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  1. Article ; Online: Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

    Arun Sharma / Gustavo Garcia / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami / Clive N Svendsen

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is predominantly defined by respiratory symptoms, but cardiac complications including arrhythmias, heart failure, ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is predominantly defined by respiratory symptoms, but cardiac complications including arrhythmias, heart failure, and viral myocarditis are also prevalent. Although the systemic ischemic and inflammatory responses caused by COVID-19 can detrimentally affect cardiac function, the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human cardiomyocytes is not well-understood. We used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a model system to examine the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte-specific infection by SARS-CoV-2. Microscopy and immunofluorescence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can enter and replicate within hiPSC-CMs, localizing at perinuclear locations within the cytoplasm. Viral cytopathic effect induced hiPSC-CM apoptosis and cessation of beating after 72 hours of infection. These studies show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect hiPSC-CMs in vitro, establishing a model for elucidating the mechanisms of infection and potentially a cardiac-specific antiviral drug screening platform.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher biorxiv
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.04.21.051912
    Database COVID19

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  2. Article ; Online: Compound screen identifies the small molecule Q34 as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection

    Qi Cui / Gustavo Garcia, Jr. / Mingzi Zhang / Cheng Wang / Hongzhi Li / Tao Zhou / Guihua Sun / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami / Yanhong Shi

    iScience, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 103684- (2022)

    2022  

    Abstract: Summary: The COVID-19 outbreak poses a serious threat to global public health. Effective countermeasures and approved therapeutics are desperately needed. In this study, we screened a small molecule library containing the NCI-DTP compounds to identify ... ...

    Abstract Summary: The COVID-19 outbreak poses a serious threat to global public health. Effective countermeasures and approved therapeutics are desperately needed. In this study, we screened a small molecule library containing the NCI-DTP compounds to identify molecules that can prevent SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. By applying a luciferase assay-based screening using a pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2-mediated cell entry assay, we identified a small molecule compound Q34 that can efficiently block cellular entry of the pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 into human ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells, and inhibit the infection of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 in human ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells, human iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes, and human lung Calu-3 cells. Importantly, the safety profile of the compound is favorable. There is no obvious toxicity observed in uninfected cells treated with the compound. Thus, this compound holds great potential as both prophylactics and therapeutics for COVID-19 and future pandemics by blocking the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses into human cells.
    Keywords Chemistry ; Small molecule ; Virology ; Cell biology ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article: Ebolavirus evolves in human to minimize the detection by immune cells by accumulating adaptive mutations

    Ramaiah, Arunachalam / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami

    VirusDis.. 2016 June, v. 27, no. 2

    2016  

    Abstract: The current outbreak of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) lasted longer than the previous outbreaks and there is as yet no proven treatment or vaccine available. Understanding host immune pressure and associated EBOV immune evasion that drive the evolution of EBOV ...

    Abstract The current outbreak of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) lasted longer than the previous outbreaks and there is as yet no proven treatment or vaccine available. Understanding host immune pressure and associated EBOV immune evasion that drive the evolution of EBOV is vital for diagnosis as well as designing a highly effective vaccine. The aim of this study was to deduce adaptive selection pressure acting on each amino acid sites of EBOV responsible for the recent 2014 outbreak. Multiple statistical methods employed in the study include SLAC, FEL, REL, IFEL, FUBAR and MEME. Results show that a total of 11 amino acid sites from sGP and ssGP, and 14 sites from NP, VP40, VP24 and L proteins were inferred as positively and negatively selected, respectively. Overall, the function of 11 out of 25 amino acid sites under selection pressure exactly found to be involved in T cell and B-cell epitopes. We identified that the EBOV had evolved through purifying selection pressure, which is a predictor that is known to aid the virus to adapt better to the human host and subsequently reduce the efficiency of existing immunity. Furthermore, computational RNA structure prediction showed that the three synonymous nucleotide mutations in NP gene altered the RNA secondary structure and optimal base-pairing energy, implicating a possible effect on genome replication. Here, we have provided evidence that the EBOV strains involved in the recent 2014 outbreak have evolved to minimize the detection by T and B cells by accumulating adaptive mutations to increase the survival fitness.
    Keywords amino acids ; B-lymphocytes ; energy ; epitopes ; genes ; humans ; immune evasion ; immunity ; mutation ; prediction ; proteins ; RNA ; selection pressure ; statistical analysis ; T-lymphocytes ; vaccines ; Zaire Ebola virus
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-06
    Size p. 136-144.
    Publishing place Springer India
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2846993-8
    ISSN 2347-3517 ; 2347-3584
    ISSN (online) 2347-3517
    ISSN 2347-3584
    DOI 10.1007/s13337-016-0305-0
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article ; Online: Comparative transcriptomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected cell model systems reveals differential innate immune responses

    Guihua Sun / Qi Cui / Gustavo Garcia / Cheng Wang / Mingzi Zhang / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami / Arthur D. Riggs / Yanhong Shi

    Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2021  Volume 12

    Abstract: Abstract The transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells that reflects the interplay between host and virus has provided valuable insights into mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. In this study, we show that SARS- ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells that reflects the interplay between host and virus has provided valuable insights into mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. In this study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can establish a robust infection in HEK293T cells that overexpress human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) without triggering significant host immune response. Instead, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response-related pathways are predominantly activated. By comparing our data with published transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other cell lines, we found that the expression level of hACE2 directly correlates with the viral load in infected cells but not with the scale of immune responses. Only cells that express high level of endogenous hACE2 exhibit an extensive immune attack even with a low viral load. Therefore, the infection route may be critical for the extent of the immune response, thus the severity of COVID-19 disease status.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Development of off-the-shelf hematopoietic stem cell-engineered invariant natural killer T cells for COVID-19 therapeutic intervention

    Yan-Ruide Li / Zachary Spencer Dunn / Gustavo Garcia / Camille Carmona / Yang Zhou / Derek Lee / Jiaji Yu / Jie Huang / Jocelyn T. Kim / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami / Pin Wang / Lili Yang

    Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2022  Volume 15

    Abstract: Abstract Background New COVID-19 treatments are desperately needed as case numbers continue to rise and emergent strains threaten vaccine efficacy. Cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and holds much promise in combatting infectious disease, ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background New COVID-19 treatments are desperately needed as case numbers continue to rise and emergent strains threaten vaccine efficacy. Cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and holds much promise in combatting infectious disease, including COVID-19. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a rare subset of T cells with potent antiviral and immunoregulatory functions and an excellent safety profile. Current iNKT cell strategies are hindered by the extremely low presence of iNKT cells, and we have developed a platform to overcome this critical limitation. Methods We produced allogeneic HSC-engineered iNKT (AlloHSC-iNKT) cells through TCR engineering of human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and differentiation of these HSCs into iNKT cells in an Ex Vivo HSC-Derived iNKT Cell Culture. We then established in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection assays to assess AlloHSC-iNKT cell antiviral and anti-hyperinflammation functions. Lastly, using in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, we evaluated AlloHSC-iNKT cell safety and immunogenicity for off-the-shelf application. Results We reliably generated AlloHSC-iNKT cells at high-yield and of high-purity; these resulting cells closely resembled endogenous human iNKT cells in phenotypes and functionalities. In cell culture, AlloHSC-iNKT cells directly killed SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and also selectively eliminated SARS-CoV-2 infection-stimulated inflammatory monocytes. In an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay and an NSG mouse xenograft model, AlloHSC-iNKT cells were resistant to T cell-mediated alloreaction and did not cause GvHD. Conclusions Here, we report a method to robustly produce therapeutic levels of AlloHSC-iNKT cells. Preclinical studies showed that these AlloHSC-iNKT cells closely resembled endogenous human iNKT cells, could reduce SARS-CoV-2 virus infection load and mitigate virus infection-induced hyperinflammation, and meanwhile were free of GvHD-risk and resistant to T cell-mediated allorejection. These results ...
    Keywords Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) ; Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell ; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ; Allogeneic adoptive cell transfer ; Off-the-shelf cellular product ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Biochemistry ; QD415-436
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

    Arun Sharma / Gustavo Garcia, Jr. / Yizhou Wang / Jasmine T. Plummer / Kouki Morizono / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami / Clive N. Svendsen

    Cell Reports Medicine, Vol 1, Iss 4, Pp 100052- (2020)

    2020  

    Abstract: Summary: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is defined by respiratory symptoms, but cardiac complications including viral myocarditis are also prevalent. ... ...

    Abstract Summary: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is defined by respiratory symptoms, but cardiac complications including viral myocarditis are also prevalent. Although ischemic and inflammatory responses caused by COVID-19 can detrimentally affect cardiac function, the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human cardiomyocytes is not well understood. Here, we utilize human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a model to examine the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte-specific infection by SARS-CoV-2. Microscopy and RNA sequencing demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 can enter hiPSC-CMs via ACE2. Viral replication and cytopathic effect induce hiPSC-CM apoptosis and cessation of beating after 72 h of infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection activates innate immune response and antiviral clearance gene pathways, while inhibiting metabolic pathways and suppressing ACE2 expression. These studies show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect hiPSC-CMs in vitro, establishing a model for elucidating infection mechanisms and potentially a cardiac-specific antiviral drug screening platform.
    Keywords COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; coronavirus ; induced pluripotent stem cells ; viral myocarditis ; cardiomyocytes ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: A ketogenic diet can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 induced systemic reprogramming and inflammation

    Amelia Palermo / Shen Li / Johanna ten Hoeve / Akshay Chellappa / Alexandra Morris / Barbara Dillon / Feiyang Ma / Yijie Wang / Edward Cao / Byourak Shabane / Rebeca Acín-Perez / Anton Petcherski / A. Jake Lusis / Stanley Hazen / Orian S. Shirihai / Matteo Pellegrini / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami / Thomas G. Graeber / Arjun Deb

    Communications Biology, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2023  Volume 15

    Abstract: Abstract The ketogenic diet (KD) has demonstrated benefits in numerous clinical studies and animal models of disease in modulating the immune response and promoting a systemic anti-inflammatory state. Here we investigate the effects of a KD on systemic ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The ketogenic diet (KD) has demonstrated benefits in numerous clinical studies and animal models of disease in modulating the immune response and promoting a systemic anti-inflammatory state. Here we investigate the effects of a KD on systemic toxicity in mice following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data indicate that under KD, SARS-CoV-2 reduces weight loss with overall improved animal survival. Muted multi-organ transcriptional reprogramming and metabolism rewiring suggest that a KD initiates and mitigates systemic changes induced by the virus. We observed reduced metalloproteases and increased inflammatory homeostatic protein transcription in the heart, with decreased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-15, IL-22, G-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-1), metabolic markers of inflammation (i.e., kynurenine/tryptophane ratio), and inflammatory prostaglandins, indicative of reduced systemic inflammation in animals infected under a KD. Taken together, these data suggest that a KD can alter the transcriptional and metabolic response in animals following SARS-CoV-2 infection with improved mice health, reduced inflammation, and restored amino acid, nucleotide, lipid, and energy currency metabolism.
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: Comparative analysis of protein evolution in the genome of pre-epidemic and epidemic Zika virus

    Ramaiah, Arunachalam / Deisy Contreras / Lei Dai / Ren Sun / Sanjeev Sinha / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami

    Infection, genetics, and evolution. 2017 July, v. 51

    2017  

    Abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV) causes microcephaly in congenital infection, neurological disorders, and poor pregnancy outcome and no vaccine is available for use in humans or approved. Although ZIKV was first discovered in 1947, the exact mechanism of virus ... ...

    Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) causes microcephaly in congenital infection, neurological disorders, and poor pregnancy outcome and no vaccine is available for use in humans or approved. Although ZIKV was first discovered in 1947, the exact mechanism of virus replication and pathogenesis remains unknown. Recent outbreaks of Zika virus in the Americas clearly suggest a human-mosquito cycle or urban cycle of transmission. Understanding the conserved and adaptive features in the evolution of ZIKV genome will provide a hint on the mechanism of ZIKV adaptation to a new cycle of transmission. Here, we show comprehensive analysis of protein evolution of ZIKV strains including the current 2015–16 outbreak. To identify the constraints on ZIKV evolution, selection pressure at individual codons, immune epitopes and co-evolving sites were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees show that the ZIKV strains of the Asian genotype form distinct cluster and share a common ancestor with African genotype. The TMRCA (Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor) for the Asian lineage and the subsequently evolved Asian human strains was calculated at 88 and 34years ago, respectively. The proteome of current 2015/16 epidemic ZIKV strains of Asian genotype was found to be genetically conserved due to genome-wide negative selection, with limited positive selection. We identified a total of 16 amino acid substitutions in the epidemic and pre-epidemic strains from human, mosquito, and monkey hosts. Negatively selected amino acid sites of Envelope protein (E-protein) (positions 69, 166, and 174) and NS5 (292, 345, and 587) were located in central dimerization domains and C-terminal RNA-directed RNA polymerase regions, respectively. The predicted 137 (92 CD4 TCEs; 45 CD8 TCEs) immunogenic peptide chains comprising negatively selected amino acid sites can be considered as suitable target for sub-unit vaccine development, as these sites are less likely to generate immune-escape variants due to strong functional constrains operating on them. The targeted changes at the amino acid level may contribute to better adaptation of ZIKV strains to human-mosquito cycle or urban cycle of transmission.
    Keywords amino acid substitution ; amino acids ; codons ; Culicidae ; dimerization ; epitopes ; genome ; genotype ; hosts ; humans ; monkeys ; nervous system diseases ; pathogenesis ; phylogeny ; pregnancy outcome ; proteome ; RNA-directed RNA polymerase ; selection pressure ; vaccine development ; vaccines ; Zika virus ; North America ; South America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-07
    Size p. 74-85.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2037068-4
    ISSN 1567-1348
    ISSN 1567-1348
    DOI 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.012
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article ; Online: Dysregulation of Long Non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Genes and Predicted lncRNA-protein Interactions during Zika Virus Infection

    Arunachalam Ramaiah;Deisy Contreras;Vineela Gangalapudi;Masumi Sameer Padhye;Jie Tang;Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami;

    Abstract: Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a causative agent for poor pregnancy outcome and fetal developmental abnormalities, including microcephaly and eye defects. As a result, ZIKV is now a confirmed teratogen. Understanding host-pathogen interactions, specifically ... ...

    Abstract Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a causative agent for poor pregnancy outcome and fetal developmental abnormalities, including microcephaly and eye defects. As a result, ZIKV is now a confirmed teratogen. Understanding host-pathogen interactions, specifically cellular perturbations caused by ZIKV, can provide novel therapeutic targets. In order to complete viral replication, viral pathogens control the host cellular machineries and regulate various factors, including long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, at transcriptional levels. The role of lncRNA genes in the pathogenesis of ZIKV-mediated microcephaly and eye defects is currently unknown. To gain additional insights, we focused on profiling the differentially expressed lncRNA genes during ZIKV infection in mammalian cells. For this study, we employed a contemporary clinical Zika viral isolate, PRVABC59, of Asian genotype. We utilized an unbiased RNA sequencing approach to profile the lncRNA transcriptome in ZIKV infected Vero cells. We identified a total of 121 lncRNA genes that are differentially regulated at 48 hours post-infection. The majority of these genes are independently validated by reverse-transcription qPCR. A notable observation was that the lncRNAs, MALAT1 (Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1) and NEAT1 (Nuclear Paraspeckle Assembly Transcript 1), are down-regulated upon Zika viral infection. MALAT1 and NEAT1 are known as nuclear localized RNAs that regulate gene expression and cell proliferation. Protein-lncRNA interaction maps revealed that MALAT1 and NEAT1 share common interacting partners and form a larger network comprising of 71 cellular factors. ZIKV-mediated dysregulation of these two regulatory lncRNAs can alter the expression of respective target genes and associated biological functions, an important one being cell division. In conclusion, this investigation is the first to provide insight into the biological connection of lncRNAs and ZIKV which can be further explored for developing antiviral therapy and understanding fetal developmental processes.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher biorxiv
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/061788
    Database COVID19

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  10. Article ; Online: Dysregulation of Long Non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Genes and Predicted lncRNA-Protein Interactions during Zika Virus Infection

    Arunachalam Ramaiah / Deisy Contreras / Vineela Gangalapudi / Masumi Sameer Padhye / Jie Tang / Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami

    Abstract: ABSTRACTZika Virus (ZIKV) is a causative agent for poor pregnancy outcome and fetal developmental abnormalities, including microcephaly and eye defects. As a result, ZIKV is now a confirmed teratogen. Understanding host-pathogen interactions, ... ...

    Abstract ABSTRACTZika Virus (ZIKV) is a causative agent for poor pregnancy outcome and fetal developmental abnormalities, including microcephaly and eye defects. As a result, ZIKV is now a confirmed teratogen. Understanding host-pathogen interactions, specifically cellular perturbations caused by ZIKV, can provide novel therapeutic targets. In order to complete viral replication, viral pathogens control the host cellular machineries and regulate various factors, including long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, at transcriptional levels. The role of lncRNA genes in the pathogenesis of ZIKV-mediated microcephaly and eye defects is currently unknown. To gain additional insights, we focused on profiling the differentially expressed lncRNA genes during ZIKV infection in mammalian cells. For this study, we employed a contemporary clinical Zika viral isolate, PRVABC59, of Asian genotype. We utilized an unbiased RNA sequencing approach to profile the lncRNA transcriptome in ZIKV infected Vero cells. We identified a total of 121 lncRNA genes that are differentially regulated at 48 hours post-infection. The majority of these genes are independently validated by reverse-transcription qPCR. A notable observation was that the lncRNAs, MALAT1 (Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1) and NEAT1 (Nuclear Paraspeckle Assembly Transcript 1), are down-regulated upon Zika viral infection. MALAT1 and NEAT1 are known as nuclear localized RNAs that regulate gene expression and cell proliferation. Protein-lncRNA interaction maps revealed that MALAT1 and NEAT1 share common interacting partners and form a larger network comprising of 71 cellular factors. ZIKV-mediated dysregulation of these two regulatory lncRNAs can alter the expression of respective target genes and associated biological functions, an important one being cell division. In conclusion, this investigation is the first to provide insight into the biological connection of lncRNAs and ZIKV which can be further explored for developing antiviral therapy and understanding fetal developmental processes.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher biorxiv
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/061788
    Database COVID19

    Kategorien

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