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  1. Thesis ; Online: Marine snow formation during oil spills

    van Eenennaam, Justine S.

    additional ecotoxicological consequences for the benthic ecosystem

    2017  

    Abstract: The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 was one of the largest oil spills in history. For three months, oil leaked from the Macondo well at 1,500 m depth into the Gulf. As one of the spill responses, an unprecedented amount of ...

    Abstract The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 was one of the largest oil spills in history. For three months, oil leaked from the Macondo well at 1,500 m depth into the Gulf. As one of the spill responses, an unprecedented amount of dispersants were applied, both at the sea surface and, for the first time ever, directly injected into the wellhead. During the spill, unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed. Oil-contaminated marine snow aggregates were formed by aggregation of EPS with suspended solids, phytoplankton cells due to the spring bloom, and the dispersed oil droplets. The marine snow sank through the water column and settled on the ocean floor. This process was named MOSSFA: Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation. MOSSFA was an important pathway of transferring oil to the deep-sea, and 14-21% of the total discharged oil is estimated to have settled on the sediment, where it impacted the benthic ecosystem. This thesis focused first on the mechanism of EPS snow formation, and then more in depth on the additional ecotoxicological consequences of marine snow formation during oil spills for the benthic ecosystem. Chapter 2 describes the role of chemical dispersants in the presence of phytoplankton in the formation of EPS, one of the main ingredients of marine snow. Results show that phytoplankton-associated bacteria were responsible for the EPS formation, and the symbiosis between the phytoplankton and its associated bacterial community provided the bacteria with energy to produce the EPS. The microcosm experiment in Chapter 3 investigated the effect of marine snow on oil biodegradation in microcosms without benthic macroinvertebrates. Results showed that marine snow hampers oil biodegradation: the presence of marine snow reduced the depletion of oil alkanes by 40%, most likely due to the high biodegradability of marine snow organics compared to the oil. Biodegradation of marine snow resulted in anaerobic ...
    Keywords benthos ; biodegradation ; ecotoxicology ; environmental impact ; marine invertebrates ; oil spills ; phytoplankton ; snow ; biodegradatie ; ecotoxicologie ; fytoplankton ; milieueffect ; olieverontreinigingen ; sneeuw ; zee-invertebraten
    Subject code 333 ; 551
    Language English
    Publisher Wageningen University
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Thesis ; Online
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  2. Article: Marine Snow-Oil Interaction Affects n-Alkane Biodegradation in Sediment

    Rahsepar, Shokouh / van Eenennaam, Justine S. / Radović, Jagoš R. / Oldenburg, Thomas B. P. / Rijnaarts, Huub H. M. / Murk, Albertinka J. / Foekema, Edwin M. / Langenhoff, Alette A. M.

    Water, air, and soil pollution. 2022 Mar., v. 233, no. 3

    2022  

    Abstract: During the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill, an excessive production of marine snow was observed, and it was estimated that as much as 14% of the oil was transferred to the ocean floor by MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation) ...

    Abstract During the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill, an excessive production of marine snow was observed, and it was estimated that as much as 14% of the oil was transferred to the ocean floor by MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation). MOSSFA is an important pathway of transferring oil to the ocean floor. We performed experiments at laboratory scale in 15 aquaria, representing 5 exposures of marine snow with or without oil, only oil, and controls with only clay or sediment. We developed a method to produce artificial marine snow, which resembles the natural marine snow. Results showed 40% less biodegradation of alkanes in “marine snow with oil” compared to “only oil.” Most probably, this is due to preferred biodegradation of marine snow organics comparing to oil alkanes. Biodegradation of marine snow reduces the dissolved oxygen concentration, which might result in anaerobic conditions in the sediment layer. This finding can be projected to a potential ocean floor effect.
    Keywords air ; alkanes ; biodegradation ; clay ; dissolved oxygen ; marine sediments ; oil spills ; oils ; soil pollution ; water
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-03
    Size p. 84.
    Publishing place Springer International Publishing
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 120499-3
    ISSN 1573-2932 ; 0049-6979 ; 0043-1168
    ISSN (online) 1573-2932
    ISSN 0049-6979 ; 0043-1168
    DOI 10.1007/s11270-022-05557-1
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  3. Article: The effects of experimental oil-contaminated marine snow on meiofauna in a microcosm

    Rohal, Melissa / Barrera, Noe / Van Eenennaam, Justine S / Foekema, Edwin M / Montagna, Paul A / Murk, Albertinka J / Pryor, Marissa / Romero, Isabel C

    Marine pollution bulletin. 2020 Jan., v. 150

    2020  

    Abstract: During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunal abundance and the nematode: ... ...

    Abstract During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunal abundance and the nematode:copepod ratio under different oil concentrations and in the presence and absence of marine snow. Total meiofaunal abundance was 1.7 times higher in the presence of snow regardless of oil concentration. The nematode:copepod ratio was 13.9 times lower in the snow treatment regardless of the oil concentration. Copepod abundance was 24.3 times higher in marine snow treatments and 4.3 times higher at the highest oil concentration. Nematode abundance was 1.7 times lower at the highest oil concentration. The result of the experiment was an enrichment effect. The lack of a toxic response in the experiments may be attributable to relatively low oil concentrations, weathering processes, and the absence of chemically dispersed oil.
    Keywords Copepoda ; Nematoda ; fauna ; marine pollution ; marine sediments ; oil spills ; oils ; snow ; toxicity
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-01
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110656
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  4. Article ; Online: The effects of experimental oil-contaminated marine snow on meiofauna in a microcosm.

    Rohal, Melissa / Barrera, Noe / Van Eenennaam, Justine S / Foekema, Edwin M / Montagna, Paul A / Murk, Albertinka J / Pryor, Marissa / Romero, Isabel C

    Marine pollution bulletin

    2019  Volume 150, Page(s) 110656

    Abstract: During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunal abundance and the nematode: ... ...

    Abstract During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunal abundance and the nematode:copepod ratio under different oil concentrations and in the presence and absence of marine snow. Total meiofaunal abundance was 1.7 times higher in the presence of snow regardless of oil concentration. The nematode:copepod ratio was 13.9 times lower in the snow treatment regardless of the oil concentration. Copepod abundance was 24.3 times higher in marine snow treatments and 4.3 times higher at the highest oil concentration. Nematode abundance was 1.7 times lower at the highest oil concentration. The result of the experiment was an enrichment effect. The lack of a toxic response in the experiments may be attributable to relatively low oil concentrations, weathering processes, and the absence of chemically dispersed oil.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Copepoda ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments ; Nematoda ; Petroleum Pollution ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
    Chemical Substances Water Pollutants, Chemical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110656
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  5. Article ; Online: Marine Snow-Oil Interaction Affects n-Alkane Biodegradation in Sediment

    Rahsepar, Shokouh / Van Eenennaam, Justine S. / Radović, Jagoš R. / Oldenburg, Thomas B.P. / Rijnaarts, Huub H.M. / Murk, Albertinka J. / Foekema, Edwin M. / Langenhoff, Alette A.M.

    Water Air and Soil Pollution

    2022  Volume 233

    Abstract: During the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill, an excessive production of marine snow was observed, and it was estimated that as much as 14% of the oil was transferred to the ocean floor by MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation) ...

    Abstract During the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill, an excessive production of marine snow was observed, and it was estimated that as much as 14% of the oil was transferred to the ocean floor by MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation). MOSSFA is an important pathway of transferring oil to the ocean floor. We performed experiments at laboratory scale in 15 aquaria, representing 5 exposures of marine snow with or without oil, only oil, and controls with only clay or sediment. We developed a method to produce artificial marine snow, which resembles the natural marine snow. Results showed 40% less biodegradation of alkanes in “marine snow with oil” compared to “only oil.”Most probably, this is due to preferred biodegradation of marine snow organics comparing to oil alkanes. Biodegradation of marine snow reduces the dissolvedoxygen concentration, which might result in anaerobic conditions in the sediment layer. This finding can be projected to a potential ocean floor effect.
    Keywords Biodegradation ; Deepwater Horizon ; MOSSFA ; Marine snow ; Oil spill ; Sediment
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 120499-3
    ISSN 1573-2932 ; 0049-6979 ; 0043-1168
    ISSN (online) 1573-2932
    ISSN 0049-6979 ; 0043-1168
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 2719: Show issues

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  6. Article ; Online: Oil spill dispersants induce formation of marine snow by phytoplankton-associated bacteria.

    van Eenennaam, Justine S / Wei, Yuzhu / Grolle, Katja C F / Foekema, Edwin M / Murk, AlberTinka J

    Marine pollution bulletin

    2016  Volume 104, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 294–302

    Abstract: Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This ... ...

    Abstract Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This study tested the hypothesis that the unprecedented amount of chemical dispersants applied during high phytoplankton densities in the Gulf of Mexico induced high EPS formation. Two marine phytoplankton species (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) produced EPS within days when exposed to the dispersant Corexit 9500. Phytoplankton-associated bacteria were shown to be responsible for the formation. The EPS consisted of proteins and to lesser extent polysaccharides. This study reveals an unexpected consequence of the presence of phytoplankton. This emphasizes the need to test the action of dispersants under realistic field conditions, which may seriously alter the fate of oil in the environment via increased marine snow formation.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Lipids ; Mexico ; Petroleum Pollution ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Surface-Active Agents/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Lipids ; Surface-Active Agents ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; corexit 9500
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.005
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  7. Article ; Online: The effects of experimental oil-contaminated marine snow on meiofauna in a microcosm

    Rohal, Melissa / Barrera, Noe / Van Eenennaam, Justine S. / Foekema, Edwin M. / Montagna, Paul A. / Murk, Albertinka J. / Pryor, Marissa / Romero, Isabel C.

    Marine Pollution Bulletin

    2020  Volume 150

    Abstract: During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunalabundance and the nematode:copepod ...

    Abstract During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunalabundance and the nematode:copepod ratio under different oil concentrations and in the presence and absence of marine snow. Total meiofaunal abundance was 1.7 times higher in the presence of snow regardless of oil concentration. The nematode:copepod ratio was 13.9 times lower in the snow treatment regardless of the oil concentration. Copepod abundance was 24.3 times higher in marine snow treatments and 4.3 times higher at the highest oil concentration. Nematode abundance was 1.7 times lower at the highest oil concentration. The result of the experiment was an enrichment effect. The lack of a toxic response in the experiments may be attributable to relatively low oil concentrations, weathering processes, and the absence of chemically dispersed oil.
    Keywords Benthic meiofauna ; MOSSFA ; Marine snow ; Microcosm ; Nematode:Copepod ratio ; Oil
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: Marine snow increases the adverse effects of oil on benthic invertebrates

    van Eenennaam, Justine S / Albertinka J. Murk / Alette A.M. Langenhoff / Edwin M. Foekema / Jagoš R. Radović / Jessica Wonink / Shokouh Rahsepar / Thomas B.P. Oldenburg

    Marine pollution bulletin. 2018 Jan., v. 126

    2018  

    Abstract: After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, a MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation) event took place, transporting an estimated 14% of total released oil to the sediment, and smothering parts of the benthic ecosystem. This ... ...

    Abstract After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, a MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation) event took place, transporting an estimated 14% of total released oil to the sediment, and smothering parts of the benthic ecosystem. This microcosm study describes the effects of oiled artificial marine snow on benthic macroinvertebrates. Corophium volutator survival was reduced by 80% in oil-contaminated snow. Hydrobia ulvae survival was reduced by 40% in oil-contaminated snow, possibly due to consumption of oiled snow. Macoma balthica was sensitive to marine snow, addition of oil slightly decreased survival. This study reveals trait-dependent sensitivity to oil with or without marine snow. The main drivers for organismal response to marine snow and oil are motility, sensitivity to hypoxia and oil toxicity, and feeding habits. Adverse effects of MOSSFA events on benthos will have consequence for the benthic-pelagic habitat and food chain, and should receive more attention in oil spill management.
    Keywords adverse effects ; benthic organisms ; Corophium ; ecosystems ; flocculants ; food chain ; habitats ; hypoxia ; macroinvertebrates ; marine sediments ; mortality ; oil spills ; oils ; snow ; toxicity ; water pollution
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-01
    Size p. 339-348.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.028
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  9. Article: Oil spill dispersants induce formation of marine snow by phytoplankton-associated bacteria

    van Eenennaam, Justine S / AlberTinka J. Murk / Edwin M. Foekema / Katja C.F. Grolle / Yuzhu Wei

    Marine pollution bulletin. 2016 Mar. 15, v. 104, no. 1-2

    2016  

    Abstract: Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This ... ...

    Abstract Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This study tested the hypothesis that the unprecedented amount of chemical dispersants applied during high phytoplankton densities in the Gulf of Mexico induced high EPS formation. Two marine phytoplankton species (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) produced EPS within days when exposed to the dispersant Corexit 9500. Phytoplankton-associated bacteria were shown to be responsible for the formation. The EPS consisted of proteins and to lesser extent polysaccharides. This study reveals an unexpected consequence of the presence of phytoplankton. This emphasizes the need to test the action of dispersants under realistic field conditions, which may seriously alter the fate of oil in the environment via increased marine snow formation.
    Keywords bacteria ; clay minerals ; Dunaliella tertiolecta ; marine sediments ; oil spills ; oils ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; phytoplankton ; polysaccharides ; proteins ; sludge ; water pollution ; Gulf of Mexico
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-0315
    Size p. 294-302.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.005
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article ; Online: Oil biodegradation: Interactions of artificial marine snow, clay particles, oil and Corexit.

    Rahsepar, Shokouh / Langenhoff, Alette A M / Smit, Martijn P J / van Eenennaam, Justine S / Murk, Albertinka J / Rijnaarts, Huub H M

    Marine pollution bulletin

    2017  Volume 125, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 186–191

    Abstract: During the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill, interactions between oil, clay particles and marine snow lead to the formation of aggregates. Interactions between these components play an important, but yet not well understood, role in biodegradation of ... ...

    Abstract During the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill, interactions between oil, clay particles and marine snow lead to the formation of aggregates. Interactions between these components play an important, but yet not well understood, role in biodegradation of oil in the ocean water. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of these interactions on biodegradation of oil in the water. Laboratory experiments were performed, analyzing respiration and n-alkane and BTEX biodegradation in multiple conditions containing Corexit, alginate particles as marine snow, and kaolin clay. Two oil degrading bacterial pure cultures were added, Pseudomonas putida F1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii TUHH-12. Results show that the presence of alginate particles enhances oil biodegradation. The presence of Corexit alone or in combination with alginate particles and/or kaolin clay, hampers oil biodegradation. Kaolin clay and Corexit have a synergistic effect in increasing BTEX concentrations in the water and cause delay in oil biodegradation.
    MeSH term(s) Alginates ; Alkanes/metabolism ; Aluminum Silicates/analysis ; Aluminum Silicates/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Lipids/chemistry ; Petroleum Pollution/analysis ; Pseudomonas putida/metabolism ; Rhodococcus/metabolism ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry ; Surface-Active Agents/metabolism ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Alginates ; Alkanes ; Aluminum Silicates ; Lipids ; Surface-Active Agents ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; clay (1302-87-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-12-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2001296-2
    ISSN 1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
    ISSN (online) 1879-3363
    ISSN 0025-326X
    DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.021
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