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Article: Prenatal and Postnatal Nutrition Influence Pancreatic and Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities of Ruminants.

Trotta, Ronald J / Swanson, Kendall C

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract: In ruminant livestock species, nutrition can play an important role in the long-term programming of gastrointestinal function. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzymes are important for postruminal digestion of carbohydrates and protein. ... ...

Abstract	In ruminant livestock species, nutrition can play an important role in the long-term programming of gastrointestinal function. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzymes are important for postruminal digestion of carbohydrates and protein. Carbohydrases have been shown to respond to changes in the level of feed intake and the dietary inclusion of specific nutrients, including arginine, butyrate, folic acid, fructose, and leucine. Understanding how diet influences enzyme development and activity during prenatal and postnatal life could lead to the development of dietary strategies to optimize offspring growth and development to increase digestive efficiency of ruminant livestock species. More research is needed to understand how changes in fetal or neonatal carbohydrase activities in response to nutrition influence long-term growth performance and efficiency in ruminant livestock species to optimize nutritional strategies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani11010171
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Article ; Online: Duration of ergovaline exposure influences serotonin-mediated vasoactivity of bovine mesenteric vasculature.

Trotta, Ronald J / Harmon, David L / Ji, Huihua / Klotz, James L

Journal of animal science

2023 Volume 101

Abstract: Ergovaline (ERV), produced in toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue, causes potent vasoconstriction of bovine peripheral and visceral vasculature. Ergovaline acts as both an agonist and an antagonist in bovine gut blood vessels through serotonin (5-HT) ... ...

Abstract	Ergovaline (ERV), produced in toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue, causes potent vasoconstriction of bovine peripheral and visceral vasculature. Ergovaline acts as both an agonist and an antagonist in bovine gut blood vessels through serotonin (5-HT) receptors and it appears that the type of action could be influenced by the extent of ERV exposure. Because it was unclear how the duration of ERV exposure influences 5-HT-mediated vasoactivity, experiments were designed to evaluate how simultaneous or prior ERV exposure influenced 5-HT-mediated vasoactivity of mesenteric artery (MA) and vein (MV) segments from Holstein steers (N = 10). Vessels were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 0, 0.01, or 0.1 μM ERV for 24 h prior to the 5-HT dose-response or exposed to fixed concentrations of 0, 0.01, or 0.1 μM ERV simultaneously during the 5-HT dose-response. Vessels were suspended in chambers of a multimyograph containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer and equilibrated to 1 g tension for 90 min. Vessels were exposed to increasing concentrations of 5-HT (5 × 10-8 M to 1 × 10-4 M) every 15 min and contractile responses were normalized as a percentage of the maximum contractile response induced by 120 mM KCl reference addition. Two-way analysis of variance was used to separately analyze data for each vessel type and duration of exposure using the MIXED procedure of SAS. When 5-HT concentration increased from 5 × 10-8 to 1 × 10-6 M, simultaneous addition of 0.1 μM ERV increased (P < 0.01) the contractile response of MV compared with additions of 0 and 0.01 μM ERV. At 1 × 10-4 M 5-HT, the simultaneous presence of 0.01 and 0.1 μM ERV decreased (P < 0.01) the contractile response of both MA and MV compared with 0 μM ERV addition. As 5-HT concentrations increased, the contractile response increased (P < 0.01) in both MA and MV with no previous ERV exposure, but decreased in MA and MV with 24 h prior exposure to 0.01 and 0.1 μM ERV. These data demonstrate that the duration of ERV exposure influences 5-HT-mediated vasoconstriction and likely vasorelaxation in bovine mesenteric vasculature. If ERV and 5-HT exposure occur simultaneously, ERV can act as a partial agonist of 5-HT-mediated vasoconstriction. If 5-HT exposure occurs after blood vessels have had prior ERV exposure, it appears that 5-HT may induce vasorelaxation of blood vessels. More research is needed to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms involved with 5-HT-mediated vasoactivity.
MeSH term(s)	Cattle ; Animals ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Ergot Alkaloids/toxicity ; Ergotamines/toxicity ; Receptors, Serotonin ; Animal Feed/analysis
Chemical Substances	ergovaline (059E2O9IV4) ; Serotonin (333DO1RDJY) ; Ergot Alkaloids ; Krebs-Henseleit solution ; Ergotamines ; Receptors, Serotonin
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skad100
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Article ; Online: Postruminal Casein Infusion and Exogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Administration Differentially Stimulate Pancreatic α-Amylase and Small Intestinal α-Glucosidase Activity in Cattle.

Trotta, Ronald J / Swanson, Kendall C / Klotz, James L / Harmon, David L

The Journal of nutrition

2023 Volume 153, Issue 10, Page(s) 2854–2867

Abstract: Background: Increasing luminal carbohydrate flow decreases pancreatic α-amylase activity but can increase jejunal maltase activity, suggesting that regulation of carbohydrase activity is perhaps uncoordinated in response to luminal carbohydrate flow. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Increasing luminal carbohydrate flow decreases pancreatic α-amylase activity but can increase jejunal maltase activity, suggesting that regulation of carbohydrase activity is perhaps uncoordinated in response to luminal carbohydrate flow. Increasing luminal casein flow increases pancreatic α-amylase activity in cattle, and exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to increase small intestinal α-glucosidase activity in nonruminants. Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the effects of postruminal casein infusion, exogenous GLP-2, or their combination on endogenous pancreatic and small intestinal carbohydrase activity in cattle postruminally infused with starch. Methods: Holstein steers [n = 24; 250 ± 23 kg body weight (BW)] received a continuous abomasal infusion of 3.94 g raw corn starch/kg of BW combined with either 0 or 1.30 g casein/kg of BW. Steers received subcutaneous injections in 2 equal portions daily of excipient (0.5% bovine serum albumin) or 100 μg GLP-2/kg of BW per day. At the end of the 7-d treatment period, steers were slaughtered for tissue collection. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). Results: Postruminal casein infusion increased (P ≤ 0.03) pancreatic mass by 12.6%, total pancreatic α-amylase activity by 50%, and postruminal starch disappearance from 96.7% to 99.3%. Exogenous GLP-2 increased (P < 0.01) total small intestinal and mucosal mass by 1.2 kg and 896 g, respectively. Relative to control, GLP-2 and casein + GLP-2 increased (P = 0.04) total small intestinal α-glucosidase activity by 83.5%. Total small intestinal maltase, isomaltase, and glucoamylase activity was 90%, 100%, and 66.7% greater for GLP-2 and casein + GLP-2 steers compared with control. Conclusions: Casein increased pancreatic α-amylase activity, GLP-2 increased small intestinal α-glucosidase activity, and the combination of casein and GLP-2 increased both pancreatic α-amylase activity and small intestinal α-glucosidase activity. This novel approach provides an in vivo model to evaluate effects of increasing endogenous carbohydrase activity on small intestinal starch digestion.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
DOI	10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.009
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Article ; Online: Levodopa attenuates the feed intake reduction caused by ergot alkaloids in cattle.

Valente, Eriton E L / Klotz, James L / Markmann, Ryana C / Trotta, Ronald J / Edwards, J Lannett / May, John B / Harmon, David L

Journal of animal science

2024 Volume 102

Abstract: Consumption of ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue results in losses to the livestock industry in many countries and a means to mitigate these losses is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate intra-abomasal infusion of the ... ...

Abstract	Consumption of ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue results in losses to the livestock industry in many countries and a means to mitigate these losses is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate intra-abomasal infusion of the dopamine precursor, levodopa (L-DOPA), on dopamine metabolism, feed intake, and serum metabolites of steers exposed to ergot alkaloids. Twelve Holstein steers (344.9 ± 9.48 kg) fitted with ruminal cannula were housed with a cycle of heat challenge during the daytime (32 °C) and thermoneutral at night (25 °C). The steers received a basal diet of alfalfa cubes containing equal amounts of tall fescue seed composed of a mixture of endophyte-free (E-) or endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds (E+) equivalent to 15 µg ergovaline/kg body weight (BW) for 9 d followed by intra-abomasal infusion of water (L-DOPA-) or levodopa (L-DOPA+; 2 mg/kg BW) for an additional 9 d. Afterward, the steers were pair-fed for 5 d to conduct a glucose tolerance test. The E+ treatment decreased (P = 0.005) prolactin by approximately 50%. However, prolactin increased (P = 0.050) with L-DOPA+. Steers receiving E+ decreased (P < 0.001) dry matter intake (DMI); however, when supplemented with L-DOPA+ the decrease in DMI was less severe (L-DOPA × E, P = 0.003). Also, L-DOPA+ infusion increased eating duration (L-DOPA × E, P = 0.012) when steers were receiving E+. The number of meals, meal duration, and intake rate were not affected (P > 0.05) by E+ or L-DOPA+. The L-DOPA+ infusion increased (P < 0.05) free L-DOPA, free dopamine, total L-DOPA, and total dopamine. Conversely, free epinephrine and free norepinephrine decreased (P < 0.05) with L-DOPA+. Total epinephrine and total norepinephrine were not affected (P > 0.05) by L-DOPA+. Ergot alkaloids did not affect (P > 0.05) circulating free or total L-DOPA, dopamine, or epinephrine. However, free and total norepinephrine decreased (P = 0.046) with E+. Glucose clearance rates at 15 to 30 min after glucose infusion increased with L-DOPA+ (P < 0.001), but not with E+ (P = 0.280). Administration of L-DOPA as an agonist therapy to treat fescue toxicosis provided a moderate increase in DMI and eating time and increased plasma glucose clearance for cattle dosed with E+ seed.
MeSH term(s)	Cattle ; Animals ; Ergot Alkaloids/toxicity ; Levodopa ; Dopamine ; Prolactin ; Eating ; Festuca ; Lolium ; Endophytes ; Norepinephrine ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Epinephrine ; Glucose
Chemical Substances	Ergot Alkaloids ; Levodopa (46627O600J) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Prolactin (9002-62-4) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV) ; Epinephrine (YKH834O4BH) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skae078
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Article: Influence of Anti-Coccidial Compounds and Phytogenic Saponin Extracts on In Vitro and In Vivo Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Production of Cattle.

Trotta, Ronald J / Kreikemeier, Kelly K / Foote, Scott / McLeod, Kyle R / Harmon, David L

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 13, Issue 14

Abstract: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate sources of anti-coccidial compounds and phytogenic saponin extracts on in vitro and in vivo ruminal fermentation and ... ...

Abstract	Four experiments were conducted to evaluate sources of anti-coccidial compounds and phytogenic saponin extracts on in vitro and in vivo ruminal fermentation and CH
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13142308
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Article ; Online: In vitro gas production kinetics are influenced by grain processing, flake density, starch retrogradation, and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract containing α-amylase activity.

Schiff, Amanda P / Trotta, Ronald J / Holder, Vaughn / Kreikemeier, Kelly K / Harmon, David L

Journal of animal science

2023 Volume 101

Abstract: Grain processing such as particle size, flake density, or starch retrogradation can influence ruminal degradability characteristics; however, it is unclear how exogenous α-amylase supplementation interacts with different processed grains. Four ... ...

Abstract	Grain processing such as particle size, flake density, or starch retrogradation can influence ruminal degradability characteristics; however, it is unclear how exogenous α-amylase supplementation interacts with different processed grains. Four experiments were conducted to compare the effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaize; Alltech Biotechnology Inc., Nicholasville, KY) supplementation on in vitro gas production kinetics of grain substrates with different processing methods that are common in the feedlot industry. In experiment 1, corn processing (dry-rolled, high-moisture, steam-flaked) and Amaize supplementation (0 or 15 U α-amylase activity/100 mL) were evaluated in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The rate of gas production for dry-rolled corn was higher (P < 0.001) with Amaize supplementation. In experiment 2, flake density (296, 322, 348, 373, and 399 g/L) and starch retrogradation (storage in heat-sealed foil bags for 3 d at 23 or 55°C) were evaluated in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. There was a flake density × starch retrogradation interaction (P < 0.01) for the rate of gas production because the decrease in the rate of gas production with starch retrogradation was greater at lighter flake densities compared with heavier flake densities. In experiment 3, Amaize supplementation was evaluated across flake densities of nonretrograded steam-flaked corn (stored at 23°C) used in experiment 2. There was a flake density × Amaize interaction (P < 0.01) for the rate of gas production where Amaize supplementation resulted in a lower rate of gas production at lighter flake densities (296, 322, and 348 g/L) but a higher rate of gas production at heavier flake densities (373 and 399 g/L). In experiment 4, Amaize supplementation was evaluated across flake densities of retrograded steam-flaked corn (stored at 55°C) used in experiment 2. Gas production was lower after 24 h with Amaize supplementation for retrograded flakes produced to a density of 322 and 399 g/L while Amaize supplementation did not influence gas production at 24 h at other flake densities. There was a flake density × Amaize interaction for the rate of gas production because Amaize supplementation resulted in a faster (P < 0.01) rate of gas production for all flake densities except retrograded flakes produced to a density of 296 g/L. Enzymatic starch availability was positively correlated with the rate of gas production. These data demonstrate that supplementation of 15 U/100 mL of Amaize resulted in greater rates of gas production for dry-rolled corn, corn steam-flaked to heavier densities, and retrograded steam-flaked corn.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Digestion ; Aspergillus oryzae/metabolism ; Starch/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Steam ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Food Handling/methods ; Zea mays/metabolism ; Edible Grain/metabolism ; alpha-Amylases ; Plant Extracts ; Rumen/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Starch (9005-25-8) ; Steam ; alpha-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skad031
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Article ; Online: Influence of Anti-Coccidial Compounds and Phytogenic Saponin Extracts on In Vitro and In Vivo Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Production of Cattle

Trotta, Ronald J. / Kreikemeier, Kelly K. / Foote, Scott / McLeod, Kyle R. / Harmon, David L.

Animals. 2023 July 14, v. 13, no. 14

2023

Abstract: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate sources of anti-coccidial compounds and phytogenic saponin extracts on in vitro and in vivo ruminal fermentation and CH₄ production at multiple inclusion levels. In experiment 1, eight steers were fed either a ... ...

Abstract	Four experiments were conducted to evaluate sources of anti-coccidial compounds and phytogenic saponin extracts on in vitro and in vivo ruminal fermentation and CH₄ production at multiple inclusion levels. In experiment 1, eight steers were fed either a finishing diet or a finishing diet supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg BW decoquinate (DCQ) and 3.33 mg/kg BW Yucca schidigera extract (YSE), and respiratory gas exchange was measured. In experiment 2, four ruminally-cannulated steers were fed the same treatments as experiment 1, and ruminal fermentation was evaluated. Anti-coccidial sources (experiment 3; monensin, DCQ, amprolium) and saponin sources (experiment 4; YSE, Quillaja saponaria extract) and levels were evaluated for effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation and CH₄ production. DCQ + YSE supplementation did not influence (p ≥ 0.24) in vivo respiratory gas consumption/production, in situ DM degradation, or liquid passage kinetics. Ruminal propionate proportion tended to increase (p = 0.09) with DCQ + YSE. Monensin decreased (p ≤ 0.04) in vitro acetate:propionate and CH₄ production; saponin supplementation linearly increased (p < 0.01) propionate proportion but did not influence (p ≥ 0.38) in vitro CH₄ production. Saponins and non-antibiotic anti-coccidials did not influence in vitro or in vivo CH₄ production with finishing diets.
Keywords	Quillaja saponaria ; Yucca schidigera ; amprolium ; cattle ; coccidiostats ; decoquinate ; diet ; gas exchange ; liquids ; methane production ; monensin ; propionic acid ; rumen fermentation ; saponins
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0714
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13142308
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Influence of dietary fructose supplementation on visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of genes involved in small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation in neonatal calves.

Trotta, Ronald J / Ward, Alison K / Swanson, Kendall C

Journal of dairy science

2020 Volume 103, Issue 11, Page(s) 10060–10073

Abstract: The hypothesis of this experiment was that dietary fructose would influence visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of carbohydrases and nutrient transporters in the small intestine in neonatal calves. Therefore, our objective was ...

Abstract	The hypothesis of this experiment was that dietary fructose would influence visceral organ mass, carbohydrase activity, and mRNA expression of carbohydrases and nutrient transporters in the small intestine in neonatal calves. Therefore, our objective was to use the neonatal calf as a model to evaluate the effects of postruminal fructose supply on small intestinal carbohydrate assimilation. Ten calves (<7 d of age; 41.2 ± 1.46 kg of body weight) were fed milk replacer at 2.0% of body weight daily (816 ± 90.5 g/d; 272 ± 30.1 g/L; dry-matter basis) in 2 equal portions and assigned to the following dietary treatment groups: (1) milk replacer (control; n = 6) or (2) milk replacer + 2.2 g of fructose/kg of body weight (fructose; n = 4). Calves were fed dietary treatments for 28 d, with jugular blood sampled every 7 d before and after the morning feeding. Calves were slaughtered, and visceral weights were recorded. Postruminal carbohydrase activities were assayed. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted for small intestinal mRNA expression of nutrient transporters [solute carrier family 2 member 5 (GLUT5), solute carrier family 2 member 2 (GLUT2), and solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SGLT1)], carbohydrases (lactase, maltase-glucoamylase, and sucrase-isomaltase), and ketohexokinase (KHK). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Dietary fructose supplementation decreased serum glucose concentration. Small intestinal mass was greater in calves supplemented with fructose. Dietary fructose supplementation did not influence pancreatic α-amylase, small intestinal isomaltase, or maltase activities. Sucrase activity was undetected in the small intestine. Dietary fructose supplementation increased small intestinal glucoamylase activity per gram of tissue by 30% and increased maltase-glucoamylase mRNA expression by 6.8-fold. Dietary fructose supplementation did not influence mRNA expression of GLUT5, SGLT1, GLUT2, or KHK. Dietary fructose supplementation increased small intestinal lactase mRNA expression by 3.1-fold. Sucrase-isomaltase mRNA expression in the small intestine decreased 5.1-fold with dietary fructose supplementation. Dietary fructose supplementation does not induce sucrase activity in neonatal calves; however, sucrase-isomaltase may be transcriptionally regulated by dietary fructose in neonatal calves. More research is needed to compare glucose and fructose at isocaloric intakes to examine effects of dietary fructose at equal metabolizable energy intake.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics ; Cattle/metabolism ; Diet/veterinary ; Dietary Supplements/analysis ; Fructose/pharmacology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glycoside Hydrolases/genetics ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism ; Intestine, Small/metabolism ; Milk Substitutes/metabolism ; Nutrients/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger ; Fructose (30237-26-4) ; Glycoside Hydrolases (EC 3.2.1.-) ; carbohydrase (EC 3.2.1.-) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2020-18145
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Article ; Online: Influence of form of selenium supplementation and tall fescue endophyte toxicity on growth performance, serum parameters, and tissue masses of grazing beef steers.

Webb, Kelsie L / Trotta, Ronald J / Jia, Yang / Bridges, Phillip J / Matthews, James C

Translational animal science

2022 Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) txac122

Abstract: To test the hypothesis that average daily gain (ADG) and clinical parameters of steers grazing novel non-toxic (NTE) or toxic KY-31 (TE) endophyte-infected tall fescue would be improved by ad libitum intake of vitamin-mineral mixes (V-M) that contain 27 ... ...

Abstract	To test the hypothesis that average daily gain (ADG) and clinical parameters of steers grazing novel non-toxic (NTE) or toxic KY-31 (TE) endophyte-infected tall fescue would be improved by ad libitum intake of vitamin-mineral mixes (V-M) that contain 27 ppm Se as a 1:1 blend of SELPLEX:sodium selenite (MIX) vs. sodium selenite (ISe), 32 fescue-naïve beef steers partially depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption ISe vs. MIX for 35 days and fed enough of a NTE/alfalfa/grain diet to achieve 0.57 kg BW gain/day. Then, within Se-form treatments, two steers were randomly assigned to each of four NTE (ISe = 316 ± 31 kg BW, MIX = 315 ± 22 kg BW) or TE (ISe = 316 ± 37 kg BW, MIX = 314 ± 39 kg BW) paddocks for 84 days and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effects of day, Se-form (ISe, MIX) and endophyte (NTE, TE) treatments, and their interactions. Whole blood Se decreased (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txac122
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Article ; Online: Corn processing, flake density, and starch retrogradation influence ruminal solubility of starch, fiber, protein, and minerals.

Trotta, Ronald J / Kreikemeier, Kelly K / Royle, Randy F / Milton, Todd / Harmon, David L

Journal of animal science

2022 Volume 100, Issue 6

Abstract: Five ruminally cannulated steers (body weight = 390 ± 7.86 kg) were used in three experiments to evaluate effects of corn processing, flake density, and starch retrogradation on in situ ruminal degradation. In experiment 1, corn was left whole or ... ...

Abstract	Five ruminally cannulated steers (body weight = 390 ± 7.86 kg) were used in three experiments to evaluate effects of corn processing, flake density, and starch retrogradation on in situ ruminal degradation. In experiment 1, corn was left whole or processed with no screen, ground through a 6-mm screen, or ground through a 1-mm screen. In experiment 2, we produced steam-flaked corn at four densities: 309, 335, 360, and 386 g/L. These four flake densities were sifted for 20 s through a 4-mm screen to produce two particle sizes within each flake density: sifted flakes (>4 mm) and sifted fines (<4 mm). In experiment 3, sifted flakes (335 g/L) were stored for 3-d at either 23 °C (starch availability = 55%) or 55 °C to induce starch retrogradation (starch availability = 41%). All samples for each of the three experiments were weighed into nylon bags and ruminally incubated for 0-h to estimate the soluble fraction. The residue remaining was analyzed for nutrient composition. In experiment 1, whole shelled corn had lesser (P < 0.01) ruminal solubility of all nutrients measured compared with ground corn. Corn ground with a screen (6 and 1 mm) had greater (P < 0.01) ruminal solubility of all nutrients measured compared with corn ground with no screen. Corn ground through a 1-mm screen had greater (P < 0.03) ruminal solubility of DM, total starch, CP, ADF, AHF, P, Mg, K, S, Zn, Fe, and Mn compared with corn ground through a 6-mm screen. In experiment 2, increasing flake density linearly decreased (P < 0.02) the soluble fraction of DM, total starch, CP, ADF, AHF, P, K, S, and Zn of sifted flakes. The soluble DM fraction of sifted fines tended to decrease (P = 0.06) linearly with increasing flake density. Total starch, CP, NDF, and Zn soluble fractions of sifted fines were not influenced by flake density. In experiment 3, storage of sifted flakes in heat-sealed foil bags at 55 °C for 3-d decreased (P < 0.04) the soluble fractions of DM, total starch, CP, NDF, P, Mg, K, S, and Fe. With each increase in the degree of corn processing, there was an increase in the solubility of nutrients. Increasing flake density can decrease ruminal solubility of flakes; however, the soluble fraction of sifted fines is not influenced as much by changes in flake density. Inducing starch retrogradation decreases ruminal solubility of starch, nonstarch OM, and minerals.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Diet/veterinary ; Dietary Fiber/metabolism ; Digestion ; Food Handling ; Minerals/metabolism ; Rumen/metabolism ; Solubility ; Starch/metabolism ; Zea mays/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Dietary Fiber ; Minerals ; Starch (9005-25-8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skac149
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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