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  1. Book ; Online: TT-RecS

    Unterkalmsteiner, Michael

    The Taxonomic Trace Recommender System

    2023  

    Abstract: Traditional trace links are established directly between source and target artefacts. This requires that the target artefact exists when the trace is established. We introduce the concept of indirect trace links between a source artefact and a knowledge ... ...

    Abstract Traditional trace links are established directly between source and target artefacts. This requires that the target artefact exists when the trace is established. We introduce the concept of indirect trace links between a source artefact and a knowledge organization structure, e.g. a taxonomy. This allows the creation of links (we call them taxonomic traces) before target artefacts are created. To gauge the viability of this concept and approach, we developed a prototype, TT-RecS, that allows to create such trace links either manually or with the help of a recommender system.

    Comment: IEEE Seventh International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Requirements Engineering (AIRE 2020)
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Publishing date 2023-12-12
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Book ; Online: Process Improvement Archaeology

    Unterkalmsteiner, Michael / Gorschek, Tony

    What Led Us Here, and What's Next?

    2023  

    Abstract: While in every organization corporate culture and history change over time, intentional efforts to identify performance problems are of particular interest when trying to understand the current state of an organization. The results of past improvement ... ...

    Abstract While in every organization corporate culture and history change over time, intentional efforts to identify performance problems are of particular interest when trying to understand the current state of an organization. The results of past improvement initiatives can shed light on the evolution of an organization and represent, with the advantage of perfect hindsight, a learning opportunity for future process improvements. The opportunity to test this premise occurred in an applied research collaboration with the Swedish Transport Administration, the government agency responsible for the planning, implementation, and maintenance of long-term rail, road, shipping, and aviation infrastructure in Sweden. This article is part of a theme issue on Process Improvement.
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Publishing date 2023-09-21
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

    Your chosen title can be delivered directly to ZB MED Cologne location if you are registered as a user at ZB MED Cologne.

  3. Book ; Online: Replicating Relevance-Ranked Synonym Discovery in a New Language and Domain

    Yates, Andrew / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael

    2023  

    Abstract: Domain-specific synonyms occur in many specialized search tasks, such as when searching medical documents, legal documents, and software engineering artifacts. We replicate prior work on ranking domain-specific synonyms in the consumer health domain by ... ...

    Abstract Domain-specific synonyms occur in many specialized search tasks, such as when searching medical documents, legal documents, and software engineering artifacts. We replicate prior work on ranking domain-specific synonyms in the consumer health domain by applying the approach to a new language and domain: identifying Swedish language synonyms in the building construction domain. We chose this setting because identifying synonyms in this domain is helpful for downstream systems, where different users may query for documents (e.g., engineering requirements) using different terminology. We consider two new features inspired by the change in language and methodological advances since the prior work's publication. An evaluation using data from the building construction domain supports the finding from the prior work that synonym discovery is best approached as a learning to rank task in which a human editor views ranked synonym candidates in order to construct a domain-specific thesaurus. We additionally find that FastText embeddings alone provide a strong baseline, though they do not perform as well as the strongest learning to rank method. Finally, we analyze the performance of individual features and the differences in the domains.

    Comment: ECIR (1) 2019: 429-442
    Keywords Computer Science - Information Retrieval
    Subject code 004
    Publishing date 2023-10-02
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Book ; Online: Expert-sourcing Domain-specific Knowledge

    Unterkalmsteiner, Michael / Yates, Andrew

    The Case of Synonym Validation

    2023  

    Abstract: One prerequisite for supervised machine learning is high quality labelled data. Acquiring such data is, particularly if expert knowledge is required, costly or even impossible if the task needs to be performed by a single expert. In this paper, we ... ...

    Abstract One prerequisite for supervised machine learning is high quality labelled data. Acquiring such data is, particularly if expert knowledge is required, costly or even impossible if the task needs to be performed by a single expert. In this paper, we illustrate tool support that we adopted and extended to source domain-specific knowledge from experts. We provide insight in design decisions that aim at motivating experts to dedicate their time at performing the labelling task. We are currently using the approach to identify true synonyms from a list of candidate synonyms. The identification of synonyms is important in scenarios were stakeholders from different companies and background need to collaborate, for example when defining and negotiating requirements. We foresee that the approach of expert-sourcing is applicable to any data labelling task in software engineering. The discussed design decisions and implementation are an initial draft that can be extended, refined and validated with further application.

    Comment: REFSQ Workshops (NLP4RE). 2019
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Subject code 004
    Publishing date 2023-09-28
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Book ; Online: Requirements' Characteristics

    Chatzipetrou, Panagiota / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael / Gorschek, Tony

    How do they Impact on Project Budget in a Systems Engineering Context?

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: Requirements engineering is of a principal importance when starting a new project. However, the number of the requirements involved in a single project can reach up to thousands. Controlling and assuring the quality of natural language ... ...

    Abstract Background: Requirements engineering is of a principal importance when starting a new project. However, the number of the requirements involved in a single project can reach up to thousands. Controlling and assuring the quality of natural language requirements (NLRs), in these quantities, is challenging. Aims: In a field study, we investigated with the Swedish Transportation Agency (STA) to what extent the characteristics of requirements had an influence on change requests and budget changes in the project. Method: We choose the following models to characterize system requirements formulated in natural language: Concern-based Model of Requirements (CMR), Requirements Abstractions Model (RAM) and Software-Hardware model (SHM). The classification of the NLRs was conducted by the three authors. The robust statistical measure Fleiss' Kappa was used to verify the reliability of the results. We used descriptive statistics, contingency tables, results from the Chi-Square test of association along with post hoc tests. Finally, a multivariate statistical technique, Correspondence analysis was used in order to provide a means of displaying a set of requirements in two-dimensional graphical form. Results: The results showed that software requirements are associated with less budget cost than hardware requirements. Moreover, software requirements tend to stay open for a longer period indicating that they are "harder" to handle. Finally, the more discussion or interaction on a change request can lower the actual estimated change request cost. Conclusions: The results lead us to a need to further investigate the reasons why the software requirements are treated differently from the hardware requirements, interview the project managers, understand better the way those requirements are formulated and propose effective ways of Software management.

    Comment: SEAA 2019: 260-267
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Subject code 650
    Publishing date 2023-10-02
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  6. Book ; Online: Modern code reviews -- Preliminary results of a systematic mapping study

    Badampudi, Deepika / Britto, Ricardo / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael

    2023  

    Abstract: Reviewing source code is a common practice in a modern and collaborative coding environment. In the past few years, the research on modern code reviews has gained interest among practitioners and researchers. The objective of our investigation is to ... ...

    Abstract Reviewing source code is a common practice in a modern and collaborative coding environment. In the past few years, the research on modern code reviews has gained interest among practitioners and researchers. The objective of our investigation is to observe the evolution of research related to modern code reviews, identify research gaps and serve as a basis for future research. We use a systematic mapping approach to identify and classify 177 research papers. As preliminary result of our investigation, we present in this paper a classification scheme of the main contributions of modern code review research between 2005 and 2018.

    Comment: EASE 2019: 340-345
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Publishing date 2023-10-02
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  7. Book ; Online: Software-Intensive Product Engineering in Start-Ups

    Klotins, Eriks / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael / Gorschek, Tony

    A Taxonomy

    2023  

    Abstract: Software start-ups are new companies aiming to launch an innovative product to mass markets fast with minimal resources. However, most start-ups fail before realizing their potential. Poor software engineering, among other factors, could be a significant ...

    Abstract Software start-ups are new companies aiming to launch an innovative product to mass markets fast with minimal resources. However, most start-ups fail before realizing their potential. Poor software engineering, among other factors, could be a significant contributor to the challenges that start-ups experience. Little is known about the engineering context in start-up companies. On the surface, start-ups are characterized by uncertainty, high risk, and minimal resources. However, such a characterization isn't granular enough to support identification of specific engineering challenges and to devise start-up-specific engineering practices. The first step toward an understanding of software engineering in start-ups is the definition of a Start-Up Context Map - a taxonomy of engineering practices, environment factors, and goals influencing the engineering process. This map aims to support further research on the field and serve as an engineering decision support tool for start-ups. This article is part of a theme issue on Process Improvement.
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Subject code 670
    Publishing date 2023-09-28
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

    Your chosen title can be delivered directly to ZB MED Cologne location if you are registered as a user at ZB MED Cologne.

  8. Book ; Online: Automatic extraction of cause-effect-relations from requirements artifacts

    Frattini, Julian / Junker, Maximilian / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael / Mendez, Daniel

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: The detection and extraction of causality from natural language sentences have shown great potential in various fields of application. The field of requirements engineering is eligible for multiple reasons: (1) requirements artifacts are ... ...

    Abstract Background: The detection and extraction of causality from natural language sentences have shown great potential in various fields of application. The field of requirements engineering is eligible for multiple reasons: (1) requirements artifacts are primarily written in natural language, (2) causal sentences convey essential context about the subject of requirements, and (3) extracted and formalized causality relations are usable for a (semi-)automatic translation into further artifacts, such as test cases. Objective: We aim at understanding the value of interactive causality extraction based on syntactic criteria for the context of requirements engineering. Method: We developed a prototype of a system for automatic causality extraction and evaluate it by applying it to a set of publicly available requirements artifacts, determining whether the automatic extraction reduces the manual effort of requirements formalization. Result: During the evaluation we analyzed 4457 natural language sentences from 18 requirements documents, 558 of which were causal (12.52%). The best evaluation of a requirements document provided an automatic extraction of 48.57% cause-effect graphs on average, which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach. Limitation: The feasibility of the approach has been proven in theory but lacks exploration of being scaled up for practical use. Evaluating the applicability of the automatic causality extraction for a requirements engineer is left for future research. Conclusion: A syntactic approach for causality extraction is viable for the context of requirements engineering and can aid a pipeline towards an automatic generation of further artifacts from requirements artifacts.

    Comment: ASE '20: Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Subject code 670
    Publishing date 2023-12-12
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Book ; Online: Applying Bayesian Data Analysis for Causal Inference about Requirements Quality

    Frattini, Julian / Fucci, Davide / Torkar, Richard / Montgomery, Lloyd / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael / Fischbach, Jannik / Mendez, Daniel

    A Replicated Experiment

    2024  

    Abstract: Context: It is commonly accepted that the quality of requirements specifications impacts subsequent software engineering activities. However, we still lack empirical evidence to support organizations in deciding whether their requirements are good enough ...

    Abstract Context: It is commonly accepted that the quality of requirements specifications impacts subsequent software engineering activities. However, we still lack empirical evidence to support organizations in deciding whether their requirements are good enough or impede subsequent activities. Objective: We aim to contribute empirical evidence to the effect that requirements quality defects have on a software engineering activity that depends on this requirement. Method: We replicate a controlled experiment in which 25 participants from industry and university generate domain models from four natural language requirements containing different quality defects. We evaluate the resulting models using both frequentist and Bayesian data analysis. Results: Contrary to our expectations, our results show that the use of passive voice only has a minor impact on the resulting domain models. The use of ambiguous pronouns, however, shows a strong effect on various properties of the resulting domain models. Most notably, ambiguous pronouns lead to incorrect associations in domain models. Conclusion: Despite being equally advised against by literature and frequentist methods, the Bayesian data analysis shows that the two investigated quality defects have vastly different impacts on software engineering activities and, hence, deserve different levels of attention. Our employed method can be further utilized by researchers to improve reliable, detailed empirical evidence on requirements quality.
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Publishing date 2024-01-02
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Book ; Online: Test-Case Quality -- Understanding Practitioners' Perspectives

    Tran, Huynh Khanh Vi / Ali, Nauman Bin / Börstler, Jürgen / Unterkalmsteiner, Michael

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: Test-case quality has always been one of the major concerns in software testing. To improve test-case quality, it is important to better understand how practitioners perceive the quality of test-cases. Objective: Motivated by that need, we ... ...

    Abstract Background: Test-case quality has always been one of the major concerns in software testing. To improve test-case quality, it is important to better understand how practitioners perceive the quality of test-cases. Objective: Motivated by that need, we investigated how practitioners define test-case quality and which aspects of test-cases are important for quality assessment. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with professional developers, testers and test architects from a multinational software company in Sweden. Before the interviews, we asked participants for actual test cases (written in natural language) that they perceive as good, normal, and bad respectively together with rationales for their assessment. We also compared their opinions on shared test cases and contrasted their views with the relevant literature. Results: We present a quality model which consists of 11 test-case quality attributes. We also identify a misalignment in defining test-case quality among practitioners and between academia and industry, along with suggestions for improving test-case quality in industry. Conclusion: The results show that practitioners' background, including roles and working experience, are critical dimensions of how test-case quality is defined and assessed.

    Comment: PROFES 2019: 37-52
    Keywords Computer Science - Software Engineering
    Subject code 150
    Publishing date 2023-09-28
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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