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Article: Evaluation of Adhesive Joints Using Ultrasonic Rayleigh Waves.

Kowalczyk, Jakub / Ulbrich, Dariusz

2024 Volume 17, Issue 6

Abstract: Adhesive joints are non-separable connections that are used in numerous ways in vehicle construction, particularly in buses. The widespread use of adhesive joints makes it necessary to assess their quality, especially under production conditions. The ... ...

Abstract	Adhesive joints are non-separable connections that are used in numerous ways in vehicle construction, particularly in buses. The widespread use of adhesive joints makes it necessary to assess their quality, especially under production conditions. The main goal of this study was to develop a mathematical model to estimate the width of the adhesive path in a plywood-adhesive-closed-profile joint based on selected parameters of the ultrasonic surface wave. A digital ultrasonic flaw detector and Rayleigh wave probes were applied. The test involved evaluating different widths of hybrid adhesive and two-component epoxy adhesive. The tests were conducted on a steel profile from a bus construction. The attenuation of the ultrasonic waves on the steel profile (0.026 db/mm) and the adhesive (0.264 dB/mm) was determined. A one-size-fits-all model for estimating adhesive path width for specific conditions is proposed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma17061367
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Correlation Tests of Ultrasonic Wave and Mechanical Parameters of Spot-Welded Joints.

Ulbrich, Dariusz / Kańczurzewska, Marta

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 15, Issue 5

Abstract: Resistance spot welding as the basic method of joining car body elements has been used in the automotive industry for many years. For these connections, it is required to obtain the appropriate diameter of the weld nugget, which results in a high ... ...

Abstract	Resistance spot welding as the basic method of joining car body elements has been used in the automotive industry for many years. For these connections, it is required to obtain the appropriate diameter of the weld nugget, which results in a high strength and durability of the connection during vehicle operation. The article presents the methodology of testing spot-welded joints using both destructive methods: shearing test of the spot weld and the ultrasonic method. The main goals of the performed tests are (1) to determine the correlation between the mechanical strength of a joint, measured in kN, and the selected parameters of the ultrasonic longitudinal wave with a frequency of 20 MHz propagating in the area of the spot weld and (2) to build and verify the predictive models of the weld nugget quality. The correlation of these parameters allows assessing the strength of the connection with the use of a non-destructive test method. On the basis of the performed analyses, it was determined that there is a strongly positive correlation between the number of reverse echoes and the force necessary to destroy the spot weld (0.41) and the diameter of the weld nugget (0.50). A strong negative correlation was also obtained between the number of echoes and the strength (-0.69) and diameter of the weld nugget (-0.72).
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma15051701
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Field and Laboratory Wear Tests of Machine Components Used for Renovation of Dirt Roads-A Case Study.

Selech, Jarosław / Majchrzycki, Wiktor / Ulbrich, Dariusz

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 16, Issue 18

Abstract: Renovation of dirt roads requires a reliable and durable work tool. This article includes the methodology of field and bench tests as well as the results of these tests and conclusions for cutters used for dirt road renovation. The main novelty of the ... ...

Abstract	Renovation of dirt roads requires a reliable and durable work tool. This article includes the methodology of field and bench tests as well as the results of these tests and conclusions for cutters used for dirt road renovation. The main novelty of the research presented in this article was to determine the wear mechanisms occurring during field and laboratory tests, to determine the differences in wear levels and the cost of renovation of one kilometer of dirt road. Calculations of the efficiency of replacing these working elements and the cost of operating various cutters per km are also presented. The lowest mass loss was characterized by milling cutters Ø25 mm mounted on an expansion sleeve and amounted to 130 g. The dominant wear mechanism that was observed after the renovation of dirt roads was micro-scraping and micro-bruising. For this variant, the cost per 1 km of road renovation was also the lowest and amounted to about PLN 2.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma16186180
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Stellite-6/(WC+TiC) Composite Coatings Produced by Laser Alloying on S355 Steel.

Bartkowski, Dariusz / Bartkowska, Aneta / Olszewska, Joanna / Przestacki, Damian / Ulbrich, Dariusz

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 16, Issue 14

Abstract: The paper presents study results of Stellite-6/(WC+TiC) coatings produced by laser alloying with varying contents of reinforcing phases (40%wt and 60%wt content of mixture WC+TiC). The coatings were produced on S355 steel using different laser beam power ...

Abstract	The paper presents study results of Stellite-6/(WC+TiC) coatings produced by laser alloying with varying contents of reinforcing phases (40%wt and 60%wt content of mixture WC+TiC). The coatings were produced on S355 steel using different laser beam power densities: 76 kW/cm
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma16145000
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Studies of Simultaneous Friction and Corrosive Processes in the Presence of Abrasive Particles.

Tyczewski, Przemyslaw / Nadolny, Karol / Zwierzycki, Wieslaw / Ulbrich, Dariusz

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 15, Issue 19

Abstract: Providing high-quality machinery and equipment in technical terms is an activity aimed primarily at ensuring the high reliability of nodes. Reliability of machinery and equipment is mainly characterized by resistance to destructive processes. Mutual ... ...

Abstract	Providing high-quality machinery and equipment in technical terms is an activity aimed primarily at ensuring the high reliability of nodes. Reliability of machinery and equipment is mainly characterized by resistance to destructive processes. Mutual displacement of parts causes destructive friction phenomena, the intensity of which can be intensified by the interaction of specific technological environments. The article presents the results of research on ring-on-ring samples made of C45 steel in the non-heat-treated state, which were subjected to mechanical, corrosive, and abrasive wear and various combinations of them. The main purpose of the study was to determine the wear that results from the action of destructive friction and corrosive processes with the presence of abrasive material in the tribological node. The results supplement the knowledge of material wear under the simultaneous action of several destructive factors. Based on the study, it was noticed that the sum component of mechanical-abrasive-corrosive interactions is about 40-50% of the total wear. Mass loss resulting from simultaneous mechanical and abrasive interactions is equal about one-third of the total wear. In addition, it was observed that the effects of the interactions of friction (mechanical), corrosive and abrasive excitations are synergistic in nature, which lead to increases in the total wear of the tested samples made of steel. The results of the research are of practical importance and allow for wear-optimal selection of material in the friction node of modern machinery and equipment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma15196734
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Adhesive Joints of Additively Manufactured Adherends: Ultrasonic Evaluation of Adhesion Strength.

Kowalczyk, Jakub / Ulbrich, Dariusz / Sędłak, Kamil / Nowak, Michał

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 15, Issue 9

Abstract: Adhesive joints are widely used in the construction of machines and motor vehicles. Manufacturers replace them with the welding and spot-welding methods due to the lack of damage to the material structure in the joint area. Moreover, it is aimed at ... ...

Abstract	Adhesive joints are widely used in the construction of machines and motor vehicles. Manufacturers replace them with the welding and spot-welding methods due to the lack of damage to the material structure in the joint area. Moreover, it is aimed at reducing the weight of vehicles and producing elements with complex shapes. Therefore, additive manufacturing technology has been increasingly used in the production stage. This fact has not only changed the view on the possibilities of further development of the production technology itself, but it has also caused an intense interest among a greater number of companies in the advantages of structural optimization. There is a natural relationship between these two areas in the design and production, allowing for almost unlimited possibilities of designing new products. The main goal of the research described in this article was to determine the correlation between the strength of the adhesive joint of elements produced using additive technology and the parameters of the ultrasonic wave propagating in the area of the adhesive bond. The tests were carried out on samples made of AlSiMg0.6 material and a structural adhesive. Strength tests were performed to determine the shear force which damaged the joint. Furthermore, an ultrasonic echo technique enabling the determination of a nondestructive measure of the quality and strength of the joint was developed. The samples of the adhesive joints had a strength of about 18.75-28.95 MPa, which corresponded to an ultrasonic measure range of 4.6-7.8 dB. The determined regression relationship had a coefficient of determination at the level of 0.94. Additional ultrasonic tests of materials made with the additive technology confirmed its different acoustic properties in relation to aluminum produced with the standard casting or extrusion process. Designated dependence combining the mechanical strength and the decibel difference between the first and second impulses from the bottom of the joint may constitute the basis for the development of a nondestructive technique for testing the strength of adhesive joints.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma15093290
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Tribocorrosion and Abrasive Wear Test of 22MnCrB5 Hot-Formed Steel.

Ulbrich, Dariusz / Stachowiak, Arkadiusz / Kowalczyk, Jakub / Wieczorek, Daniel / Matysiak, Waldemar

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 15, Issue 11

Abstract: The article presents the results of research on abrasive and tribocorrosion wear of boron steel. This type of steel is used in the automotive and agricultural industries for the production of tools working in soil. The main goal of the article is the ... ...

Abstract	The article presents the results of research on abrasive and tribocorrosion wear of boron steel. This type of steel is used in the automotive and agricultural industries for the production of tools working in soil. The main goal of the article is the evaluation of tribocorrosion and abrasive wear for hot-formed 22MnCrB5 steel and a comparison of the obtained results with test results for steel in a cold-formed state. The spinning bowl method to determine the wear of samples working in the abrasive mass was used. Furthermore, a stand developed based on the ball-on-plate system allows to determine the wear during the interaction of friction and corrosion. After the hot-forming process, 22MnCrB5 steel was three times more resistant for the abrasive wear than steel without this treatment. The average wear intensity for 22MnCrB5 untreated steel was 0.00046 g per km, while for 22MnCrB5 hot-formed steel it was 0.00014 g per km. The tribocorrosion tests show that the wear trace of hot-formed 22MnCrB5 steel was about 7.03 µm, and for cold-formed 22MnCrB5 steel a 12.11 µm trace was noticed. The hot-forming method allows to obtain the desired shape of the machine element and improves the anti-wear and anti-corrosion properties for boron steel.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma15113892
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Modeling the Depth of Surface Cracks in Brake Disc.

Sawczuk, Wojciech / Jüngst, Mateusz / Ulbrich, Dariusz / Kowalczyk, Jakub

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 14, Issue 14

Abstract: The article presents the state of knowledge and research in the field of surface cracks occurring in disc braking systems of rail and car vehicles. The craze formed during the operation of vehicles is particularly dangerous and leads to breaking the disc ...

Abstract	The article presents the state of knowledge and research in the field of surface cracks occurring in disc braking systems of rail and car vehicles. The craze formed during the operation of vehicles is particularly dangerous and leads to breaking the disc into several pieces. It may lead to a loss of braking force and damage to the entire disc brake caliper. The main aim of the research is to identify surface cracks in brake discs made of cast iron and use experimental methods to estimate their depth. Research were conducted on the disc braking system developed by the authors. In examining the location and depth of cracks, the penetration method, ultrasound, as well as a special probe were used. This device measures the crack depth based on the electrical resistance between two points on the surface of the metallic object. The tests showed that the first microcracks on the brake discs appeared after 309 braking tests on the test stand. In addition, it was observed that the surface cracks length of the disc increased linearly to depth until they reached about 11.5-12 mm with corresponded to crack lengths in the range of 65-70 mm. However, determination of the regression functions presented in the article allows to estimate the depth of surface cracks up to 70 mm long on cast iron brake discs by measuring their length.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma14143890
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Inspection of Spot Welded Joints with the Use of the Ultrasonic Surface Wave.

Ulbrich, Dariusz / Psuj, Grzegorz / Wypych, Artur / Bartkowski, Dariusz / Bartkowska, Aneta / Stachowiak, Arkadiusz / Kowalczyk, Jakub

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 16, Issue 21

Abstract: Spot welded joints play a crucial role in the construction of modern automobiles, serving as a vital method for enhancing the structural integrity, strength, and durability of the vehicle body. Taking into account spot welding process in automotive ... ...

Abstract	Spot welded joints play a crucial role in the construction of modern automobiles, serving as a vital method for enhancing the structural integrity, strength, and durability of the vehicle body. Taking into account spot welding process in automotive bodies, numerous defects can arise, such as insufficient weld nugget diameter. It may have evident influence on vehicle operation or even contribute to accidents on the road. Hence, there is a need for non-invasive methods that allow to assess the quality of the spot welds without compromising their structural integrity and characteristics. Thus, this study describes a novel method for assessing spot welded joints using ultrasound technology. The usage of ultrasonic surface waves is the main component of the proposed advancement. The study employed ultrasonic transducers operating at a frequency of 10 MHz and a specially designed setup for testing various spot welded samples. The parameters of the spot welding procedure and the size of the weld nugget caused differences in the ultrasonic surface waveforms that were recorded during experiments. One of the indicators of weld quality was the amplitude of the ultrasonic pulse. For low quality spot welds, the amplitude amounted to around 25% of the maximum value when using single-sided transducers. Conversely, for high-quality welds an amplitude of 90% was achieved. Depending on the size of the weld nugget, a larger or smaller amount of wave energy is transferred, which results in a smaller or larger amplitude of the ultrasonic pulse. Comparable results were obtained when employing transducers on both sides of the tested joint, as an amplitude ranging from 13% for inferior welds to 97% for superior ones was observed. This research confirmed the feasibility of employing surface waves to assess the diameter of the weld nugget accurately.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma16217029
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Glass-Adhesive-Steel Joint Inspection Using Mechanic and High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves.

Kowalczyk, Jakub / Lopato, Przemyslaw / Psuj, Grzegorz / Ulbrich, Dariusz

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 13, Issue 20

Abstract: The utilization of a glass-adhesive-steel joint in modern machine and vehicle production is constantly growing. Despite the technological regime during the production process, various defects in the adhesive joints may occur. One of the major problems is ...

Abstract	The utilization of a glass-adhesive-steel joint in modern machine and vehicle production is constantly growing. Despite the technological regime during the production process, various defects in the adhesive joints may occur. One of the major problems is lack of adhesive between joined materials. Due to the widespread use of non-transparent layers increasing adhesion, it is frequently not possible to conduct simple visual inspections. Hence, it is important to develop a non-destructive adhesive path continuity examination procedure. In that process, the different physical properties of the joint materials must be taken into account. Therefore, in this paper various testing methods were used, including ultrasound, thermographic and electromagnetic methods operating in the microwave and terahertz frequency range. Different physical phenomena of the methods allowed for examination of the joint in a wide context. In order to verify the information brought by each method, the results were transferred into common coordinate space, compared and finally integrated. Various opinion pooling strategies were conducted to fuse data, which allowed us to emphasize convergent and complementary information on adhesive continuity. The obtained results are promising and constitute the basis for further work on an integrated system for automatic evaluation of a wide range of possible defects in glass-adhesive-steel joints.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma13204648
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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