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Article: Operationalizing undifferentiated affect: Validity and utility in clinical samples.

Lane, Sean P / Trull, Timothy J

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 690030

Abstract: Emotion differentiation is conceptualized as the process of categorizing one's general affective experiences into discrete emotions. The experience of undifferentiated affect or the inability to distinguish the particular emotion or combination of ... ...

Abstract	Emotion differentiation is conceptualized as the process of categorizing one's general affective experiences into discrete emotions. The experience of undifferentiated affect or the inability to distinguish the particular emotion or combination of emotions that one is experiencing is often considered a hallmark of emotion dysregulation. Some past research has attempted to operationalize the general tendency to experience undifferentiated affect at the trait level using explicit questionnaire measures. More recently, indirect measures using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to estimate the consistency between simultaneous measures of different in-the-moment emotional experiences have become the favored method of quantifying undifferentiated affect. While the ICC method constitutes an advancement in estimating undifferentiated affect, which is theorized to be a dynamic process that occurs at a very granular level, prior investigations have used aggregate ICC measures or momentary ICC derivations that ignore multiple sources of dynamic variability to make inferences about in-the-moment experiences. We introduce a new, flexible method of calculating ICC measures of undifferentiated affect at different levels of experience that takes full advantage of time-intensive data measurement and more closely maps onto the theorized process. This method provides more refined estimates of undifferentiated affect and its associations with various behavioral outcomes, as well as uncovers more nuanced associations regarding the temporal process of emotional differentiation. It also elucidates potential conceptual issues in mapping empirical estimates of emotion undifferentiation onto their underlying theoretical interpretations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2022.690030
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Pain before, during, and after nonsuicidal self-injury: Findings from a large web study.

Carpenter, Ryan W / Hepp, Johanna / Trull, Timothy J

Journal of psychopathology and clinical science

2023 Volume 132, Issue 8, Page(s) 984–995

Abstract: Competing models suggest that physical pain may play an important role in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) via pain onset or pain offset, or that pain may be absent (analgesia). Few studies have tested these models in the same sample or examined factors ... ...

Abstract	Competing models suggest that physical pain may play an important role in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) via pain onset or pain offset, or that pain may be absent (analgesia). Few studies have tested these models in the same sample or examined factors that could explain differences in NSSI pain experience. We assessed 1,630 individuals with NSSI histories in an online survey. We descriptively examined pain during NSSI and tested preregistered hypotheses that NSSI frequency, NSSI severity, borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, emotional pain, and dissociation during NSSI are associated with experiencing less NSSI pain. Exploratorily, we also tested whether self-punishment motives were associated with less NSSI pain. Almost all participants reported recent and frequent NSSI. Participants were heterogenous in their report of NSSI pain. We found minimal support for analgesia (reported by only 4.3% of participants). More participants reported pain onset than offset, but offset was associated with reductions in emotional pain. Emotional pain was elevated prior to NSSI and decreased significantly during and after NSSI. We found that higher dissociation during NSSI was associated with less NSSI pain. Contrary to hypotheses, NSSI severity, emotional pain prior to NSSI, and self-punishment motives were associated with
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Self-Injurious Behavior/epidemiology ; Self-Injurious Behavior/psychology ; Emotions ; Pain/epidemiology ; Pain/psychology ; Borderline Personality Disorder/epidemiology ; Borderline Personality Disorder/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3121059-4
ISSN	2769-755X
ISSN (online)	2769-755X
DOI	10.1037/abn0000853
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Article ; Online: Ambulatory Assessment of Borderline Personality Disorder.

Trull, Timothy J

Psychopathology

2018 Volume 51, Issue 2, Page(s) 137–140

Abstract: Ambulatory assessment (AA) is an important tool that promises to minimize retrospective biases while gathering ecologically valid data, including self-reports, physiological or biological data, and observed behavior, for example, from daily life ... ...

Abstract	Ambulatory assessment (AA) is an important tool that promises to minimize retrospective biases while gathering ecologically valid data, including self-reports, physiological or biological data, and observed behavior, for example, from daily life experiences. AA is well suited for studying borderline personality disorder (BPD) because it can measure moods and emotion (as well as dynamic mood processes, mood changes, and mood instability), problematic behaviors (including interpersonal conflicts, addictive behaviors, binge and purge episodes, and motoric activity), and problematic cognitions/expectancies/urges (e.g., rejection sensitivity, cravings, and self-harm urges) as they occur in daily life. In this article, I review existing AA research on BPD, and I discuss future applications of AA as well as limitations and considerations for future use.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Borderline Personality Disorder/diagnosis ; Borderline Personality Disorder/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2018
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	605604-0
ISSN	1423-033X ; 0254-4962
ISSN (online)	1423-033X
ISSN	0254-4962
DOI	10.1159/000486604
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Article ; Online: Daily Associations Between Injunctive Drinking Norms and Alcohol Consumption.

Warner, Olivia M / Porter, Anna M / Trull, Timothy J / McCarthy, Denis M

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

2024

Abstract: Objective: Perception of others' approval of alcohol use (i.e., injunctive drinking norms) is strongly predictive of alcohol use, particularly among young adults (Krieger et al., 2016). While between-person injunctive norms predict alcohol use ( ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Perception of others' approval of alcohol use (i.e., injunctive drinking norms) is strongly predictive of alcohol use, particularly among young adults (Krieger et al., 2016). While between-person injunctive norms predict alcohol use (Neighbors et al., 2008), there is evidence of within-person fluctuations in the relationship between norms and drinking (Graupensperger et al., 2021). The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to test within-person, day-level associations between injunctive norms and alcohol use, and to test whether social context moderated this association. Method: Participants (n=83, Results: Day-level injunctive norms were positively associated with drinking quantity over and above baseline norms. The effect of norms differed by social context such that norms were only positively related to drinking quantity when drinking with a friend or romantic partner (vs. drinking alone). Gender of friends with whom participants drank did not moderate the effect of norms on quantity. Conclusions: This study provides one of the first examinations of daily fluctuations in injunctive drinking norms. As norms represent a malleable target for intervention (White et al., 2019), results offer new information regarding possible intervention targets.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2266450-6
ISSN	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
ISSN (online)	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
ISSN	1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
DOI	10.15288/jsad.23-00250
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Article ; Online: Alcohol use in daily life: Examining the role of trait and state impulsivity facets.

Griffin, Sarah A / Trull, Timothy J

Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

2020 Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 199–207

Abstract: Objectives: Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods we aimed to investigate the influence of trait and state (momentary) impulsivity on alcohol use behaviors in daily life. Facets of the UPPS trait model of impulsivity (Whiteside & Lynam, ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods we aimed to investigate the influence of trait and state (momentary) impulsivity on alcohol use behaviors in daily life. Facets of the UPPS trait model of impulsivity (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001) have been found to differentially relate to alcohol-related outcomes and behaviors in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The present work expands on this by assessing UPPS facets in daily life and examining the contributions of trait and state impulsivity facets to daily life drinking behavior. Method: Forty-nine participants were prompted at least 6 times per day for 21 days. A total of 4,548 collected EMA reports were included in analyses. Multilevel models were computed predicting daily life alcohol use behaviors from state and trait impulsivity facets and relevant covariates. Results: Individual facets of momentary impulsivity differentially related to alcohol outcomes, such that (lack of) premeditation and, to a lesser extent, sensation seeking showed unique patterns of association with drinking and drinking quantity. Only trait levels of (lack of) premeditation were related to drinking behavior in daily life; no other trait UPPS scale significantly related to alcohol use. Conclusions: These results highlight state difficulties with premeditation as particularly relevant to drinking behavior in daily life. Our results also support the incremental validity of state impulsivity facets over trait level measures in relation to drinking behavior in daily life. These findings offer important insight into the phenomenology of daily life alcohol use and highlight possible avenues for intervention and prevention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Female ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Male ; Multilevel Analysis ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2101111-4
ISSN	1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
ISSN (online)	1939-1501
ISSN	0893-164X
DOI	10.1037/adb0000679
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Article: Pain before, during, and after nonsuicidal self-injury

Carpenter, Ryan W. / Hepp, Johanna / Trull, Timothy J.

Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science

Findings from a large Web study

2023 Volume 132, Issue 8, Page(s) 984–995

Title translation	Schmerzen vor, während und nach nicht-suizidalen Selbstverletzungen: Ergebnisse einer großen Webstudie
Abstract	Competing models suggest that physical pain may play an important role in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) via pain onset or pain offset, or that pain may be absent (analgesia). Few studies have tested these models in the same sample or examined factors that could explain differences in NSSI pain experience. We assessed 1,630 individuals with NSSI histories in an online survey. We descriptively examined pain during NSSI and tested preregistered hypotheses that NSSI frequency, NSSI severity, borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, emotional pain, and dissociation during NSSI are associated with experiencing less NSSI pain. Exploratorily, we also tested whether self-punishment motives were associated with less NSSI pain. Almost all participants reported recent and frequent NSSI. Participants were heterogenous in their report of NSSI pain. We found minimal support for analgesia (reported by only 4.3% of participants). More participants reported pain onset than offset, but offset was associated with reductions in emotional pain. Emotional pain was elevated prior to NSSI and decreased significantly during and after NSSI. We found that higher dissociation during NSSI was associated with less NSSI pain. Contrary to hypotheses, NSSI severity, emotional pain prior to NSSI, and self-punishment motives were associated with greater NSSI pain. NSSI frequency and BPD features were not associated with NSSI pain. BPD features interacted with dissociation and emotional pain prior to NSSI. Findings contrast with laboratory pain induction work, suggesting that, though people who self-harm may have heightened pain tolerance, they may seek to self-injure in a manner that results in pain.
Keywords	Analgesia ; Analgesie ; Borderline Personality Disorder ; Borderline-Persönlichkeit ; Emotionen ; Emotions ; Nicht-suizidale Selbstverletzung ; Nonsuicidal Self-Injury ; Pain ; Pain Perception ; Pain Thresholds ; Schmerz ; Schmerzschwellen ; Schmerzwahrnehmung
Language	English
Document type	Article
ISSN	2769-7541
ISSN	2769-7541
DOI	10.1037/abn0000853
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article: Ambulatory Assessment of Borderline Personality Disorder

Trull, Timothy J.

Psychopathology

2018 Volume 51, Issue 2, Page(s) 137–140

Institution	Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Abstract	Ambulatory assessment (AA) is an important tool that promises to minimize retrospective biases while gathering ecologically valid data, including self-reports, physiological or biological data, and observed behavior, for example, from daily life experiences. AA is well suited for studying borderline personality disorder (BPD) because it can measure moods and emotion (as well as dynamic mood processes, mood changes, and mood instability), problematic behaviors (including interpersonal conflicts, addictive behaviors, binge and purge episodes, and motoric activity), and problematic cognitions/expectancies/urges (e.g., rejection sensitivity, cravings, and self-harm urges) as they occur in daily life. In this article, I review existing AA research on BPD, and I discuss future applications of AA as well as limitations and considerations for future use.
Keywords	Ambulatory assessment ; Borderline personality disorder ; Affective instability ; Impulsivity ; Nonsuicidal self-injury
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-22
Publisher	S. Karger AG
Publishing place	Basel, Switzerland
Document type	Article
Note	Review
ZDB-ID	605604-0
ISBN	978-3-318-06347-9 ; 3-318-06347-9
ISSN	1423-033X ; 0254-4962
ISSN (online)	1423-033X
ISSN	0254-4962
DOI	10.1159/000486604
Database	Karger publisher's database

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Article ; Online: Predictors of unplanned drinking in daily life: The influence of context, impulsivity, and craving in those with emotion dysregulation.

Griffin, Sarah A / Freeman, Lindsey K / Trull, Timothy J

Addictive behaviors

2021 Volume 118, Page(s) 106901

Abstract: Objective: Unplanned drinking, or drinking that violates intentions, has been linked to significant alcohol-related consequences; however, little is known about what factors within individuals' daily lives predict whether unplanned drinking occurs. This ...

Abstract	Objective: Unplanned drinking, or drinking that violates intentions, has been linked to significant alcohol-related consequences; however, little is known about what factors within individuals' daily lives predict whether unplanned drinking occurs. This study examines the influence of daily-life impulsivity, alcohol craving, and interpersonal contexts on unplanned drinking. Method: Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data were collected from 32 moderate drinkers. Participants were prompted six times per day for up to 21 days. Each morning participants reported whether they planned to drink that day. Multilevel and GEE models predicted drinking behaviors on days without intent to drink from daily-life interpersonal contexts, and pre-drinking ratings of impulsivity and craving. Results: Spending time in a bar and spending relatively more time with other people on days with no intention to drink was associated with drinking. Individuals who experienced higher craving prior to drinking were relatively more likely to engage in unplanned drinking. When participants reported relatively greater difficulties with premeditation, they were more likely to subsequently report initiating an unplanned drinking episode. Results also suggest that individuals generally higher on negative urgency may be less likely to engage in unplanned drinking but drink more when they do. Conclusion: These results indicate the influence of daily-life contexts, craving, and impulsivity on unplanned drinking behavior. We highlight several possible avenues for intervention and prevention efforts including modifying social and interpersonal environments, screening for craving patterns, and targeting cognitive deficits in planning.
MeSH term(s)	Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Craving ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Emotions ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	197618-7
ISSN	1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
ISSN (online)	1873-6327
ISSN	0306-4603
DOI	10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106901
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Article ; Online: Measuring affect in daily life: A multilevel psychometric evaluation of the PANAS-X across four ecological momentary assessment samples.

Haney, Alison M / Fleming, Megan N / Wycoff, Andrea M / Griffin, Sarah A / Trull, Timothy J

Psychological assessment

2023 Volume 35, Issue 6, Page(s) 469–483

Abstract: While there is strong evidence for the psychometric reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X) in cross-sectional studies, the between- and within-person psychometric performance of the PANAS-X in an intensive ... ...

Abstract	While there is strong evidence for the psychometric reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X) in cross-sectional studies, the between- and within-person psychometric performance of the PANAS-X in an intensive longitudinal framework is less understood. As affect is thought to be dynamic and responsive to context, this study investigated the multilevel reliability of PANAS-X Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Fear, Sadness, and Hostility scales. Generalizability theory and structural equation modeling techniques (coefficient ω) were employed in four ecological momentary assessment samples (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychometrics ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Reproducibility of Results ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Affect ; Factor Analysis, Statistical
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1000939-5
ISSN	1939-134X ; 1040-3590
ISSN (online)	1939-134X
ISSN	1040-3590
DOI	10.1037/pas0001231
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Zs.A 2645: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Momentary impulsivity interferes with emotion regulation strategy prioritization in everyday life in remitted depression.

Xu, Ellie P / Li, Jiani / Zapetis, Sarah L / Keefe, Kaley / Trull, Timothy J / Stange, Jonathan P

Behaviour research and therapy

2023 Volume 172, Page(s) 104424

Abstract: Background: Selectively prioritizing some emotion regulation (ER) strategies over others has been shown to predict well-being; however, it is unclear what mechanisms underlie this process. Impulsivity, which captures both top-down control of and bottom- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Selectively prioritizing some emotion regulation (ER) strategies over others has been shown to predict well-being; however, it is unclear what mechanisms underlie this process. Impulsivity, which captures both top-down control of and bottom-up reactivity to emotions, is one potential mechanism of interest. Methods: Using multilevel mediation modeling, we investigated whether lower ER strategy prioritization (i.e., lower between-strategy variability) mediates the relationship between greater momentary impulsivity and lower ER success in 82 individuals with remitted depression or no history of a mental disorder (1558 observations). To determine the specific effect of impulsivity, we covaried for mean regulatory effort and negative affect. Results: The indirect effect of impulsivity on ER success was significant at the within-person, but not between-person, level. Specifically, in moments when individuals endorsed more impulsivity than usual, they showed less ER strategy prioritization than usual, which predicted less successful ER. Individuals who, on average, reported more impulsivity indicated lower ER strategy prioritization, but no difference in ER success. Conclusion: ER strategy prioritization mediated the within-person relationship between greater impulsivity and lower ER success. Interventions focused on training individuals to selectively prioritize ER strategies may improve ER success, particularly when individuals are feeling more impulsive than usual.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Emotional Regulation ; Depression ; Emotions/physiology ; Impulsive Behavior/physiology ; Psychotic Disorders ; Ecological Momentary Assessment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	211997-3
ISSN	1873-622X ; 0005-7967
ISSN (online)	1873-622X
ISSN	0005-7967
DOI	10.1016/j.brat.2023.104424
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