dieting and access to HPF, followed by an additional challenge with acute stress. Effects of nivasorexant were compared to the SO1RAs ACT-335827 and IDOR-1104-2408. OXA expression in neurons and neuronal fibers as well as ΔFosB and OXA-ΔFosB co-expression was studied in relevant brain regions using immuno- or immunofluorescent histochemistry.
    Results: All SO1RAs dose-dependently reduced binge-like eating with effect sizes comparable to the positive control topiramate, at unbound drug concentrations selectively blocking brain OX1Rs. Nivasorexant's efficacy was maintained upon chronic dosing and under conditions involving more frequent stress exposure. Priming for binge-like eating or nivasorexant treatment resulted in only minor changes in OXA or ΔFosB expression in few brain areas.
    Discussion: Selective OX1R blockade reduced binge-like eating in rats. Neither ΔFosB nor OXA expression proved to be a useful classifier for their binge-eating phenotype. The current results formed the basis for a clinical phase II trial in BED, in which nivasorexant was unfortunately not efficacious compared with placebo.
    Public significance: Nivasorexant is a new investigational drug for the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED). It underwent clinical testing in a phase II proof of concept trial in humans but was not efficacious compared with placebo. The current manuscript investigated the drug's efficacy in reducing binge-like eating behavior of a highly palatable sweet and fat diet in a rat model of BED, which initially laid the foundation for the clinical trial.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603170-5
    ISSN 1098-108X ; 0276-3478
    ISSN (online) 1098-108X
    ISSN 0276-3478
    DOI 10.1002/eat.24181
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  9. Article ; Online: The endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A cross-species comparison of its cytochrome P450 induction pattern.

    Treiber, Alexander / Delahaye, Stephane / Seeland, Swen / Gnerre, Carmela

    Pharmacology research & perspectives

    2018  Volume 8, Issue 4, Page(s) e00619

    Abstract: The dual endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan was approved in 2013 for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Macitentan is an inducer of cytochrome P450 expression in vivo in animal species but not in man. In rat and dog, changes in P450 ...

    Abstract The dual endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan was approved in 2013 for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Macitentan is an inducer of cytochrome P450 expression in vivo in animal species but not in man. In rat and dog, changes in P450 expression manifest as autoinduction upon repeat dosing. The induction pattern, however, significantly differed between both species, and between male and female rats. While macitentan exposure steadily declined with dose in the dog, P450 induction was saturable in the rat reaching levels of 40%-60% and 60%-80% at steady-state in male and female animals, respectively. The nature and number of P450 enzymes involved in macitentan clearance were identified as a major reason for the observed species differences. In the dog, macitentan was metabolized by a single P450 enzyme, that is, Cyp3a12, whereas several members of the Cyp2c and Cyp3a families were involved in the rat. Macitentan selectively upregulated Cyp3a expression in rat, whereas the expression of the Cyp2c enzymes involved in macitentan metabolism remained mostly unchanged, eventually leading to a higher contribution of Cyp3a upon induction. Macitentan also induced CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes via initial activation of the human pregnane X receptor. No such induction was evident in humans at the therapeutic macitentan dose of 10 mg as shown in a clinical drug-drug interaction study with the CYP3A4 substrate sildenafil.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers/administration & dosage ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Interactions ; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage ; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Enzyme Induction/drug effects ; Female ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnane X Receptor/drug effects ; Pregnane X Receptor/metabolism ; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/drug therapy ; Pyrimidines/administration & dosage ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Species Specificity ; Sulfonamides/administration & dosage ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers ; Endothelin Receptor Antagonists ; NR1I2 protein, human ; Pregnane X Receptor ; Pyrimidines ; Sulfonamides ; macitentan (Z9K9Y9WMVL)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2740389-0
    ISSN 2052-1707 ; 2052-1707
    ISSN (online) 2052-1707
    ISSN 2052-1707
    DOI 10.1002/prp2.619
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  10. Article ; Online: Pharmacokinetics of the selective prostacyclin receptor agonist selexipag in rats, dogs and monkeys.

    Ichikawa, Tomohiko / Yamada, Tetsuhiro / Treiber, Alexander / Gnerre, Carmela / Nonaka, Kiyoko

    Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems

    2017  , Page(s) 1–11

    Abstract: 1. This study examined the pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the selective prostacyclin receptor agonist selexipag (NS-304; ACT-293987) and its active metabolite MRE-269 (ACT-33679). The compounds were investigated following ... ...

    Abstract 1. This study examined the pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the selective prostacyclin receptor agonist selexipag (NS-304; ACT-293987) and its active metabolite MRE-269 (ACT-33679). The compounds were investigated following oral and/or intravenous administration to intact rats, dogs and monkeys, and bile-duct-cannulated rats and dogs. 2. After oral administration of [
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-03-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120287-x
    ISSN 1366-5928 ; 0049-8254
    ISSN (online) 1366-5928
    ISSN 0049-8254
    DOI 10.1080/00498254.2017.1294277
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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