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Article ; Online: Looking for immediate and downstream evidence of lexical prediction in eye movements during reading.

Wong, Roslyn / Veldre, Aaron / Andrews, Sally

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

2024 , Page(s) 17470218231223858

Abstract: Previous investigations of whether readers make predictions about the full identity of upcoming words have focused on the extent to which there are processing consequences when readers encounter linguistic input that is incompatible with their ... ...

Abstract	Previous investigations of whether readers make predictions about the full identity of upcoming words have focused on the extent to which there are processing consequences when readers encounter linguistic input that is incompatible with their expectations. To date, eye-movement studies have revealed inconsistent evidence of the processing costs that would be expected to accompany lexical prediction. This study investigated whether readers' lexical predictions were observable during or downstream from their initial point of activation. Three experiments assessed readers' eye movements to predictable and unpredictable words, and then to subsequent downstream words, which probed the lingering activation of previously expected words. The results showed novel evidence of processing costs for unexpected input but only when supported by a plausible linguistic environment, suggesting that readers could strategically modulate their predictive processing. However, there was limited evidence that their lexical predictions affected downstream processing. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of prediction in language processing are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219170-2
ISSN	1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
ISSN (online)	1747-0226
ISSN	0033-555X ; 1747-0218
DOI	10.1177/17470218231223858
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Article ; Online: Lexical processing across the visual field.

Veldre, Aaron / Reichle, Erik D / Yu, Lili / Andrews, Sally

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance

2023 Volume 49, Issue 5, Page(s) 649–671

Abstract: This article reports six experiments in which participants made speeded binary decisions about letter strings that were displayed for 100 versus 300 ms at different retinal eccentricities in the left versus right visual field to examine how these ... ...

Abstract	This article reports six experiments in which participants made speeded binary decisions about letter strings that were displayed for 100 versus 300 ms at different retinal eccentricities in the left versus right visual field to examine how these variables and task demands influence word-identification accuracy and latency. Across the experiments, lexical-processing performance decreased with eccentricity, but to a lesser degree for words displayed in the right visual field, replicating previous reports. However, the effect of eccentricity was attenuated for the two tasks that required "deep" semantic judgments (e.g., discriminating words that referenced animals vs. objects) relative to the tasks that required "shallow" letter and/or lexical processing (e.g., detecting words containing a pre-specified target letter, discriminating words from nonwords). These results suggest that lexical and supra-lexical knowledge play a significant role in supporting lexical processing, especially at greater eccentricities, thereby allowing readers to extend the visual span, or region of effective letter processing, into the perceptual span, or region of useful information extraction. The broader theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to existing and future models of reading. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Visual Fields ; Semantics ; Reading ; Pattern Recognition, Visual
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189734-2
ISSN	1939-1277 ; 0096-1523
ISSN (online)	1939-1277
ISSN	0096-1523
DOI	10.1037/xhp0001109
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Article ; Online: Are there independent effects of constraint and predictability on eye movements during reading?

Wong, Roslyn / Veldre, Aaron / Andrews, Sally

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2022 Volume 50, Issue 2, Page(s) 331–345

Abstract: Evidence of processing costs for unexpected words presented in place of a more expected completion remains elusive in the eye-movement literature. The current study investigated whether such prediction error costs depend on the source of constraint ... ...

Abstract	Evidence of processing costs for unexpected words presented in place of a more expected completion remains elusive in the eye-movement literature. The current study investigated whether such prediction error costs depend on the source of constraint violation provided by the prior context. Participants' eye movements were recorded as they read predictable words and unpredictable alternatives that were either semantically related or unrelated in three-sentence passages. The passages differed in whether the source of constraint originated solely from the global context provided by the first two semantically rich sentences of the passage, from the local context provided by the final sentence of the passage, from both the global and local context, or from none of the three sentences of the passage. The results revealed the expected processing advantage for predictable completions in any constraining context, although the relative contributions of the different sources of constraint varied across the time course of word processing. Unpredictable completions, however, did not yield any processing costs when the context constrained toward a different word, instead producing immediate processing benefits in the presence of any constraining context. Moreover, the initial processing of related unpredictable completions was enhanced further by the provision of a supportive global context. Predictability effects therefore do not appear to be determined by cloze probability alone but also by the nature of the prior contextual constraint especially when they encourage the construction of higher-level discourse representations. The implications of these findings for understanding existing theoretical models of predictive processing are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Eye Movements ; Reading ; Semantics ; Probability
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001206
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Article ; Online: Measuring cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test versus cued task-switching.

Dann, Kelly M / Veldre, Aaron / Miles, Stephanie / Sumner, Philip / Hay, Phillipa / Touyz, Stephen

Eating and weight disorders : EWD

2023 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 60

Abstract: Purpose: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the most common measure of cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa (AN), but task-switching paradigms are beginning to be utilized. The current study directly compared performance on a cued task- ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the most common measure of cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa (AN), but task-switching paradigms are beginning to be utilized. The current study directly compared performance on a cued task-switching measure and the WCST to evaluate their association in participants with a lifetime diagnosis of AN, and to assess which measure is more strongly associated with clinical symptoms. Methods: Forty-five women with a lifetime diagnosis of AN completed the WCST, cued color-shape task-switching paradigm, Anti-saccade Keyboard Task, Running Memory Span, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales short form and Eating Disorder Flexibility Index. Results: There was no evidence of a significant association between WCST perseverative errors and cued task-switching switch costs. Results suggest lower working memory capacity is a determinant of higher perseverative error rate. When controlling for mood variables, neither cognitive flexibility measure was a significant independent predictor of symptom severity. Conclusions: Results provide support for previous suggestions that WCST perseverative errors could occur due to difficulties with working memory, sensitivity to feedback, and issues with concept formation. Cued task-switching paradigms may provide a useful measure of cognitive flexibility for future eating disorders research by reducing task-specific confounds. Level of evidence: Level III Case-control analytic study.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ; Anorexia Nervosa/psychology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Memory, Short-Term ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-18
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2038625-4
ISSN	1590-1262 ; 1124-4909
ISSN (online)	1590-1262
ISSN	1124-4909
DOI	10.1007/s40519-023-01589-6
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Article ; Online: Morphological preview effects in English are restricted to suffixed words.

Dann, Kelly M / Veldre, Aaron / Andrews, Sally

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2021 Volume 47, Issue 8, Page(s) 1338–1352

Abstract: Much of the evidence for morphological decomposition accounts of complex word identification has relied on the masked-priming paradigm. However, morphologically complex words are typically encountered in sentence contexts and processing begins before a ... ...

Abstract	Much of the evidence for morphological decomposition accounts of complex word identification has relied on the masked-priming paradigm. However, morphologically complex words are typically encountered in sentence contexts and processing begins before a word is fixated, when it is in the parafovea. To evaluate whether the single word-identification data generalize to natural reading, Experiment 1 investigated the contribution of morphological structure to the very earliest stages of lexical processing indexed by preview effects during sentence reading in the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm. Preview conditions systematically assessed the impact of prefixed and suffixed nonword previews that manipulated stem and affix overlap, and affix status, against an orthographically legal control baseline. Initial fixations on suffixed target words showed a preview benefit from nonwords that combined the target stem with a legitimate affix, but not with a nonaffix, whereas prefixed targets only benefited from an identical preview. When presented in a masked prime lexical-decision task in Experiment 2, the same stimuli yielded equivalent stem priming from suffixed and prefixed primes regardless of affix status, consistent with previous masked priming studies using similar nonword primes. The early effects of morphological structure selectively observed on parafoveal processing of suffixed words are inconsistent with recent nonmorphological, position-invariant accounts of embedded stem activation. These results provide the first evidence of morphological parafoveal processing in English and contribute to recent evidence that readers extract a higher level of information from the parafovea during natural reading than was previously assumed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Language ; Motor Activity ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Reading ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001029
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Article ; Online: Understanding the visual constraints on lexical processing: New empirical and simulation results.

Veldre, Aaron / Reichle, Erik D / Yu, Lili / Andrews, Sally

Journal of experimental psychology. General

2022 Volume 152, Issue 3, Page(s) 693–722

Abstract: Word identification is slower and less accurate outside central vision, but the precise relationship between retinal eccentricity and lexical processing is not well specified by models of either word identification or reading. In a seminal eye-movement ... ...

Abstract	Word identification is slower and less accurate outside central vision, but the precise relationship between retinal eccentricity and lexical processing is not well specified by models of either word identification or reading. In a seminal eye-movement study, Rayner and Morrison (1981) found that participants made remarkably accurate naming and lexical-decision responses to words displayed more than 3 degrees from the center of vision-even under conditions requiring fixed gaze. However, the validity of these findings is challenged by a range of methodological limitations. We report a series of gaze-contingent lexical-decision and naming experiments that replicate and extend Rayner and Morrison's study to provide a more accurate estimate of how visual constraints delimit lexical processing. Simulations were conducted using the
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Eye Movements ; Computer Simulation ; Reading ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189732-9
ISSN	1939-2222 ; 0096-3445
ISSN (online)	1939-2222
ISSN	0096-3445
DOI	10.1037/xge0001295
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Article ; Online: Predictability effects and parafoveal processing in older readers.

Veldre, Aaron / Wong, Roslyn / Andrews, Sally

Psychology and aging

2021 Volume 37, Issue 2, Page(s) 222–238

Abstract: Normative aging is accompanied by visual and cognitive changes that impact the systems that are critical for fluent reading. The patterns of eye movements during reading displayed by older adults have been characterized as demonstrating a trade-off ... ...

Abstract	Normative aging is accompanied by visual and cognitive changes that impact the systems that are critical for fluent reading. The patterns of eye movements during reading displayed by older adults have been characterized as demonstrating a trade-off between longer forward saccades and more word skipping versus higher rates of regressions back to previously read text. This pattern is assumed to reflect older readers' reliance on top-down contextual information to compensate for reduced uptake of parafoveal information from yet-to-be fixated words. However, the empirical evidence for these assumptions is equivocal. This study investigated the depth of older readers' parafoveal processing as indexed by sensitivity to the contextual plausibility of parafoveal words in both neutral and highly constraining sentence contexts. The eye movements of 65 cognitively intact older adults (61-87 years) were compared with data previously collected from young adults in two sentence reading experiments in which critical target words were replaced by valid, plausible, related, or implausible previews until the reader fixated on the target word location. Older and younger adults showed equivalent plausibility preview benefits on first-pass reading measures of both predictable and unpredictable words. However, older readers did not show the benefit of preview orthographic relatedness that was observed in young adults and showed significantly attenuated preview validity effects. Taken together, the data suggest that older readers are specifically impaired in the integration of parafoveal and foveal information but do not show deficits in the depth of parafoveal processing. The implications for understanding the effects of aging on reading are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aging ; Eye Movements ; Fixation, Ocular ; Fovea Centralis ; Humans ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Reading ; Saccades
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	635596-1
ISSN	1939-1498 ; 0882-7974
ISSN (online)	1939-1498
ISSN	0882-7974
DOI	10.1037/pag0000659
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Article ; Online: Reading proficiency predicts the extent of the right, but not left, perceptual span in older readers.

Veldre, Aaron / Wong, Roslyn / Andrews, Sally

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2020 Volume 83, Issue 1, Page(s) 18–26

Abstract: The gaze-contingent moving-window paradigm was used to assess the size and symmetry of the perceptual span in older readers. The eye movements of 49 cognitively intact older adults (60-88 years of age) were recorded as they read sentences varying in ... ...

Abstract	The gaze-contingent moving-window paradigm was used to assess the size and symmetry of the perceptual span in older readers. The eye movements of 49 cognitively intact older adults (60-88 years of age) were recorded as they read sentences varying in difficulty, and the availability of letter information to the right and left of fixation was manipulated. To reconcile discrepancies in previous estimates of the perceptual span in older readers, individual differences in written language proficiency were assessed with tests of vocabulary, reading comprehension, reading speed, spelling ability, and print exposure. The results revealed that higher proficiency older adults extracted information up to 15 letter spaces to the right of fixation, while lower proficiency readers showed no additional benefit beyond 9 letters to the right. However, all readers showed improvements to reading with the availability of up to 9 letters to the left-confirming previous evidence of reduced perceptual span asymmetry in older readers. The findings raise questions about whether the source of age-related changes in parafoveal processing lies in the adoption of a risky reading strategy involving an increased propensity to both guess upcoming words and make corrective regressions.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Eye Movements ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Individuality ; Language ; Reading ; Vocabulary
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-020-02185-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Measuring Lexical Quality: The Role of Spelling Ability.

Andrews, Sally / Veldre, Aaron / Clarke, Indako E

Behavior research methods

2020 Volume 52, Issue 6, Page(s) 2257–2282

Abstract: The construct of 'lexical quality' (Perfetti Scientific Studies of Reading 11, 357-383, 2007) is widely invoked in literature on word recognition and reading to refer to a systematic dimension of individual differences that predicts performance in a ... ...

Abstract	The construct of 'lexical quality' (Perfetti Scientific Studies of Reading 11, 357-383, 2007) is widely invoked in literature on word recognition and reading to refer to a systematic dimension of individual differences that predicts performance in a range of word identification and reading tasks in both developing readers and skilled adult populations. Many different approaches have been used to assess lexical quality, but few have captured the orthographic precision that is central to the construct. This paper describes, evaluates, and disseminates spelling dictation and spelling recognition tests that were developed to provide sensitive measures of the precision component of lexical quality in skilled college student readers - the population that has provided most of the benchmark data for models of word recognition and reading. Analyses are reported for 785 students who completed the spelling tests in conjunction with standardized measures of reading comprehension, vocabulary, and reading speed, of whom 107 also completed author recognition and phonemic decoding tests. Internal consistency analyses showed that both spelling tests were relatively unidimensional and displayed good internal consistency, although the recognition test contained too many easy items. Item-level analyses are included to provide the basis for further refinement of these instruments. The spelling tests were moderately correlated with the other measures of written language proficiency, but factor analyses revealed that they consistently defined a separate component, demonstrating that they tap a dimension of variability that is partially independent of variance in reading comprehension, speed, and vocabulary. These components appear to align with the precision and coherence dimensions of lexical quality.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Individuality ; Language ; Reading ; Recognition, Psychology ; Vocabulary
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-020-01387-3
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Article ; Online: A multitask comparison of word- and character-frequency effects in Chinese reading.

Xiong, Jianping / Yu, Lili / Veldre, Aaron / Reichle, Erik D / Andrews, Sally

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2022 Volume 49, Issue 5, Page(s) 793–811

Abstract: In this study, we examined the effects of word and character frequency across three commonly used word-identification tasks (lexical decision, naming, and sentence reading) using the same set of two-character target words ( ...

Abstract	In this study, we examined the effects of word and character frequency across three commonly used word-identification tasks (lexical decision, naming, and sentence reading) using the same set of two-character target words (
MeSH term(s)	Language ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Reading ; China
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001192
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