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  1. Article ; Online: Generation of mesenchymal stem cells as a medicinal product in organ transplantation.

    Verbeek, Richard

    Current opinion in organ transplantation

    2013  Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 65–70

    Abstract: Purpose of review: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as an alternative treatment in solid-organ transplantation. The use of MSCs as a therapeutic product requires the translation of basic research protocols into a production process under good ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as an alternative treatment in solid-organ transplantation. The use of MSCs as a therapeutic product requires the translation of basic research protocols into a production process under good manufacturing practice (GMP) to obtain a safe product of high quality. This requires a different mindset from the academic setting of changing protocols into a well defined, controlled and documented process. This review describes some of the challenges faced by culturing MSCs as a medicinal product.
    Recent findings: Clinical-grade MSCs are used in the clinical trials and proved to be safe as a medicinal product. Because of the differences in the type of MSCs and in the production process, clinical outcome is not always comparable. New standardized methods in the culture condition such as the use of alternatives for fetal bovine serum (FBS), standardized plating densities or the use of bioreactors may further standardize the production process.
    Summary: To generate MSCs as a medicinal product in organ transplantation, regulation requires that MSCs have to be generated under GMP. During the whole production process, all critical steps should be known and described. Further steps should be taken to optimize and standardize the production process.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Products/standards ; Cattle ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cell Culture Techniques/standards ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/cytology ; Organ Transplantation ; Reference Standards
    Chemical Substances Biological Products
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1390429-2
    ISSN 1531-7013 ; 1087-2418
    ISSN (online) 1531-7013
    ISSN 1087-2418
    DOI 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32835c2998
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Adverse immunostimulation caused by impurities: The dark side of biopharmaceuticals.

    Reijers, Joannes A A / Malone, Karen E / Bajramovic, Jeffrey J / Verbeek, Richard / Burggraaf, Jacobus / Moerland, Matthijs

    British journal of clinical pharmacology

    2019  Volume 85, Issue 7, Page(s) 1418–1426

    Abstract: Drug safety is an important issue, especially in the experimental phases of development. Adverse immunostimulation (AI) is sometimes encountered following treatment with biopharmaceuticals, which can be life-threatening if it results in a severe systemic ...

    Abstract Drug safety is an important issue, especially in the experimental phases of development. Adverse immunostimulation (AI) is sometimes encountered following treatment with biopharmaceuticals, which can be life-threatening if it results in a severe systemic inflammatory reaction. Biopharmaceuticals that unexpectedly induce an inflammatory response still enter the clinic, even while meeting all regulatory requirements. Impurities (of microbial origin) in biopharmaceuticals are an often-overlooked cause of AI. This demonstrates that the current guidelines for quality control and safety pharmacology testing are not flawless. Here, based on two case examples, several shortcomings of the guidelines are discussed. The most important of these are the lack of sensitivity for impurities, lack of testing for pyrogens other than endotoxin, and the use of insensitive animal species and biomarkers in preclinical investigations. Moreover, testing for the immunotoxicity of biopharmaceuticals is explicitly not recommended by the international guidelines. Publication of cases of AI is pivotal, both to increase awareness and to facilitate scientific discussions on how to prevent AI in the future.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Products/adverse effects ; Biological Products/immunology ; Biological Products/standards ; Drug Contamination ; Endotoxins/isolation & purification ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Immunomodulation/drug effects ; Pyrogens/isolation & purification ; Quality Control
    Chemical Substances Biological Products ; Endotoxins ; Pyrogens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 188974-6
    ISSN 1365-2125 ; 0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
    ISSN (online) 1365-2125
    ISSN 0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
    DOI 10.1111/bcp.13938
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Therapeutic Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis with Alpha B-Crystallin: A Randomized Controlled Phase IIa Trial.

    van Noort, Johannes M / Bsibsi, Malika / Nacken, Peter J / Verbeek, Richard / Venneker, Edna H G

    PloS one

    2015  Volume 10, Issue 11, Page(s) e0143366

    Abstract: Unlabelled: As a molecular chaperone and activator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated protective responses by microglia and macrophages, the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin (HspB5) exerts therapeutic effects in different animal models for ... ...

    Abstract Unlabelled: As a molecular chaperone and activator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated protective responses by microglia and macrophages, the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin (HspB5) exerts therapeutic effects in different animal models for neuroinflammation, including the model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, HspB5 can also stimulate human antigen-specific memory T cells to release IFN-γ, a cytokine with well-documented detrimental effects during MS. In this study, we explored in a Phase IIa randomized clinical trial the therapeutic application of HspB5 in relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS), using intravenous doses sufficient to support its protective effects, but too low to trigger pathogenic memory T-cell responses. These sub-immunogenic doses were selected based on in vitro analysis of the dose-response profile of human T cells and macrophages to HspB5, and on the immunological effects of HspB5 in healthy humans as established in a preparatory Phase I study. In a 48-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase IIa trial, three bimonthly intravenous injections of 7.5, 12.5 or 17.5 mg HspB5 were found to be safe and well tolerated in RR-MS patients. While predefined clinical endpoints did not differ significantly between the relatively small groups of MS patients treated with either HspB5 or placebo, repeated administration especially of the lower doses of HspB5 led to a progressive decline in MS lesion activity as monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which was not seen in the placebo group. Exploratory linear regression analysis revealed this decline to be significant in the combined group receiving either of the two lower doses, and to result in a 76% reduction in both number and total volumes of active MRI lesions at 9 months into the study. These data provide the first indication for clinical benefit resulting from intervention in RR-MS with HspB5.
    Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Phase I: NCT02442557; Phase IIa: NCT02442570.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/administration & dosage ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances alpha-Crystallin B Chain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial, Phase I ; Clinical Trial, Phase II ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0143366
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Guidelines for STEMI.

    O'Donnell, Cathal / Verbeek, Richard

    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne

    2005  Volume 172, Issue 11, Page(s) 1425–6; author reply 1426

    MeSH term(s) Angioplasty, Balloon ; Critical Care/standards ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy ; Referral and Consultation ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-05-24
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 215506-0
    ISSN 1488-2329 ; 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    ISSN (online) 1488-2329
    ISSN 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    DOI 10.1503/cmaj.1041729
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Field Implementation of Remote Ischemic Conditioning in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The FIRST Study.

    Cheskes, Sheldon / Koh, Maria / Turner, Linda / Heslegrave, Ronald / Verbeek, Richard / Dorian, Paul / Scales, Damon C / Singh, Bob / Amlani, Shy / Natarajan, Madhu / Morrison, Laurie J / Kakar, Priya / Nowickyj, Roman / Lawrence, Michael / Cameron, Jennifer / Ko, Dennis T

    The Canadian journal of cardiology

    2019  Volume 36, Issue 8, Page(s) 1278–1288

    Abstract: Background: Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a noninvasive therapeutic strategy that uses brief cycles of blood pressure cuff inflation and deflation to protect the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. We sought to compare major adverse ... ...

    Abstract Background: Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a noninvasive therapeutic strategy that uses brief cycles of blood pressure cuff inflation and deflation to protect the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. We sought to compare major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) for patients who received RIC before PCI for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) compared with standard care.
    Methods: We conducted a pre- and postimplementation study. In the preimplementation phase, STEMI patients were taken directly to the PCI lab. After implementation, STEMI patients received 4 cycles of RIC by paramedics or emergency department staff before PCI. The primary outcome was MACE at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included MACE at 30, 60, and 180 days. Inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity scores estimated causal effects independent from baseline covariables.
    Results: A total of 1667 (866 preimplementation, 801 postimplementation) patients were included. In the preimplementation phase, 13.4% had MACE at 90 days compared with 11.8% in the postimplementation phase (odds ratio [OR] 0.86, 95% CI 0.62-1.21). There were no significant differences in MACE at 30, 60, and 180 days. Patients presenting with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest before PCI were less likely to have MACE at 90 days (42.7% pre vs 27.8% post) if they received RIC before PCI (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.27-0.98).
    Conclusions: A strategy of RIC before PCI for STEMI did not reduce 90-day MACE. Future research should explore the impact of RIC before PCI for longer-term clinical outcomes and for patients presenting with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.
    MeSH term(s) Blood Pressure/physiology ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Retrospective Studies ; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/complications ; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis ; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/therapy ; Shock, Cardiogenic/etiology ; Shock, Cardiogenic/prevention & control ; Telemedicine/methods ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-11-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 632813-1
    ISSN 1916-7075 ; 0828-282X
    ISSN (online) 1916-7075
    ISSN 0828-282X
    DOI 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.11.029
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Oral flavonoids delay recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice.

    Verbeek, Richard / van Tol, Eric A F / van Noort, Johannes M

    Biochemical pharmacology

    2005  Volume 70, Issue 2, Page(s) 220–228

    Abstract: Flavonoids are food components that appear to have potential beneficial health effects. There is a range of in vitro studies supporting the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids. Previously, we demonstrated that in vitro flavonoids, ...

    Abstract Flavonoids are food components that appear to have potential beneficial health effects. There is a range of in vitro studies supporting the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids. Previously, we demonstrated that in vitro flavonoids, including luteolin and apigenin, inhibit proliferation and IFN-gamma production by murine and human autoimmune T cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of oral flavonoids as well as of curcumin on autoimmune T cell reactivity in mice and on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. Continuous oral administration of flavonoids significantly affected antigen-specific proliferation and IFN-gamma production by lymph node-derived T cells following immunization with an EAE-inducing peptide. Both luteolin and apigenin suppress proliferative responses as they did in vitro, whereas IFN-gamma production on the other hand was enhanced. Other flavonoids exerted differential effects on proliferation and IFN-gamma production. The effects of flavonoids and curcumin on EAE were assessed using either passive transfer of autoimmune T cells or active disease induction. In passive EAE, flavonoids led to delayed recovery of clinical symptoms rather than to any reduction in disease. In active EAE, the effects were less pronounced but also, in this case, the flavonoid hesperitin delayed recovery. Oral curcumin had overall mild but beneficial effects. Our results indicate that oral flavonoids fail to beneficially influence the course of EAE in mice but, instead, suppress recovery from acute inflammatory damage.
    MeSH term(s) Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology ; Female ; Flavonoids/administration & dosage ; Flavonoids/adverse effects ; Glycosides/administration & dosage ; Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Growth Substances/administration & dosage ; Luteolin/administration & dosage ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Quercetin/administration & dosage ; Recovery of Function/drug effects ; Recovery of Function/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects ; T-Lymphocytes/pathology
    Chemical Substances Flavonoids ; Glycosides ; Growth Inhibitors ; Growth Substances ; alhagidin ; morin (8NFQ3F76WR) ; Quercetin (9IKM0I5T1E) ; Luteolin (KUX1ZNC9J2) ; fisetin (OO2ABO9578)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-07-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208787-x
    ISSN 1873-2968 ; 0006-2952
    ISSN (online) 1873-2968
    ISSN 0006-2952
    DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.041
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  7. Article ; Online: Paramedic contact to balloon in less than 90 minutes: a successful strategy for st-segment elevation myocardial infarction bypass to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a canadian emergency medical system.

    Cheskes, Sheldon / Turner, Linda / Foggett, Ruth / Huiskamp, Maud / Popov, Dean / Thomson, Sue / Sage, Greg / Watson, Randy / Verbeek, Richard

    Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors

    2011  Volume 15, Issue 4, Page(s) 490–498

    Abstract: Introduction: Few systems worldwide have achieved the benchmark time of less than 90 minutes from emergency medical services (EMS) contact to balloon inflation (E2B) for patients sustaining ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We describe ...

    Abstract Introduction: Few systems worldwide have achieved the benchmark time of less than 90 minutes from emergency medical services (EMS) contact to balloon inflation (E2B) for patients sustaining ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We describe a successful EMS systems approach using a combination of paramedic and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) software interpretation to activate a STEMI bypass protocol.
    Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients who met the benchmark of E2B in less than 90 minutes after institution of a regional paramedic activated STEMI bypass to primary PCI protocol.
    Methods: We conducted a before-and-after observational cohort study over a 24-month period ending December 31, 2009. Included were all patients diagnosed with STEMI by paramedics trained in ECG acquisition and interpretation and transported by EMS. In the "before" phase of the study, paramedics gave emergency departments (EDs) advance notification of the arrival of STEMI patients and took the patients to the ED of the PCI center. In the "after" phase of the study, paramedics activated a STEMI bypass protocol in which STEMI patients were transported directly to the PCI suite, bypassing the local hospital EDs. Transmission of ECGs did not occur in either phase of the study.
    Results: We compared the times for 95 STEMI patients in the before phase with the times for 80 STEMI patients in the after phase. The proportion for whom E2B was less than 90 minutes increased from 28.4% before to 91.3% after (p < 0.001). Median E2B time decreased from 107 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] = 30) before to 70 minutes (IQR = 24) after. Median D2B time decreased from 83 minutes (IQR = 34) before to 35 minutes (IQR = 19) after. Median E2D time increased from 21 minutes (IQR = 8) before to 32 minutes (IQR = 17) after. Median differences between phases were significant at p < 0.001. The rate of false-positive PCI laboratory activation during the after phase of the study was 12.4%.
    Conclusions: The proportion of patients with E2B times less than 90 minutes significantly improved through the implementation of a paramedic-activated STEMI bypass protocol. Further study is required to determine whether these benefits are reproducible in other EMS systems.
    MeSH term(s) Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/methods ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/standards ; Benchmarking ; Clinical Protocols ; Electrocardiography ; Emergency Medical Services/manpower ; Emergency Medical Services/methods ; Emergency Medical Services/standards ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy ; Ontario ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1461751-1
    ISSN 1545-0066 ; 1090-3127
    ISSN (online) 1545-0066
    ISSN 1090-3127
    DOI 10.3109/10903127.2011.598613
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  8. Article: Induction of EAE by T cells specific for alpha B-crystallin depends on prior viral infection in the CNS.

    Verbeek, Richard / van Dongen, Henrike / Wawrousek, Eric F / Amor, Sandra / van Noort, Johannes M

    International immunology

    2007  Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 277–285

    Abstract: While myelin-reactive T cells are widely believed to play a pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis (MS), no substantial differences appear to exist in T-cell responses to myelin antigens between MS patients and healthy subjects. As an example, ... ...

    Abstract While myelin-reactive T cells are widely believed to play a pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis (MS), no substantial differences appear to exist in T-cell responses to myelin antigens between MS patients and healthy subjects. As an example, indistinguishable peripheral T-cell responses and serum antibody levels have been found in MS patients and healthy controls to alpha B-crystallin, a dominant antigen in MS-affected brain myelin. This suggests that additional factors are relevant in allowing myelin-reactive T cells to become pathogenic. In this study, we examined whether the inflammatory state of the CNS is relevant to the pathogenicity of alpha B-crystallin-specific T cells in mice. In normal mice, T-cell responses against alpha B-crystallin are limited by robust immunological tolerance. Reactive T cells were therefore generated in alpha B-crystallin-deficient mice, and these T cells were transferred into C57BL/6 recipients. While such a transfer in itself never induced any clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in healthy recipient mice, acute EAE could be induced in animals that had been infected 7 days before with the avirulent A7(74) strain of Semliki Forest virus (SFV). SFV infection alone did not induce clinical disease, nor did it alter the expression levels of the target antigen. Our findings indicate that at least in mice, alpha B-crystallin-specific T cells can trigger EAE but only when prior viral infection has induced an inflammatory state in the CNS that helps recruit and activate T cells.
    MeSH term(s) Adoptive Transfer ; Alphavirus Infections/complications ; Alphavirus Infections/immunology ; Alphavirus Infections/virology ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/complications ; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/immunology ; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/virology ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/virology ; Immune Tolerance ; Inflammation Mediators/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Biozzi ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Semliki forest virus ; Spinal Cord/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/transplantation ; Time Factors ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/genetics ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/immunology ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Inflammation Mediators ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1013745-2
    ISSN 1460-2377 ; 0953-8178
    ISSN (online) 1460-2377
    ISSN 0953-8178
    DOI 10.1093/intimm/dxl144
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  9. Article ; Online: Establishing the Production of Male Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae for a Controlled Human Infection Model.

    Janse, Jacqueline J / Langenberg, Marijke C C / Kos-Van Oosterhoud, Janneke / Ozir-Fazalalikhan, Arifa / Brienen, Eric A T / Winkel, Béatrice M F / Erkens, Marianne A A / van der Beek, Martha T / van Lieshout, Lisette / Smits, Hermelijn H / Webster, Bonnie L / Zandvliet, Maarten L / Verbeek, Richard / Westra, Inge M / Meij, Pauline / Visser, Leo G / van Diepen, Angela / Hokke, Cornelis H / Yazdanbakhsh, Maria /
    Roestenberg, Meta

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2018  Volume 218, Issue 7, Page(s) 1142–1146

    Abstract: To accelerate the development of novel vaccines for schistosomiasis, we set out to develop a human model for Schistosoma mansoni infection in healthy volunteers. During natural infections, female schistosomes produce eggs that give rise to morbidity. ... ...

    Abstract To accelerate the development of novel vaccines for schistosomiasis, we set out to develop a human model for Schistosoma mansoni infection in healthy volunteers. During natural infections, female schistosomes produce eggs that give rise to morbidity. Therefore, we produced single-sex, male Schistosoma mansoni cercariae for human infection without egg production and associated pathology. Cercariae were produced in their intermediate snail hosts in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practice (GMP). The application of GMP principles to an unconventional production process is a showcase for the controlled production of complex live challenge material in the European Union or under Food and Drug Administration guidance.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cercaria ; Humans ; Male ; Schistosoma mansoni/immunology ; Schistosomiasis/parasitology ; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control ; Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitology ; Schistosomiasis mansoni/prevention & control ; Snails/parasitology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-06-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiy275
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  10. Article ; Online: The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells and their use for immunotherapy.

    Hoogduijn, Martin J / Popp, Felix / Verbeek, Richard / Masoodi, Mojgan / Nicolaou, Anna / Baan, Carla / Dahlke, Marc-H

    International immunopharmacology

    2010  Volume 10, Issue 12, Page(s) 1496–1500

    Abstract: There is growing interest in the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for immune therapy. Clinical trials that use MSC for treatment of therapy resistant graft versus host disease, Crohn's disease and organ transplantation have initiated. Nevertheless, ... ...

    Abstract There is growing interest in the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for immune therapy. Clinical trials that use MSC for treatment of therapy resistant graft versus host disease, Crohn's disease and organ transplantation have initiated. Nevertheless, the immunomodulatory effects of MSC are only partly understood. Clinical trials that are supported by basic research will lead to better understanding of the potential of MSC for immunomodulatory applications and to optimization of such therapies. In this manuscript we review some recent literature on the mechanisms of immunomodulation by MSC in vitro and animal models, present new data on the secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins by MSC under resting and inflammatory conditions and discuss the hopes and expectations of MSC-based immune therapy.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cytokines/immunology ; Cytokines/secretion ; Graft vs Host Disease/therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/immunology ; Prostaglandins/immunology ; Prostaglandins/secretion
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Prostaglandins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2043785-7
    ISSN 1878-1705 ; 1567-5769
    ISSN (online) 1878-1705
    ISSN 1567-5769
    DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.019
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