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  1. Article: Adjustment of site factors for basin effects from site response analysis and deep downhole array measurements in Taipei

    Tsai, Chi-Chin / Kishida, Tadahiro / Lin, Wan-Chi

    Engineering geology. 2021 May, v. 285

    2021  

    Abstract: Local site effects can amplify seismic shaking and damage caused by earthquakes. Site factors (SF) are used in seismic design to account for these effects to modify ground motions from a reference rock site. Average shear wave velocity in the top 30 m of ...

    Abstract Local site effects can amplify seismic shaking and damage caused by earthquakes. Site factors (SF) are used in seismic design to account for these effects to modify ground motions from a reference rock site. Average shear wave velocity in the top 30 m of soil (Vₛ,₃₀) is typically used to predict SF. However, recent studies have shown that using Vₛ,₃₀ alone may be insufficient in quantifying SF under the presence of deep soil deposits and proposed SFs that account for the bedrock depth (e.g. Z₁.₀, depth with Vₛ of 1 km/s). This study evaluates these depth-dependent SFs using 1D nonlinear and equivalent-linear site response analyses. The predicted SFs are also compared with observations of downhole arrays installed within Taipei Basin. Based on numerical and observational results, depth correction factors are recommended in conjunction with SFs of seismic design code to reflect the effect of different sediment thicknesses in the design process.
    Keywords basins ; bedrock ; geophysics ; sediments ; soil
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-05
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ISSN 0013-7952
    DOI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106071
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article: Correlations between pore water pressure development in sandy soil and CAV-based ground motion intensity measures

    Tsai, Chi-Chin / Wang, J.P. / Huang, Tsai-Yu / Sung, Chia-Ying

    Engineering geology. 2022 July 05,

    2022  

    Abstract: This study investigated the respective correlation coefficients between pore water pressure (PWP) development in sandy soil and 41 CAV-based (cumulative absolute velocity) ground motion intensity measures and peak ground acceleration (PGA). Based on 720 ... ...

    Abstract This study investigated the respective correlation coefficients between pore water pressure (PWP) development in sandy soil and 41 CAV-based (cumulative absolute velocity) ground motion intensity measures and peak ground acceleration (PGA). Based on 720 site response analyses using DEEPSOIL with 120 (real) strong ground motions and the (real) borehole data (e.g., soil unit weight, shear-wave velocity) at six sites, the result shows that cutoff CAVs with cutoff acceleration of 0.02–0.04 g are better correlated with PWP developments in sandy soil than the (original) CAV without cutoff acceleration. It also shows that PGA is poorly correlated with PWP developments, having the lowest correlation coefficient among the 42 intensity measures.
    Keywords engineering ; engineers ; geology ; sandy soils
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0705
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ISSN 0013-7952
    DOI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106785
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article: Case study of large-scale levee failures induced by cyclic softening of clay during the 2016 Meinong earthquake

    Tsai, Chi-Chin / Yang, Zi-Xian / Chung, Min-Hua / Hsu, Shang-Yi

    Engineering geology. 2022 Feb., v. 297

    2022  

    Abstract: The 2016 Meinong earthquake (Meinong EQ) caused a serious disaster, including many liquefaction-induced damages, in southern Taiwan. This study investigated the “flow-like” failure of Rixin levee during the Meinong EQ through field exploration, ... ...

    Abstract The 2016 Meinong earthquake (Meinong EQ) caused a serious disaster, including many liquefaction-induced damages, in southern Taiwan. This study investigated the “flow-like” failure of Rixin levee during the Meinong EQ through field exploration, laboratory test, and numerical analysis. The failure mechanism of soil liquefaction, however, failed to explain the case of Rixin levee because the levee foundation where the failure occurred was primarily composed of clayey soil. Therefore, the cyclic softening of clayey soil subjected to ground shaking was considered a key factor that induced the damage. Site characterization, liquefaction analysis, seepage analysis, slope stability analysis, and dynamic analysis indicated that when the strength reduction of Rixin levee (approximately 10%–15%) due to cyclic softening was accounted for during the 2016 Meinong EQ, the displacement of the embankment estimated using the Newmark sliding block method and finite element method was in line with the observed damage of the levee. The analysis procedure was validated with the case of the 2010 Jiasian earthquake, in which no failure occurred at the site under similar shaking.
    Keywords case studies ; clay ; clay soils ; earthquakes ; finite element analysis ; laboratory experimentation ; seepage ; soil liquefaction ; Taiwan
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-02
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0013-7952
    DOI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106518
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article: Experimental study on the mechanism of sand boils and associated settlements due to soil liquefaction in loose sand

    Tsai, Chi-Chin / Lin, Wei-Chun / Chu, Min-Chien / Chi, Chung-Chi

    Engineering geology. 2022 May 10,

    2022  

    Abstract: Sand boils are a recognized phenomenon associated with soil liquefaction. However, the exact conditions required to produce sand boils remain unclear, and sand boil-induced settlement is difficult to quantify. The mechanism of sand boils and associated ... ...

    Abstract Sand boils are a recognized phenomenon associated with soil liquefaction. However, the exact conditions required to produce sand boils remain unclear, and sand boil-induced settlement is difficult to quantify. The mechanism of sand boils and associated settlements due to soil liquefaction is investigated in this study using model testing. Loose saturated sand deposit is made in a transparent acrylic cylinder applied with torsional shaking to reproduce liquefaction and sand boils. An acrylic circular plate, whose diameter is slightly smaller than the cylinder's inner diameter, is placed on the model ground surface to mimic a non-liquefiable layer. The gap allows the liquefied sand to be ejected, leading to sand boils. The mechanism of sand boils and induced settlements is investigated by the transient variations of the measured water pressure at the sidewall, the recorded plate settlement, and the monitored video image. The influence of different thicknesses of the non-liquefiable layer, the gap sizes, and the overburden pressures on the sand boil-induced settlement is assessed quantitatively. It is found that the thicker the non-liquefied layer or the smaller ejecta gap size, the lower the amount of ejecta and associated subsidence is observed. The overburden pressure had relatively minor effect on the amount of ejecta, but it affected the amount of consolidation settlement significantly. Based on the observation of test results, a theoretical ejection head is proposed to determine the condition leading to sand boils.
    Keywords sand ; soil liquefaction ; subsidence
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0510
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ISSN 0013-7952
    DOI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106708
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article: A general model for predicting the earthquake-induced displacements of shallow and deep slope failures

    Tsai, Chi-Chin / Yu-Chun Chien

    Engineering geology. 2016 May 17, v. 206

    2016  

    Abstract: The accurate assessment of the stability of slopes during earthquakes has become a critical issue in seismically active areas. To readily evaluate seismic slope hazards in a region, we developed an empirical model for estimating seismic slope ... ...

    Abstract The accurate assessment of the stability of slopes during earthquakes has become a critical issue in seismically active areas. To readily evaluate seismic slope hazards in a region, we developed an empirical model for estimating seismic slope displacements for both shallow and deep types of failures (i.e., rigid and flexible sliding mass, respectively). The prediction model is simply a function of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and mean period of ground motions (Tm). For predicting displacement of shallow failure, the PGA and Tm of incident motion can be directly used in the model. For predicting the displacement of deep failure, however, the dynamic response of flexible sliding block interacts with the incident motion. The changed PGA and Tm, defined as kmax and Tm,k for the seismic loading of flexible sliding mass, respectively, is estimated depending on the natural period of sliding mass (Ts). Therefore, the predicting displacement of flexible mass is achieved using kmax and Tm,k in lieu of PGA and Tm in the developed rigid model. This general model provides a consistent approach for predicting the sliding displacement of shallow (rigid) and deep (flexible) slope failures.
    Keywords earthquakes ; empirical models ; engineering ; geophysics ; prediction
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-0517
    Size p. 50-59.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0013-7952
    DOI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.03.008
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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