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  1. Article ; Online: Noninvasive intestinal amebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica colonization without invasion.

    Nair, Gayatri V / Variyam, Easwaran P

    Current opinion in infectious diseases

    2014  Volume 27, Issue 5, Page(s) 465–469

    Abstract: Purpose of review: Entamoeba histolytica infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although research with the organism began in the late nineteenth century, our understanding of the natural history of the infection remains ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: Entamoeba histolytica infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although research with the organism began in the late nineteenth century, our understanding of the natural history of the infection remains incomplete and is heavily based on expert opinion. Most persons infected with E. histolytica are carriers with the organism colonizing the large intestine. Host defense mechanisms that prevent invasive diseases are poorly understood. A timely review could lead to renewed interest.
    Recent findings: We herein review 2012 and 2013 publications related to the epidemiology, diagnosis, management and potential mechanisms that enable noninvasive E. histolytica colonization without invasion.
    Summary: There are several publications that advance our knowledge in the first three categories listed above, but studies of mechanisms for noninvasive E. histolytica colonization are glaringly few.
    MeSH term(s) Dysentery, Amebic/diagnosis ; Dysentery, Amebic/epidemiology ; Dysentery, Amebic/immunology ; Entamoeba histolytica/pathogenicity ; Entamoeba histolytica/physiology ; Entamoebiasis/diagnosis ; Entamoebiasis/epidemiology ; Entamoebiasis/immunology ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 645085-4
    ISSN 1473-6527 ; 1535-3877 ; 0951-7375 ; 1355-834X
    ISSN (online) 1473-6527 ; 1535-3877
    ISSN 0951-7375 ; 1355-834X
    DOI 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000095
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Luminal host-defense mechanisms against invasive amebiasis.

    Variyam, Easwaran P

    Trends in parasitology

    2007  Volume 23, Issue 3, Page(s) 108–111

    Abstract: Most humans infected with the virulent protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica do not develop invasive disease. Available evidence indicates that beneficial bacteria and the mucus gel layer in the colon lumen protect the host mucosa. Glycosidases ... ...

    Abstract Most humans infected with the virulent protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica do not develop invasive disease. Available evidence indicates that beneficial bacteria and the mucus gel layer in the colon lumen protect the host mucosa. Glycosidases produced by some normal colonic bacteria and luminal proteases degrade the key adherence lectin on E. histolytica trophozoites and decrease their adherence to epithelial cells. The mucus gel layer prevents those trophozoites that escape the hydrolases from reaching the epithelial cells. Trophozoite mucosal invasion is triggered only when both protective mechanisms are lost, as might occur during an unrelated pathogenic enteric bacterial infection. A newly developed gnotobiotic model of intestinal amebiasis should enable testing of this hypothesis and provide clues to help design practical studies in humans.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bacteria/enzymology ; Cell Adhesion ; Colon/microbiology ; Colon/parasitology ; Entamoeba histolytica/pathogenicity ; Entamoeba histolytica/physiology ; Entamoebiasis/prevention & control ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Lectins/metabolism ; Mucins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Lectins ; Mucins ; Glycoside Hydrolases (EC 3.2.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2036227-4
    ISSN 1471-5007 ; 1471-4922
    ISSN (online) 1471-5007
    ISSN 1471-4922
    DOI 10.1016/j.pt.2007.01.006
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Visceral angioedema: an under-recognized complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

    Mutnuri, Sangeeta / Khan, Adnan / Variyam, Easwaran P

    Postgraduate medicine

    2015  Volume 127, Issue 2, Page(s) 215–217

    Abstract: Cough and upper airway angioedema are well-recognized adverse reactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) therapy. Visceral angioedema is an infrequent and often unrecognized complication of ACEI therapy. We describe a patient in whom the ...

    Abstract Cough and upper airway angioedema are well-recognized adverse reactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) therapy. Visceral angioedema is an infrequent and often unrecognized complication of ACEI therapy. We describe a patient in whom the diagnosis was delayed for > 2 years. A 60-year-old woman with hypertension on treatment with enalapril presented with complaints of abdominal pain and diarrhea for 2 days. Physical examination was significant for diffuse abdominal tenderness and hypotension. Laboratory data were normal except for leukocytosis and elevated creatinine. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed diffuse small bowel wall thickening. ACEI-induced visceral angioedema was considered, enalapril was discontinued and supportive care was provided. Patient's symptoms and CT appearance improved 48 and 72 hours, respectively, after stopping enalapril. She remained symptom-free 1 year after discharge.
    MeSH term(s) Abdominal Pain/etiology ; Angioedema/chemically induced ; Angioedema/diagnosis ; Angioedema/diagnostic imaging ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Enalapril/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Viscera
    Chemical Substances Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Enalapril (69PN84IO1A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410138-8
    ISSN 1941-9260 ; 0032-5481
    ISSN (online) 1941-9260
    ISSN 0032-5481
    DOI 10.1080/00325481.2015.1001305
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Hyperendemic H. pylori and tapeworm infections in a U.S.-Mexico border population.

    Cardenas, Victor M / Mena, Kristina D / Ortiz, Melchor / Karri, Sitrulasi / Variyam, Easwaran / Behravesh, Casey Barton / Snowden, Karen F / Flisser, Ana / Bristol, John R / Mayberry, Lillian F / Ortega, Ynes R / Fukuda, Yoshihiro / Campos, Armando / Graham, David Y

    Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)

    2010  Volume 125, Issue 3, Page(s) 441–447

    Abstract: Objective: A higher incidence of infectious disease has been documented in U.S. regions bordering Mexico compared with non-border areas. We assessed the prevalence of important gastrointestinal infections in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, ... ...

    Abstract Objective: A higher incidence of infectious disease has been documented in U.S. regions bordering Mexico compared with non-border areas. We assessed the prevalence of important gastrointestinal infections in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, the largest binational community along the U.S.-Mexico border.
    Methods: Fecal specimens from a sample of the asymptomatic population representing all ages were tested for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., and other intestinal parasitic pathogens using flotation, immunoassays, and/or polymerase chain reaction. We also measured indicators of microbiological contamination of drinking water, hands of food preparers, and kitchen surfaces.
    Results: Overall, of the 386 participants, H. pylori was present in 38.2%, Taenia spp. in 3.3%, Giardia spp. in 2.7%, Cryptosporidium spp. in 1.9%, Entamoeba dispar in 1.3%, and Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus in 0.3% of the study subjects; Cyclospora spp. and Entamoeba histolytica were not found. H. pylori infection was associated with handwashing (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0, 1.8). Taenia spp. was found more often on the U.S. side (PR=8.6, 95% CI 2.3, 30.8). We did not find an association between these infections and the occurrence of total coliforms or fecal coliforms on kitchen surfaces. In addition, Escherichia coli was not found in any drinking water sample.
    Conclusion: The study results indicated that H. pylori and Taenia spp. infections may be highly prevalent along the U.S.-Mexico border. Additional research is necessary to adequately characterize the prevalence, as well as determine whether interventions that reduce these infections are warranted.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology ; Helicobacter Infections/prevention & control ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/prevention & control ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Taeniasis/epidemiology ; Taeniasis/prevention & control ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-04-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 120953-x
    ISSN 1468-2877 ; 0033-3549
    ISSN (online) 1468-2877
    ISSN 0033-3549
    DOI 10.1177/003335491012500313
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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