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Article: Impact of rising temperatures on the biomass of humid old-growth forests of the world.

Larjavaara, Markku / Lu, Xiancheng / Chen, Xia / Vastaranta, Mikko

2021 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 31

Abstract: Background: Understanding how warming influence above-ground biomass in the world's forests is necessary for quantifying future global carbon budgets. A climate-driven decrease in future carbon stocks could dangerously strengthen climate change. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Understanding how warming influence above-ground biomass in the world's forests is necessary for quantifying future global carbon budgets. A climate-driven decrease in future carbon stocks could dangerously strengthen climate change. Empirical methods for studying the temperature response of forests have important limitations, and modelling is needed to provide another perspective. Here we evaluate the impact of rising air temperature on the future above-ground biomass of old-growth forests using a model that explains well the observed current variation in the above-ground biomass over the humid lowland areas of the world based on monthly air temperature. Results: Applying this model to the monthly air temperature data for 1970-2000 and monthly air temperature projections for 2081-2100, we found that the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests is expected to decrease everywhere in the humid lowland areas except boreal regions. The temperature-driven decrease is estimated at 41% in the tropics and at 29% globally. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that rising temperatures impact the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests dramatically. However, this impact could be mitigated by fertilization effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and nitrogen deposition.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2243512-8
ISSN	1750-0680
ISSN	1750-0680
DOI	10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Close-range hyperspectral spectroscopy reveals leaf water content dynamics

Junttila, S. / Hölttä, T. / Saarinen, N. / Kankare, V. / Yrttimaa, T. / Hyyppä, J. / Vastaranta, M.

Remote sensing of environment. 2022 Aug., v. 277

2022

Abstract: Water plays a crucial role in maintaining plant functionality and drives many ecophysiological processes. The distribution of water resources is in a continuous change due to global warming affecting the productivity of ecosystems around the globe, but ... ...

Abstract	Water plays a crucial role in maintaining plant functionality and drives many ecophysiological processes. The distribution of water resources is in a continuous change due to global warming affecting the productivity of ecosystems around the globe, but there is a lack of non-destructive methods capable of continuous monitoring of plant and leaf water content that would help us in understanding the consequences of the redistribution of water. We studied the utilization of novel small hyperspectral sensors in the 1350–1650 nm and 2000–2450 nm spectral ranges in non-destructive estimation of leaf water content in laboratory and field conditions. We found that the sensors captured up to 96% of the variation in equivalent water thickness (EWT, g/m²) and up to 90% of the variation in relative water content (RWC). Further tests were done with an indoor plant (Dracaena marginate Lem.) by continuously measuring leaf spectra while drought conditions developed, which revealed detailed diurnal dynamics of leaf water content. The laboratory findings were supported by field measurements, where repeated leaf spectra measurements were in fair agreement (R² = 0.70) with RWC and showed similar diurnal dynamics. The estimation of leaf mass per area (LMA) using leaf spectra was investigated as a pathway to improved RWC estimation, but no significant improvement was found. We conclude that close-range hyperspectral spectroscopy can provide a novel tool for continuous measurement of leaf water content at the single leaf level and help us to better understand plant responses to varying environmental conditions.
Keywords	Dracaena ; drought ; ecophysiology ; leaves ; specific leaf weight ; spectroscopy ; water content
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-08
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2022.113071
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Adding single tree features and correcting edge tree effects enhance the characterization of seedling stands with single-photon airborne laser scanning

Imangholiloo, M. / Yrttimaa, T. / Mattsson, T. / Junttila, S. / Holopainen, M. / Saarinen, N. / Savolainen, P. / Hyyppä, J. / Vastaranta, M.

ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing. 2022 Sept., v. 191

2022

Abstract: Silvicultural tending of seedling stands is important to producing quality timber. However, it is challenging to allocate where and when to apply these silvicultural tending actions. Here, we tested and evaluated two methodological modifications of the ... ...

Abstract	Silvicultural tending of seedling stands is important to producing quality timber. However, it is challenging to allocate where and when to apply these silvicultural tending actions. Here, we tested and evaluated two methodological modifications of the ordinary area-based approach (ABAOᵣdᵢₙₐᵣy) that could be utilized in the airborne laser scanning-based forest inventories and especially seedling stand characterization. We hypothesize that ABA with added individual tree detection-derived features (ABAITD) or correcting edge-tree effects (ABAEdgₑ) would display improved performance in estimating the tree density and mean tree height of seedling stands. We tested this hypothesis using single-photon laser (SPL) and linear-mode laser (LML) scanning data covering 89 sample plots. The obtained results supported the hypothesis as the methodological modifications improved seedling stand characterization. Compared to the performance of ABAₒᵣdᵢₙₐᵣy, relative bias in tree density estimation decreased from 17.2% to 10.1% when we applied ABAITD. In the case of mean height estimation, the relative root mean square error decreased from 19.5% to 16.3% when we applied ABAEdgₑITD. The SPL technology provided practically comparable or, in some cases, enhanced performance in seedling stand characterization when compared to conventional LML technology. Based on the obtained findings, it seems that the tested methodological improvements should be carefully considered when ALS-based inventories supporting forest management and silvicultural decision-making are developed further.
Keywords	decision making ; forest management ; forests ; photogrammetry ; seedlings ; tree height ; trees
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Size	p. 129-142.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1007774-1
ISSN	0924-2716
ISSN	0924-2716
DOI	10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.07.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Exploring tree growth allometry using two-date terrestrial laser scanning

Yrttimaa, T. / Luoma, V. / Saarinen, N. / Kankare, V. / Junttila, S. / Holopainen, M. / Hyyppä, J. / Vastaranta, M.

Forest ecology and management. 2022 Aug. 15, v. 518

2022

Abstract: Tree growth is a physio-ecological phenomena of high interest among researchers across disciplines. Observing changes in tree characteristics has conventionally required either repeated measurements of the characteristics of living trees, retrospective ... ...

Abstract	Tree growth is a physio-ecological phenomena of high interest among researchers across disciplines. Observing changes in tree characteristics has conventionally required either repeated measurements of the characteristics of living trees, retrospective measurements of destructively sampled trees, or modelling. The use of close-range sensing techniques such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has enabled non-destructive approaches to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) structure of trees and tree communities in space and time. This study aims at improving the understanding of tree allometry in general and interactions between tree growth and its neighbourhood in particular by using two-date point clouds. We investigated how variation in the increments in basal area at the breast height (Δg₁.₃), basal area at height corresponding to 60% of tree height (Δg₀₆ₕ), and volume of the stem section below 50% of tree height (Δv₀₅ₕ) can be explained with TLS point cloud-based attributes characterizing the spatiotemporal structure of a tree crown and crown neighbourhood, entailing the competitive status of a tree. The analyses were based on 218 trees on 16 sample plots whose 3D characteristics were obtained at the beginning (2014, T1) and at the end of the monitoring period (2019, T2) from multi-scan TLS point clouds using automatic point cloud processing methods. The results of this study showed that, within certain tree communities, strong relationships (\|r\| > 0.8) were observed between increments in the stem dimensions and the attributes characterizing crown structure and competition. Most often, attributes characterizing the competitive status of a tree, and the crown structure at T1, were the most important attributes to explain variation in the increments of stem dimensions. Linear mixed-effect modelling showed that single attributes could explain up to 35–60% of the observed variation in Δg₁.₃, Δg₀₆ₕ and Δv₀₅ₕ, depending on the tree species. This tree-level evidence of the allometric relationship between stem growth and crown dynamics can further be used to justify landscape-level analyses based on airborne remote sensing technologies to monitor stem growth through the structure and development of crown structure. This study contributes to the existing knowledge by showing that laser-based close-range sensing is a feasible technology to provide 3D characterization of stem and crown structure, enabling one to quantify structural changes and the competitive status of trees for improved understanding of the underlying growth processes.
Keywords	administrative management ; allometry ; data collection ; forest ecology ; space and time ; stem elongation ; tree crown ; tree growth ; tree height ; trees
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0815
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120303
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Capturing seasonal radial growth of boreal trees with terrestrial laser scanning

Yrttimaa, T. / Junttila, S. / Luoma, V. / Calders, K. / Kankare, V. / Saarinen, N. / Kukko, A. / Holopainen, M. / Hyyppä, J. / Vastaranta, M.

Forest Ecology and Management. 2023 Feb., v. 529 p.120733-

2023

Abstract: Detailed observation techniques are needed to reveal the underlying eco-physiological mechanisms driving tree growth processes. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has proven to be a feasible technique for characterizing trees, but it has still remained ... ...

Abstract	Detailed observation techniques are needed to reveal the underlying eco-physiological mechanisms driving tree growth processes. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has proven to be a feasible technique for characterizing trees, but it has still remained unclear whether TLS point clouds and the existing point cloud processing methods can be used for capturing even the smallest signs of the growth process of individual trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of TLS in observing seasonal radial growth of boreal trees. The experimental setup included 91 sample trees from 20 sample plots characterized with multi-scan TLS point clouds pre- and post-growing season. The sample trees were equipped with dendrometers that provided reference measurements for the increment in diameter at the breast height (Δdbh) that varied from −1.4 mm to 4.0 mm with a mean of 1.0 mm. The experiment confirmed challenges related to quantification of millimeter-level increments in dbh using TLS but cautiously highlighted its feasibility for radial tree growth monitoring when the magnitude of Δdbh exceeds several millimeters and when the aim is to characterize sample plot mean rather than individual tree growth. While the capacity of TLS to characterize Δdbh of individual trees remained rather low (r = 0.17, p = 0.07), the TLS-based estimates for sample plot mean Δdbh were slightly better in line with dendrometer measurements (r = 0.46, p = 0.04). At an individual tree level, the capacity of TLS to determine the occurrence of radial tree growth seemed to be dependent on the magnitude of observed Δdbh and benefit from the analysis of paired diameter measurements along the stem for determining individual tree growth. The results showed overall classification accuracies of a) 60.7 % and b) 70.6 % for the use of TLS in determining whether radial growth had occurred or not when the analysis was based on a) Δdbh measurements only or b) statistically significant mean increment in paired diameter measurements along the stem, respectively. Using the Δdbh-based method, the overall accuracy improved from 56.3 % to 73.0 % when the magnitude of observed Δdbh increased from ≤ 1 mm to > 1 mm, as was expected. Altogether, this study contributes by demonstrating that with TLS data acquisition and existing point cloud processing methods, it is possible to observe seasonal increments in tree structures, which emphasizes the feasibility of TLS in regular monitoring of structural changes even in boreal forest ecosystems.
Keywords	administrative management ; boreal forests ; data collection ; dendrometers ; ecophysiology ; forest ecology ; tree growth ; trees ; Close-range sensing ; Time-series analyses ; Carbon allocation ; Growth and yield ; Terrestrial LiDAR
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120733
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book ; Online: Remote Sensing Technology Applications in Forestry and REDD+

Calders, Kim / Jonckheere, Inge / Vastaranta, Mikko / Nightingale, Joanne

2020

Abstract: Advances in close-range and remote sensing technologies are driving innovations in forest resource assessments and monitoring on varying scales. Data acquired with airborne and spaceborne platforms provide high(er) spatial resolution, more frequent ... ...

Abstract	Advances in close-range and remote sensing technologies are driving innovations in forest resource assessments and monitoring on varying scales. Data acquired with airborne and spaceborne platforms provide high(er) spatial resolution, more frequent coverage, and more spectral information. Recent developments in ground-based sensors have advanced 3D measurements, low-cost permanent systems, and community-based monitoring of forests. The UNFCCC REDD+ mechanism has advanced the remote sensing community and the development of forest geospatial products that can be used by countries for the international reporting and national forest monitoring. However, an urgent need remains to better understand the options and limitations of remote and close-range sensing techniques in the field of forest degradation and forest change. Therefore, we invite scientists working on remote sensing technologies, close-range sensing, and field data to contribute to this Special Issue. Topics of interest include: (1) novel remote sensing applications that can meet the needs of forest resource information and REDD+ MRV, (2) case studies of applying remote sensing data for REDD+ MRV, (3) timeseries algorithms and methodologies for forest resource assessment on different spatial scales varying from the tree to the national level, and (4) novel close-range sensing applications that can support sustainable forestry and REDD+ MRV. We particularly welcome submissions on data fusion.
Keywords	sentinel imagery ; above-ground biomass ; predictive mapping ; machine learning ; geographically weighted regression ; canopy cover (CC) ; spectral ; texture ; digital hemispherical photograph (DHP) ; random forest (RF) ; gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) ; forest inventory ; LiDAR ; tall trees ; overstory trees ; tree mapping ; crown delineation ; aboveground biomass ; Landsat ; random forest ; topography ; human activity ; aboveground biomass estimation ; remote sensing ; crown density ; low-accuracy estimation ; model comparison ; old-growth forest ; multispectral satellite imagery ; forest classification ; forestry ; phenology ; silviculture ; forest growing stock volume (GSV) ; full polarimetric SAR ; subtropical forest ; topographic effects ; environment effects ; geographic information system ; support vector machine ; ensemble model ; hazard mapping ; 3D tree modelling ; destructive sampling ; Guyana ; local tree allometry ; model evaluation ; quantitative structural model ; Pinus massoniana ; specific leaf area ; leaf area ; terrestrial laser scanning ; voxelization ; forest canopy ; REDD+ ; Cameroon ; reference level ; deforestation ; agriculture ; forest baseline ; airborne laser scanning
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Terrestrial laser scanning intensity captures diurnal variation in leaf water potential

Junttila, S / Hölttä, T / Puttonen, E / Katoh, M / Vastaranta, M / Kaartinen, H / Holopainen, M / Hyyppä, H

Remote sensing of environment. 2021 Mar. 15, v. 255

2021

Abstract: During the past decades, extreme events have become more prevalent and last longer, and as a result drought-induced plant mortality has increased globally. Timely information on plant water dynamics is essential for understanding and anticipating drought- ...

Abstract	During the past decades, extreme events have become more prevalent and last longer, and as a result drought-induced plant mortality has increased globally. Timely information on plant water dynamics is essential for understanding and anticipating drought-induced plant mortality. Leaf water potential (ΨL), which is usually measured destructively, is the most common metric that has been used for decades for measuring water stress. Remote sensing methods have been developed to obtain information on water dynamics from trees and forested landscapes. However, the spatial and temporal resolutions of the existing methods have limited our understanding of the water dynamics and diurnal variation of ΨL within single trees. Thus, we investigated the capability of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) intensity in observing diurnal variation in ΨL during a 50-h monitoring period. We aimed to improve the understanding on how large a part of the diurnal variation in ΨL can be captured using TLS intensity observations. We found that TLS intensity at the 905 nm wavelength measured from a static position was able to explain 77% of the variation in ΨL for three trees of two tree species with a root mean square error of 0.141 MPa. Based on our experiment with three trees, a time series of TLS intensity measurements can be used in detecting changes in ΨL, and thus it is worthwhile to expand the investigations to cover a wider range of tree species and forests and further increase our understanding of plant water dynamics at wider spatial and temporal scales.
Keywords	diurnal variation ; environment ; leaf water potential ; mortality ; time series analysis ; trees ; water stress ; wavelengths
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0315
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2020.112274
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The potential of dual-wavelength terrestrial lidar in early detection of Ips typographus (L.) infestation – Leaf water content as a proxy

Junttila, S / Holopainen, M / Hyyppä, H / Hyyppä, J / Kaartinen, H / Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, P / Vastaranta, M

Remote sensing of environment. 2019 Sept. 15, v. 231

2019

Abstract: Climate change is causing novel forest stress around the world due to changes in environmental conditions. Forest pest insects, such as Ips typographus (L.), are spreading toward the northern latitudes and are now able to produce more generations in ... ...

Abstract	Climate change is causing novel forest stress around the world due to changes in environmental conditions. Forest pest insects, such as Ips typographus (L.), are spreading toward the northern latitudes and are now able to produce more generations in their current range; this has increased forest disturbances. Timely information on tree decline is critical in allowing forest managers to plan effective countermeasures and to forecast potential infestation areas. Field-based infestation surveys of bark beetles have traditionally involved visual estimates of entrance holes, resin flow, and maternal-gallery densities; such estimates are prone to error and bias. Thus, objective and automated methods for estimating tree infestation status are required.In this study, we investigated the feasibility of dual-wavelength terrestrial lidar in the estimation and detection of I. typographus infestation symptoms. In addition, we examined the relationship between leaf water content (measured as gravimetric water content and equivalent water thickness) and infestation severity. Using two terrestrial lidar systems (operating at 905 nm and 1550 nm), we measured 29 mature Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) trees that exhibited low or moderate infestation symptoms. We calculated single and dual-wavelength lidar intensity metrics from stem and crown points to test these metrics' ability to discriminate I. typographus infestation levels using regressions and linear discriminant analyses.Across the various I. typographus infestation levels, we found significant differences (p < 0.05) in gravimetric water content, but not in equivalent water thickness due to the latter statistic's high correlation with leaf density. The results show correlations between the lidar intensity metrics and several infestation symptoms: defoliation, discoloration and resin flow. The intensity metrics explain 50% of the variation in the infestation severity (as determined in the field based on canopy and stem symptoms). The overall accuracy with three infestation classes (no, low, or moderate) was 66%, but the overall accuracy with two infestation classes (not infested, or infested) was 90%. The classifiers combine lidar intensity metrics from the stem and the canopy to allow for the detection of bark-beetle infestations in the early, so called green-attack stage. The intensity metrics explain part of the variations in tree-level gravimetric water content and equivalent water thickness, with adjusted R2 values of 0.48 and 0.68, respectively. Terrestrial dual-wavelength lidar shows potential for providing objective tree-decline measurements at tree level: this method can be further used to enhance forest inventories and automate tree-vigor data collection, which has traditionally required expert knowledge.
Keywords	automation ; bark beetle infestations ; bark beetles ; canopy ; climate change ; data collection ; decline ; defoliation ; discoloration ; environmental factors ; expert opinion ; forest inventory ; forest pests ; forests ; gravimetric water content ; Ips typographus ; latitude ; leaves ; lidar ; Picea abies ; remote sensing ; trees ; water content
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0915
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2019.111264
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Effects of Stem Density on Crown Architecture of Scots Pine Trees.

Saarinen, Ninni / Kankare, Ville / Huuskonen, Saija / Hynynen, Jari / Bianchi, Simone / Yrttimaa, Tuomas / Luoma, Ville / Junttila, Samuli / Holopainen, Markus / Hyyppä, Juha / Vastaranta, Mikko

Frontiers in plant science

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 817792

Abstract: Trees adapt to their growing conditions by regulating the sizes of their parts and their relationships. For example, removal or death of adjacent trees increases the growing space and the amount of light received by the remaining trees enabling their ... ...

Abstract	Trees adapt to their growing conditions by regulating the sizes of their parts and their relationships. For example, removal or death of adjacent trees increases the growing space and the amount of light received by the remaining trees enabling their crowns to expand. Knowledge about the effects of silvicultural practices on crown size and shape and also about the quality of branches affecting the shape of a crown is, however, still limited. Thus, the aim was to study the crown structure of individual Scots pine trees in forest stands with varying stem densities due to past forest management practices. Furthermore, we wanted to understand how crown and stem attributes and also tree growth affect stem area at the height of maximum crown diameter (SAHMC), which could be used as a proxy for tree growth potential. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to generate attributes characterizing crown size and shape. The results showed that increasing stem density decreased Scots pine crown size. TLS provided more detailed attributes for crown characterization compared with traditional field measurements. Furthermore, decreasing stem density increased SAHMC, and strong relationships (Spearman's correlations > 0.5) were found between SAHMC and crown and stem size and also stem growth. Thus, this study provided quantitative and more comprehensive characterization of Scots pine crowns and their growth potential. The combination of a traditional growth and yield study design and 3D characterization of crown architecture and growth potential can open up new research possibilities.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2613694-6
ISSN	1664-462X
ISSN	1664-462X
DOI	10.3389/fpls.2022.817792
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: FOREST INVENTORY ATTRIBUTE ESTIMATION USING AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING, AERIAL STEREO IMAGERY, RADARGRAMMETRY AND INTERFEROMETRY–FINNISH EXPERIENCES OF THE 3D TECHNIQUES

Holopainen, M. / Vastaranta, M. / Karjalainen, M. / Karila, K. / Kaasalainen, S. / Honkavaara, E. / Hyyppä, J.

eISSN: 2194-9050

2015

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) remote sensing has enabled detailed mapping of terrain and vegetation heights. Consequently, forest inventory attributes are estimated more and more using point clouds and normalized surface models. In practical applications, ... ...

Abstract	Three-dimensional (3D) remote sensing has enabled detailed mapping of terrain and vegetation heights. Consequently, forest inventory attributes are estimated more and more using point clouds and normalized surface models. In practical applications, mainly airborne laser scanning (ALS) has been used in forest resource mapping. The current status is that ALS-based forest inventories are widespread, and the popularity of ALS has also raised interest toward alternative 3D techniques, including airborne and spaceborne techniques. Point clouds can be generated using photogrammetry, radargrammetry and interferometry. Airborne stereo imagery can be used in deriving photogrammetric point clouds, as very-high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are used in radargrammetry and interferometry. ALS is capable of mapping both the terrain and tree heights in mixed forest conditions, which is an advantage over aerial images or SAR data. However, in many jurisdictions, a detailed ALS-based digital terrain model is already available, and that enables linking photogrammetric or SAR-derived heights to heights above the ground. In other words, in forest conditions, the height of single trees, height of the canopy and/or density of the canopy can be measured and used in estimation of forest inventory attributes. In this paper, first we review experiences of the use of digital stereo imagery and spaceborne SAR in estimation of forest inventory attributes in Finland, and we compare techniques to ALS. In addition, we aim to present new implications based on our experiences.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-11
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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