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Article ; Online: The Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes) of the Democratic Republic of Congo curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium).

Nkulu, Alain Tshibungu / Pauly, Alain / Dorchin, Achik / Vereecken, Nicolas J

Zootaxa

2023 Volume 5392, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–103

Abstract: Natural history collections are a cornerstone of entomology, and the conservation of specimens is the essential prerequisite for the development of research into systematics, biogeography, ecology, evolution and other disciplines. Yet, specimens ... ...

Abstract	Natural history collections are a cornerstone of entomology, and the conservation of specimens is the essential prerequisite for the development of research into systematics, biogeography, ecology, evolution and other disciplines. Yet, specimens collected during decades of entomological research conducted in less developed countries across Sub-Saharan Africa on pests, beneficial insects and insect biodiversity in general have largely been exported to be permanently preserved in developed countries, mainly in Europe and the United States of America. This is particularly true for the Democratic Republic of the Congos (DRC) diverse wild bee fauna, which has been investigated throughout the colonial period by visiting or resident entomologists and missionaries who have then transferred their collected material primarily to Belgium as part of a wider legacy of scientific exploration and colonialism. Digitizing NHC is one way to mitigate this current bias, by making samples accessible to researchers from the target post-colonial countries as well as to the wider international scientific community. In this study, we compiled and digitized 6,490 specimens records relevant to 195 wild bee species grouped in 18 genera within the biodiverse family Megachilidae, essentially from the colonial era (i.e., mostly between 19051960, with additional records up to 1978), and curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Belgium. We provide a detailed catalogue of all records with updated locality and province names, including 29 species only available as type specimens. We also explore the historical patterns of diversity and distribution across DRC, and we provide a list of the research entomologists involved. This study is an important first step that uses digital technologies to democratize and repatriate important aspects of DRCs natural heritage of insect biodiversity, to stimulate more contemporary field surveys and modern taxonomic revisions, as well as to identify and characterize research gaps and biodiversity shortfalls in some of the less-explored regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.
MeSH term(s)	Bees ; Animals ; Hymenoptera ; Belgium ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Museums ; Africa, Central ; Insecta
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-27
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1175-5334
ISSN (online)	1175-5334
DOI	10.11646/zootaxa.5392.1.1
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Article ; Online: Traditional ecological knowledge and non-food uses of stingless bee honey in Kenya's last pocket of tropical rainforest.

Héger, Madeleine / Noiset, Pierre / Nkoba, Kiatoko / Vereecken, Nicolas J

Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine

2023 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 42

Abstract: Background: Stingless bee honey (SBH) is a natural remedy and therapeutic agent traditionally used by local communities across the (sub-)tropics. Forest SBH represents a prime non-timber forest product (NTFP) with a potential to revitalize indigenous ... ...

Abstract	Background: Stingless bee honey (SBH) is a natural remedy and therapeutic agent traditionally used by local communities across the (sub-)tropics. Forest SBH represents a prime non-timber forest product (NTFP) with a potential to revitalize indigenous foodways and to generate income in rural areas, yet it is also used in a variety of non-food contexts that are poorly documented in sub-Saharan Africa and that collectively represent a significant part of the local traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) passed on across generations. Documenting TEK of local communities in African tropical forests facing global change is a pressing issue to recognize the value of their insights, to evaluate their sustainability, to determine how they contribute to enhancing conservation efforts, and how TEK generally contributes to the well-being of both the natural environment and the communities that rely on it. This is particularly important to achieve in Kenya's only tropical rainforest at Kakamega where SBH production and non-food uses have evolved and diversified to a remarkable extent. Methods: We used ethnographic techniques and methods, including semi-structured questionnaires and recorded interviews. We used snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling method where new interviewees were recruited by other respondents, to collectively form a sample consisting of 36 interviewees (including only one woman). Results: Our results indicate that local communities in Kakamega were able to discriminate between six different and scientifically recognized stingless bee species, and they provided detailed accounts on the species-specific non-food uses of these SBH. Collectively, we recorded an array of 26 different non-food uses that are all passed on orally across generations in the Kakamega community. Conclusion: Our results uncover the vast and hitherto unexpected diversity of TEK associated with SBH and pave the way for a systematic survey of SBH and their non-food uses across a network of communities in different environments and with different cultural backgrounds in the Afrotropics. This, along with parallel and more in-depth investigations into honey chemistry, will help develop a comprehensive understanding of SBH, offering insights into holistic ecosystem management, resilience and adaptation while in the mid- to long-term promoting cross-cultural exchanges and pathways for the revitalization of cultural practices and traditions.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Bees ; Humans ; Animals ; Honey ; Ecosystem ; Rainforest ; Kenya ; Forests
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2202544-3
ISSN	1746-4269 ; 1746-4269
ISSN (online)	1746-4269
ISSN	1746-4269
DOI	10.1186/s13002-023-00614-3
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Article ; Online: Influence of climatic factors and floristic diversity on the foraging activity of Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille in a West African Savannah

Kanazoe, Issaka Wendpanga / Nombré, Issa / Ouédraogo, Sambo / Boussim, Joseph Issaka / Vereecken, Nicolas J.

African Journal of Ecology. 2023 Sept., v. 61, no. 3 p.660-674

2023

Abstract: The foraging activities of pollinators depend on a variety of factors, such as the availability of pollen and nectar resources or the seasonality. We performed measurements on the activity patterns of Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille by focusing on ... ...

Abstract	The foraging activities of pollinators depend on a variety of factors, such as the availability of pollen and nectar resources or the seasonality. We performed measurements on the activity patterns of Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille by focusing on different factors: (i) we counted the number of bees entering the hives during 10 min per hour starting from 05:00 AM to 06:00 PM, once a month and along the year, (ii) we measured the hive weights at different intervals during the study and (iii) we characterised the diversity of melliferous plants within a 1 km radius around the hives. Our results show that melliferous flora is composed of 83 species. During the dry season, the honey bees foraged on flowering trees and shrubs, whereas in the rainy season herbaceous plants provided forage for honey bees. The results revealed a significant correlation between foraging activity and the mean hive weights (r = 0.9) while relative humidity was negatively correlated but not significantly with, respectively, mean hive weights (r = −0.5) and foraging activity (r = −0.6). Thus, the combination of biotic and abiotic factors resulted in two distinct periods, namely a phase of honey flow followed by a phase of honey scarcity.
Keywords	Apis mellifera adansonii ; dry season ; ecology ; flora ; forage ; honey ; nectar ; pollen ; relative humidity ; wet season
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Size	p. 660-674.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2019879-6
ISSN	1365-2028 ; 0141-6707
ISSN (online)	1365-2028
ISSN	0141-6707
DOI	10.1111/aje.13159
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Wallace’s Giant Bee for sale: implications for trade regulation and conservation

Vereecken, Nicolas J

Journal of insect conservation. 2018 Dec., v. 22, no. 5-6

2018

Abstract: The recent rediscovery of what is perhaps the most iconic and the world’s largest wild bee species, endemic from just a handful islands in Indonesia, represents a major finding and opens up new avenues for conservation research on this species thought to ...

Abstract	The recent rediscovery of what is perhaps the most iconic and the world’s largest wild bee species, endemic from just a handful islands in Indonesia, represents a major finding and opens up new avenues for conservation research on this species thought to be extinct. But there is one twist in this otherwise positive insect conservation tale: two female specimens of Megachile pluto collected on Bacan (Indonesia) in February and on Halmahera (Indonesia) in September 2018 (respectively) appeared on an international online auction site, and fetched several thousands of US$ each to private collectors. These online sales marks a new chapter in bee conservation, and will likely present important new policy and scientific challenges to protect this species from extinction. Indeed, while Wallace’s Giant Bee is currently red listed according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the international trade of this species is currently not restricted as it does not appear on the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Wider implications are discussed to highlight how the case study of Wallace’s Giant Bee also applies to other threatened insect species subject to international trade, and how conservation actions should be developed.
Keywords	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ; Megachile ; auctions ; bees ; case studies ; extinction ; females ; international trade ; islands ; issues and policy ; sales ; Indonesia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-12
Size	p. 807-811.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1395198-1
ISSN	1572-9753 ; 1366-638X
ISSN (online)	1572-9753
ISSN	1366-638X
DOI	10.1007/s10841-018-0108-2
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Article ; Online: Microbiota and pathogens in an invasive bee: Megachile sculpturalis from native and invaded regions

Tuerlings, Tina / Hettiarachchi, Amanda / Joossens, Marie / Geslin, Benoît / Vereecken, Nicolas J. / Michez, Denis / Smagghe, Guy / Vandamme, Peter

Insect Molecular Biology. 2023 Oct., v. 32, no. 5 p.544-557

2023

Abstract: The present study aimed to characterise the bacterial, fungal and parasite gut community of the invasive bee Megachile sculpturalis sampled from native (Japan) and invaded (USA and France) regions via 16S rRNA and ITS2 amplicon sequencing and PCR ... ...

Abstract	The present study aimed to characterise the bacterial, fungal and parasite gut community of the invasive bee Megachile sculpturalis sampled from native (Japan) and invaded (USA and France) regions via 16S rRNA and ITS2 amplicon sequencing and PCR detection of bee microparasites. The bacterial and fungal gut microbiota communities in bees from invaded regions were highly similar and differed strongly from those obtained in Japan. Core amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) within each population represented environmental micro‐organisms commonly present in bee‐associated niches that likely provide beneficial functions to their host. Although the overall bacterial and fungal communities of the invasive M. sculpturalis in France and the co‐foraging native bees Anthidium florentinum and Halictus scabiosae, were significantly different, five out of eight core ASVs were shared suggesting common environmental sources and potential transmission. None of the 46 M. sculpturalis bees analysed harboured known bee pathogens, while microparasite infections were common in A. florentinum, and rare in H. scabiosae. A common shift in the gut microbiota of M. sculpturalis in invaded regions as a response to changed environmental conditions, or a founder effect coupled to population re‐establishment in the invaded regions may explain the observed microbial community profiles and the absence of parasites. While the role of pathogen pressure in shaping biological invasions is still debated, the absence of natural enemies may contribute to the invasion success of M. sculpturalis.
Keywords	Anthidium ; Halictus ; Japan ; Megachile sculpturalis ; bees ; colonizing ability ; digestive system ; founder effect ; fungi ; intestinal microorganisms ; microbial communities ; molecular biology ; parasites ; pathogens ; France
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-10
Size	p. 544-557.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	33602-6
ISSN	1365-2583 ; 0962-1075
ISSN (online)	1365-2583
ISSN	0962-1075
DOI	10.1111/imb.12849
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A phylogenetic approach to conservation prioritization for Europe's bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)

Vereecken, Nicolas J

Biological conservation. 2017 Feb., v. 206

2017

Abstract: Bumblebees are an essential component of our agroecosystems, and their decline represents a major threat for the sexual reproduction — and hence survival — of wild flowers and several important pollinator-dependent crops alike. The EU bumblebee fauna ... ...

Abstract	Bumblebees are an essential component of our agroecosystems, and their decline represents a major threat for the sexual reproduction — and hence survival — of wild flowers and several important pollinator-dependent crops alike. The EU bumblebee fauna encompasses many highly imperiled species characterized by a relatively narrow range size and often restricted to high elevation mountain habitats where the threats of both current and future global warming are expected to be particularly severe. In this context, identifying how and where limited conservation resources should be targeted is a pressing priority to meet our fundamental biodiversity conservation targets in an economically-efficient way. Because classical taxonomic approaches to conservation can potentially overlook important alternative aspects of biodiversity such as the phylogenetic diversity, a key component for the maintenance of ecosystem processes and services, I used a multi-gene molecular phylogeny encompassing more than 85% of the EU species to combine categories of the IUCN Red List with the evolutionary legacy and range size of EU bumblebees. My results from phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) and phylogenetic independent contrasts (PIC) analyses first indicate that, contrary to theoretical prediction, evolutionary relatedness explains none of the range size similarity or the probability of extinction risk in EU bumblebees. Furthermore, although the extinction of extant threatened EU bumblebee species is unlikely to have a significant effect on the expected phylogenetic dispersion of the remaining Bombus species at the EU scale, my results clearly illustrate that a significantly disproportionate amount of phylogenetic diversity/evolutionary history might be lost if the extant threatened EU bumblebee species would become extinct. Collectively, this study exemplifies the fact that the incorporation of a phylogenetic approach can increase the efficacy of the existing prioritization for the conservation of EU bumblebees (i) by capturing the phylogenetic diversity and its associated functions, as well as (ii) by better targeting species that are both evolutionarily unique (or non-redundant), threatened and restricted in their range size.
Keywords	Bombus ; European Union ; agroecosystems ; altitude ; biodiversity ; crops ; extinction ; fauna ; global warming ; habitats ; least squares ; natural resources conservation ; phylogeny ; prediction ; prioritization ; risk ; sexual reproduction ; wild flowers ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-02
Size	p. 21-30.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0006-3207
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Characterization of honeys produced by sympatric species of Afrotropical stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponini)

Mokaya, Hosea O. / Nkoba, Kiatoko / Ndunda, Robert M. / Vereecken, Nicolas J.

Food chemistry. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 366

2022

Abstract: We investigated the effect of bee species identity and harvesting methods on the chemical composition and antiradical activity of 53 honey samples, produced by six stingless bee species in western Kenya (Kakamega forest). Our results illustrate that none ...

Abstract	We investigated the effect of bee species identity and harvesting methods on the chemical composition and antiradical activity of 53 honey samples, produced by six stingless bee species in western Kenya (Kakamega forest). Our results illustrate that none of the assayed parameters significantly varied between the honey samples harvested by “punching holes” (n = 25) and “squeezing” (n = 28) methods. By contrast, species identity drove significant differences in the assayed parameters. Positive correlations between the antiradical activity and the phytochemicals (phenols and flavonoids) were observed, and honeys from Liotrigona sp. exhibited the highest amounts of phenols (214 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (73.0 mg QE/100 g) and antiradical activity (76.2%). The physicochemical analyses confirm the need to establish separate stingless bee honey standards for moisture, free acidity, invertase, electrical conductivity, and HMF, as these parameters significantly diverged from the set limits for Apis mellifera honey.
Keywords	Afrotropical region ; Apis mellifera ; acidity ; beta-fructofuranosidase ; chemical composition ; electrical conductivity ; flavonoids ; food chemistry ; forests ; honey ; stingless bees ; sympatry ; Kenya
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0101
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	243123-3
ISSN	1873-7072 ; 0308-8146
ISSN (online)	1873-7072
ISSN	0308-8146
DOI	10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130597
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Article: A primer of host-plant specialization in bees.

Rasmussen, Claus / Engel, Michael S / Vereecken, Nicolas J

Emerging topics in life sciences

2020 Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 7–17

Abstract: The bee-flower biological association is one of the most famous examples of insect-plant interactions, and it is axiomatic that these are of critical importance for sustaining thriving terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, the most familiar associations are often ...

Abstract	The bee-flower biological association is one of the most famous examples of insect-plant interactions, and it is axiomatic that these are of critical importance for sustaining thriving terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, the most familiar associations are often artificially managed agricultural ecosystems, reflecting an exceptionally narrow range of bee species (often only one) and a concomitantly restricted range of associated behaviors, morphologies, and mechanisms tied to pollination. Here we provide a brief account of the range of bee-floral associations encompassing floral specialization in terms of diet, behavior, and morphology. These natural associations not only promote healthy ecosystems, but also can be integrated in sustainable ways for more efficient pollination of crops by targeting bee species whose diets, behaviors, and pollen-gathering structures evolved precisely to visit such floral species rather than less efficient, and often non-native, generalists that are otherwise exploited for such purposes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Crops, Agricultural ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Flowers ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Seeking Behavior ; Pollen ; Pollination/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	2882721-1
ISSN	2397-8554 ; 2397-8554 ; 2397-8562
ISSN (online)	2397-8554
ISSN	2397-8554 ; 2397-8562
DOI	10.1042/ETLS20190118
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Article ; Online: Characterization of honeys produced by sympatric species of Afrotropical stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponini).

Mokaya, Hosea O / Nkoba, Kiatoko / Ndunda, Robert M / Vereecken, Nicolas J

Food chemistry

2021 Volume 366, Page(s) 130597

Abstract	We investigated the effect of bee species identity and harvesting methods on the chemical composition and antiradical activity of 53 honey samples, produced by six stingless bee species in western Kenya (Kakamega forest). Our results illustrate that none of the assayed parameters significantly varied between the honey samples harvested by "punching holes" (n = 25) and "squeezing" (n = 28) methods. By contrast, species identity drove significant differences in the assayed parameters. Positive correlations between the antiradical activity and the phytochemicals (phenols and flavonoids) were observed, and honeys from Liotrigona sp. exhibited the highest amounts of phenols (214 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (73.0 mg QE/100 g) and antiradical activity (76.2%). The physicochemical analyses confirm the need to establish separate stingless bee honey standards for moisture, free acidity, invertase, electrical conductivity, and HMF, as these parameters significantly diverged from the set limits for Apis mellifera honey.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Flavonoids ; Honey ; Hymenoptera ; Kenya ; Sympatry
Chemical Substances	Flavonoids
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	243123-3
ISSN	1873-7072 ; 0308-8146
ISSN (online)	1873-7072
ISSN	0308-8146
DOI	10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130597
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Honey compositional convergence and the parallel domestication of social bees.

Noiset, Pierre / Cabirol, Nathalie / Rojas-Oropeza, Marcelo / Warrit, Natapot / Nkoba, Kiatoko / Vereecken, Nicolas J

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 18280

Abstract: Honey collection evolved from simple honey hunting to the parallel and independent domestication of different species of bees in various parts of the world. In this study, we investigate the extent to which the composition of Apis and stingless bee ... ...

Abstract	Honey collection evolved from simple honey hunting to the parallel and independent domestication of different species of bees in various parts of the world. In this study, we investigate the extent to which the composition of Apis and stingless bee honeys has been a driver in the selection of different bee species for domestication in Mesoamerica (Mexico) and Asia (Thailand) using a sampling design that combines peak honey profiling by H1 NMR spectroscopy with the collection of honeys from domesticated and undomesticated bee species. Our results show that, independently of the region of the world considered, domesticated stingless bees produce honey whose compositional profiles differ from those of the non-domesticated species and exhibit more similarities towards honeys produced by the domesticated Apis species. Our results provide evidence for the first time that the search for natural sweeteners in the environment by our ancestors led to the parallel and independent domestication of social bees producing honeys with similar compositional profiles.
MeSH term(s)	Bees ; Animals ; Honey/analysis ; Domestication ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Thailand ; Mexico
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-23310-w
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