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  1. Article ; Online: Spectral multiplexing of telecom emitters with stable transition frequency.

    Ulanowski, Alexander / Merkel, Benjamin / Reiserer, Andreas

    Science advances

    2022  Volume 8, Issue 43, Page(s) eabo4538

    Abstract: In a quantum network, coherent emitters can be entangled over large distances using photonic channels. In solid-state devices, the required efficient light-emitter interface can be implemented by confining the light in nanophotonic structures. However, ... ...

    Abstract In a quantum network, coherent emitters can be entangled over large distances using photonic channels. In solid-state devices, the required efficient light-emitter interface can be implemented by confining the light in nanophotonic structures. However, fluctuating charges and magnetic moments at the nearby interface then lead to spectral instability of the emitters. Here, we avoid this limitation when enhancing the photon emission up to 70(12)-fold using a Fabry-Perot resonator with an embedded 19-micrometer-thin crystalline membrane, in which we observe around 100 individual erbium emitters. In long-term measurements, they exhibit an exceptional spectral stability of <0.2 megahertz that is limited by the coupling to surrounding nuclear spins. We further implement spectrally multiplexed coherent control and find an optical coherence time of 0.11(1) milliseconds, approaching the lifetime limit of 0.3 milliseconds for the strongest-coupled emitters. Our results constitute an important step toward frequency-multiplexed quantum-network nodes operating directly at a telecommunication wavelength.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2810933-8
    ISSN 2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
    ISSN (online) 2375-2548
    ISSN 2375-2548
    DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abo4538
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  2. Article ; Online: Time-integrated radiation risk metrics and interpopulation variability of survival.

    Ulanowski, Alexander / Ban, Nobuhiko / Ozasa, Kotaro / Rühm, Werner / Semones, Edward / Shavers, Mark / Vaillant, Ludovic

    Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik

    2023  Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 64–82

    Abstract: Task Group 115 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection is focusing on mission-related exposures to space radiation and concomitant health risks for space crew members including, among others, risk of cancer development. Uncertainties ... ...

    Abstract Task Group 115 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection is focusing on mission-related exposures to space radiation and concomitant health risks for space crew members including, among others, risk of cancer development. Uncertainties in cumulative radiation risk estimates come from the stochastic nature of the considered health outcome (i.e., cancer), uncertainties of statistical inference and model parameters, unknown secular trends used for projections of population statistics and unknown variability of survival properties between individuals or population groups. The variability of survival is usually ignored when dealing with large groups, which can be assumed well represented by the statistical data for the contemporary general population, either in a specific country or world averaged. Space crew members differ in many aspects from individuals represented by the general population, including, for example, their lifestyle and health status, nutrition, medical care, training and education. The individuality of response to radiation and lifespan is explored in this modelling study. Task Group 115 is currently evaluating applicability and robustness of various risk metrics for quantification of radiation-attributed risks of cancer for space crew members. This paper demonstrates the impact of interpopulation variability of survival curves on values and uncertainty of the estimates of the time-integrated radiation risk of cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Radiation Protection ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced ; Uncertainty ; Probability
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-03
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1104517-6
    ISSN 1876-4436 ; 0939-3889 ; 0040-5973
    ISSN (online) 1876-4436
    ISSN 0939-3889 ; 0040-5973
    DOI 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.08.002
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  3. Article ; Online: Concepts of association between cancer and ionising radiation: accounting for specific biological mechanisms.

    Eidemüller, Markus / Becker, Janine / Kaiser, Jan Christian / Ulanowski, Alexander / Apostoaei, A Iulian / Hoffman, F Owen

    Radiation and environmental biophysics

    2023  Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–15

    Abstract: The probability that an observed cancer was caused by radiation exposure is usually estimated using cancer rates and risk models from radioepidemiological cohorts and is called assigned share (AS). This definition implicitly assumes that an ongoing ... ...

    Abstract The probability that an observed cancer was caused by radiation exposure is usually estimated using cancer rates and risk models from radioepidemiological cohorts and is called assigned share (AS). This definition implicitly assumes that an ongoing carcinogenic process is unaffected by the studied radiation exposure. However, there is strong evidence that radiation can also accelerate an existing clonal development towards cancer. In this work, we define different association measures that an observed cancer was newly induced, accelerated, or retarded. The measures were quantified exemplarily by Monte Carlo simulations that track the development of individual cells. Three biologically based two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) models were applied. In the first model, radiation initiates cancer development, while in the other two, radiation has a promoting effect, i.e. radiation accelerates the clonal expansion of pre-cancerous cells. The parameters of the TSCE models were derived from breast cancer data from the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. For exposure at age 30, all three models resulted in similar estimates of AS at age 60. For the initiation model, estimates of association were nearly identical to AS. However, for the promotion models, the cancerous clonal development was frequently accelerated towards younger ages, resulting in associations substantially higher than AS. This work shows that the association between a given cancer and exposure in an affected person depends on the underlying biological mechanism and can be substantially larger than the AS derived from classic radioepidemiology.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology ; Nuclear Warfare ; Models, Biological ; Carcinogenesis ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Japan
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-12
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 124987-3
    ISSN 1432-2099 ; 0301-634X
    ISSN (online) 1432-2099
    ISSN 0301-634X
    DOI 10.1007/s00411-022-01012-1
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  4. Article ; Online: Radioactive particle characteristics, environmental behaviour and potential biological impact.

    Salbu, Brit / Fesenko, Sergey / Ulanowski, Alexander

    Journal of environmental radioactivity

    2019  Volume 201, Page(s) 56–57

    MeSH term(s) Air Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter ; Radiation Monitoring ; Radioactivity
    Chemical Substances Air Pollutants, Radioactive ; Particulate Matter
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1483112-0
    ISSN 1879-1700 ; 0265-931X
    ISSN (online) 1879-1700
    ISSN 0265-931X
    DOI 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.01.019
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  5. Article ; Online: Pre- and post-accident environmental transfer of radionuclides in Japan: lessons learned in the IAEA MODARIA II programme.

    Tagami, Keiko / Hashimoto, Shoji / Kusakabe, Masashi / Onda, Yuichi / Howard, Brenda / Fesenko, Sergey / Pröhl, Gerhard / Harbottle, Andra-Rada / Ulanowski, Alexander

    Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection

    2022  Volume 42, Issue 2

    Abstract: An international review of radioecological data derived after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was an important component of activities in working group 4 of the IAEA Models and data for radiological impact assessment, phase II ( ... ...

    Abstract An international review of radioecological data derived after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was an important component of activities in working group 4 of the IAEA Models and data for radiological impact assessment, phase II (MODARIA II) programme. Japanese and international scientists reviewed radioecological data in the terrestrial and aquatic environments in Japan reported both before and after the accident. The environmental transfer processes considered included: (a) interception and retention radionuclides by plants, (b) loss of radionuclides from plant and systemic transport of radionuclides in plants (translocation), (c) behaviour of radiocaesium in soil, (d) uptake of radionuclides from soil by agricultural crops and wild plants, (e) transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic and wild animals, (f) behaviour of radiocaesium in forest trees and forest systems, (g) behaviour of radiocaesium in freshwater systems, coastal areas and in the ocean, (h) transport of radiocaesium from catchments through rivers, streams and lakes to the ocean, (i) uptake of radiocaesium by aquatic organisms, and (j) modification of radionuclide concentrations in food products during food processing and culinary preparation. These data were compared with relevant global data within IAEA TECDOC-1927 'Environmental transfer of radionuclides in Japan following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant'. This paper summarises the outcomes of the data collation and analysis within MODARIA II work group 4 and compares the Japan-specific data with existing radioecological knowledge acquired from past and contemporary radioecological studies. The key radioecological lessons learned are outlined and discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Fukushima Nuclear Accident ; Japan ; Radiation Monitoring ; Radioisotopes/analysis ; Soil
    Chemical Substances Radioisotopes ; Soil
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639411-5
    ISSN 1361-6498 ; 0952-4746
    ISSN (online) 1361-6498
    ISSN 0952-4746
    DOI 10.1088/1361-6498/ac670c
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  6. Article ; Online: System of radiological protection: Towards a consistent framework on Earth and in space.

    Rühm, Werner / Ban, Nobuhiko / Chen, Jing / Li, Chunsheng / Dobynde, Mikhail / Durante, Marco / El-Jaby, Samy / Komiyama, Tatsuto / Ozasa, Kotaro / Sato, Tatsuhiko / Semones, Edward J / Shavers, Mark / Shurshakov, Vyacheslav / Straube, Ulrich / Tomi, Leena / Ulanowski, Alexander / Vaillant, Ludovic / Xu, Zhenhua / Zervides, Constantinos /
    Zhou, Guangming

    Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik

    2024  Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 4–13

    MeSH term(s) Radiation Protection
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-23
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1104517-6
    ISSN 1876-4436 ; 0939-3889 ; 0040-5973
    ISSN (online) 1876-4436
    ISSN 0939-3889 ; 0040-5973
    DOI 10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.01.004
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  7. Article ; Online: On prognostic estimates of radiation risk in medicine and radiation protection.

    Ulanowski, Alexander / Kaiser, Jan Christian / Schneider, Uwe / Walsh, Linda

    Radiation and environmental biophysics

    2019  Volume 58, Issue 3, Page(s) 305–319

    Abstract: The problem of expressing cumulative detrimental effect of radiation exposure is revisited. All conventionally used and computationally complex lifetime or time-integrated risks are based on current population and health statistical data, with unknown ... ...

    Abstract The problem of expressing cumulative detrimental effect of radiation exposure is revisited. All conventionally used and computationally complex lifetime or time-integrated risks are based on current population and health statistical data, with unknown future secular trends, that are projected far into the future. It is shown that application of conventionally used lifetime or time-integrated attributable risks (LAR, AR) should be limited to exposures under 1 Gy. More general quantities, such as excess lifetime risk (ELR) and, to a lesser extent, risk of exposure-induced death (REID), are free of dose constraints, but are even more computationally complex than LAR and AR and rely on the unknown total radiation effect on demographic and health statistical data. Appropriate assessment of time-integrated risk of a specific outcome following high-dose (more than 1 Gy) exposure requires consideration of competing risks for other radiation-attributed outcomes and the resulting ELR estimate has an essentially non-linear dose response. Limitations caused by basing conventionally applied time-integrated risks on current population and health statistical data are that they are: (a) not well suited for risk estimates for atypical groups of exposed persons not readily represented by the general population; and (b) not optimal for risk projections decades into the future due to large uncertainties in developments of the future secular trends in the population-specific disease rates. Alternative disease-specific quantities, baseline and attributable survival fractions, based on reduction of survival chances are considered here and are shown to be very useful in circumventing most aspects of these limitations. Another main quantity, named as radiation-attributed decrease of survival (RADS), is recommended here to represent cumulative radiation risk conditional on survival until a certain age. RADS, historically known in statistical literature as "cumulative risk", is only based on the radiation-attributed hazard and is insensitive to competing risks. Therefore, RADS is eminently suitable for risk projections in emergency situations and for estimating radiation risks for persons exposed after therapeutic or interventional medical applications of radiation or in other highly atypical groups of exposed persons, such as astronauts.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Prognosis ; Radiation Exposure/analysis ; Radiation Exposure/prevention & control ; Radiation Injuries/diagnosis ; Radiation Injuries/epidemiology ; Radiation Protection ; Radiobiology ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Survival Analysis ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-20
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 124987-3
    ISSN 1432-2099 ; 0301-634X
    ISSN (online) 1432-2099
    ISSN 0301-634X
    DOI 10.1007/s00411-019-00794-1
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  8. Article ; Online: Estimating long-term health risks after breast cancer radiotherapy: merging evidence from low and high doses.

    Simonetto, Cristoforo / Wollschläger, Daniel / Kundrát, Pavel / Ulanowski, Alexander / Becker, Janine / Castelletti, Noemi / Güthlin, Denise / Shemiakina, Elena / Eidemüller, Markus

    Radiation and environmental biophysics

    2021  Volume 60, Issue 3, Page(s) 459–474

    Abstract: In breast cancer radiotherapy, substantial radiation exposure of organs other than the treated breast cannot be avoided, potentially inducing second primary cancer or heart disease. While distant organs and large parts of nearby ones receive doses in the ...

    Abstract In breast cancer radiotherapy, substantial radiation exposure of organs other than the treated breast cannot be avoided, potentially inducing second primary cancer or heart disease. While distant organs and large parts of nearby ones receive doses in the mGy-Gy range, small parts of the heart, lung and bone marrow often receive doses as high as 50 Gy. Contemporary treatment planning allows for considerable flexibility in the distribution of this exposure. To optimise treatment with regards to long-term health risks, evidence-based risk estimates are required for the entire broad range of exposures. Here, we thus propose an approach that combines data from medical and epidemiological studies with different exposure conditions. Approximating cancer induction as a local process, we estimate organ cancer risks by integrating organ-specific dose-response relationships over the organ dose distributions. For highly exposed organ parts, specific high-dose risk models based on studies with medical exposure are applied. For organs or their parts receiving relatively low doses, established dose-response models based on radiation-epidemiological data are used. Joining the models in the intermediate dose range leads to a combined, in general non-linear, dose response supported by data over the whole relevant dose range. For heart diseases, a linear model consistent with high- and low-dose studies is presented. The resulting estimates of long-term health risks are largely compatible with rate ratios observed in randomised breast cancer radiotherapy trials. The risk models have been implemented in a software tool PASSOS that estimates long-term risks for individual breast cancer patients.
    MeSH term(s) Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Female ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Lung Neoplasms ; Models, Theoretical ; Risk Assessment ; Smoking ; Software
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-17
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 124987-3
    ISSN 1432-2099 ; 0301-634X
    ISSN (online) 1432-2099
    ISSN 0301-634X
    DOI 10.1007/s00411-021-00924-8
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  9. Article ; Online: A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of astronauts.

    Walsh, Linda / Hafner, Luana / Straube, Ulrich / Ulanowski, Alexander / Fogtman, Anna / Durante, Marco / Weerts, Guillaume / Schneider, Uwe

    Radiation and environmental biophysics

    2021  Volume 60, Issue 2, Page(s) 213–231

    Abstract: An alternative approach that is particularly suitable for the radiation health risk assessment (HRA) of astronauts is presented. The quantity, Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS), representing the cumulative decrease in the unknown survival ... ...

    Abstract An alternative approach that is particularly suitable for the radiation health risk assessment (HRA) of astronauts is presented. The quantity, Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS), representing the cumulative decrease in the unknown survival curve at a certain attained age, due to the radiation exposure at an earlier age, forms the basis for this alternative approach. Results are provided for all solid cancer plus leukemia incidence RADS from estimated doses from theoretical radiation exposures accumulated during long-term missions to the Moon or Mars. For example, it is shown that a 1000-day Mars exploration mission with a hypothetical mission effective dose of 1.07 Sv at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old, will result in the probability of surviving free of all types of solid cancer and leukemia until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by 4.2% (95% CI 3.2; 5.3) for males and 5.8% (95% CI 4.8; 7.0) for females. RADS dose-responses are given, for the outcomes for incidence of all solid cancer, leukemia, lung and female breast cancer. Results showing how RADS varies with age at exposure, attained age and other factors are also presented. The advantages of this alternative approach, over currently applied methodologies for the long-term radiation protection of astronauts after mission exposures, are presented with example calculations applicable to European astronaut occupational HRA. Some tentative suggestions for new types of occupational risk limits for space missions are given while acknowledging that the setting of astronaut radiation-related risk limits will ultimately be decided by the Space Agencies. Suggestions are provided for further work which builds on and extends this new HRA approach, e.g., by eventually including non-cancer effects and detailed space dosimetry.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Astronauts ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Theoretical ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Occupational Diseases/epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Radiation Exposure ; Radiation Protection ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Space Flight
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-30
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 124987-3
    ISSN 1432-2099 ; 0301-634X
    ISSN (online) 1432-2099
    ISSN 0301-634X
    DOI 10.1007/s00411-021-00910-0
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  10. Article ; Online: Risk bases can complement dose bases for implementing and optimising a radiological protection strategy in urgent and transition emergency phases.

    Walsh, Linda / Ulanowski, Alexander / Kaiser, Jan Christian / Woda, Clemens / Raskob, Wolfgang

    Radiation and environmental biophysics

    2019  Volume 58, Issue 4, Page(s) 539–552

    Abstract: Current radiological emergency response recommendations have been provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in comprehensive Safety Standards. These standards provide dose- ... ...

    Abstract Current radiological emergency response recommendations have been provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in comprehensive Safety Standards. These standards provide dose-based guidance for decision making (e.g., on sheltering or relocation) via generic criteria in terms of effective dose in the range from 20 mSv per year, during transition from emergency to existing exposure situation, to 100 mSv, acute or annual, in the urgent phase of a nuclear accident. The purpose of this paper was to examine how such dose reference levels directly translate into radiation-related risks of the main stochastic detrimental health effects (cancer). Methodologies, provided by the World Health Organization after the Fukushima accident, for calculating the lifetime and 20 year cancer risks and for attributing relevant organ doses from effective doses, have been applied here for this purpose with new software, designed to be available for use immediately after a nuclear accident. A new feature in this software is a comprehensive accounting for uncertainty via simulation technique, so that the risks may now be presented with realistic confidence intervals. The types of cancer risks considered here are time-integrated over lifetime and the first 20 years after exposure for all solid cancers and either the most radiation-sensitive types of cancer, i.e., leukaemia and female breast cancer, or the most radiation-relevant type of cancer occurring early in life, i.e., thyroid. It is demonstrated here how reference dose levels translate differently into specific cancer risk levels (with varying confidence interval sizes), depending on age at exposure, gender, time-frame at-risk and type of cancer considered. This demonstration applies German population data and considers external exposures. Further work is required to comprehensively extend this methodology to internal exposures that are likely to be important in the early stages of a nuclear accident. A discussion is provided here on the potential for such risk-based information to be used by decision makers, in the urgent and transition phases of nuclear emergencies, to identify protective measures (e.g., sheltering, evacuation) in a differential way (i.e., for particularly susceptible sub-groups of a population).
    MeSH term(s) Emergencies ; Humans ; International Agencies ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Monitoring ; Radiation Protection/methods ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-25
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 124987-3
    ISSN 1432-2099 ; 0301-634X
    ISSN (online) 1432-2099
    ISSN 0301-634X
    DOI 10.1007/s00411-019-00809-x
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