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Article ; Online: Progress and future perspectives of microplastic research in Nigeria

Enyoh, Christian Ebere / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Ohiagu, Franklyn Okechukwu / Enyoh, Emmanuel Chinedu

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2023 July 15, v. 103, no. 9 p.1971-1981

2023

Abstract: Microplastic research in Nigeria is progressing slowly. Within 2019–2020, only10research papers have been published on microplastic in Nigeria. Microplastics have been detected in lagoons and rivers water systems. This paper reviews the progress in ... ...

Abstract	Microplastic research in Nigeria is progressing slowly. Within 2019–2020, only10research papers have been published on microplastic in Nigeria. Microplastics have been detected in lagoons and rivers water systems. This paper reviews the progress in microplastics research in Nigeria, providing information analytical methods and also giving consideration for quality control and assurance (QA/QC) measures. This paper further discusses the distribution of microplastics in surface water, sediment and marine organisms as well as recent progress in risk assessments.Finally, this paper provides suggestions for future studies to provide baseline information for better research and risk assessment of microplastics in the Nigerian environment such as focusing on air, drinking water, plants and other consumables.These will surely help us to understand the distribution and how much exposure inhabitants are to microplastic pollution and may necessitate the need to mitigate plastic pollution in Nigeria.
Keywords	air ; analytical chemistry ; microplastics ; pollution ; quality control ; risk ; risk assessment ; sediments ; surface water ; Nigeria ; Analytical methods ; distribution ; plastic pollution ; toxicology
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0715
Size	p. 1971-1981.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	120480-4
ISSN	1029-0397 ; 0306-7319 ; 0092-9085
ISSN (online)	1029-0397
ISSN	0306-7319 ; 0092-9085
DOI	10.1080/03067319.2021.1887161
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A chemometric review of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni and Mn) in top soils of Imo state, Southeastern Nigeria

Enyoh, Christian Ebere / Ohiagu, Franklyn Okechukwu / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Verla, Evelyn Ngozi

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022 Dec. 28, v. 102, no. 18 p.6151-6176

2022

Abstract: This study provided a comprehensive review of the status of heavy metals viz Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni and Mn in top soils of Imo state from 2010 to 2020. Distribution by zone revealed that 87, 11 and 2% of studies concentrated in Owerri, Okigwe and Orlu ... ...

Abstract	This study provided a comprehensive review of the status of heavy metals viz Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni and Mn in top soils of Imo state from 2010 to 2020. Distribution by zone revealed that 87, 11 and 2% of studies concentrated in Owerri, Okigwe and Orlu zones respectively. Obtained data showed that in Owerriand Okigweconcentration ranged from 4.06 ± 5.53 for Cd to 2070.03 ± 2154.99 for Fe and 21.79 ± 2.06 for Ni to 30371.69 ± 52450.75 mg/kg respectively. Data collected were further modelled using chemometrics such as contamination factor, pollution load index, geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, ecological risks index, average daily intake, hazard quotient and index as well as cancer/carcinogenic risks. Result showed that the top soils were highly polluted and enriched particularly for Cd, Pb and Cu. By zone, Okigwe was most polluted while studies are scarce in Orlu. Pollution source assessment showed that the major pollution source were from automechanic related activities and indiscriminate waste dumpsites. Exposure pathways to heavy metals were ingestion > inhalation > dermal. Only Pb and Fe from ingestion pathway will pose risks from intake while non-carcinogenic adverse health risk is only obtainable from the same pathway. Only in Okigwe zone, that Cd, Pb and Ni will pose cancer risks from the ingestion pathway to both adult and children. Overall, results suggested that top soils of Imo state are polluted with high ecological and human health risks to children than adult. Effort to reduce activities that input heavy metals in the soil should be encouraged.
Keywords	adults ; average daily intake ; breathing ; carcinogenicity ; chemometrics ; human health ; ingestion ; pollution load ; risk ; soil ; waste disposal sites ; Nigeria ; heavy metals ; health risks ; modelling ; Imo state
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1228
Size	p. 6151-6176.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	120480-4
ISSN	1029-0397 ; 0306-7319 ; 0092-9085
ISSN (online)	1029-0397
ISSN	0306-7319 ; 0092-9085
DOI	10.1080/03067319.2020.1807535
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Macrodebris and microplastics pollution in Nigeria

Enyoh Christian Ebere / Verla Andrew Wirnkor / Verla Evelyn Ngozi / Ihenetu Stanley Chukwuemeka

Environmental Health and Toxicology, Vol 34, Iss

first report on abundance, distribution and composition

2019 Volume 4

Abstract: The abundance, distribution and composition of marine debris ( > 5 cm) and small microplastics (11 μm) from five rivers in South Eastern Nigeria was investigated. This study provided the first assessment of the type and quantity of marine litter and ... ...

Abstract	The abundance, distribution and composition of marine debris ( > 5 cm) and small microplastics (11 μm) from five rivers in South Eastern Nigeria was investigated. This study provided the first assessment of the type and quantity of marine litter and microplastics in Nigeria. A total of 3,487 macrodebris items/m2 were counted with the following distribution: plastics (59%), metal (10%), cloth (7%), paper/cardboard (7%), rubber (7%), glass/ceramics (5%), medical and agro-based waste (3%), and wood (2%). The cleanliness of the river assessed with clean coast index ranged from “very clean” to “extremely dirty”. Microplastics abundance ranged from 440 to 1,556 particles/L, with high accumulation at downstream. Fragment shape was most abundant while fiber and film followed. The distribution of plastic types was PET (29%), PE (22%), PVC (16%), PP (14%), and others (6%). Significant relationship was found between the total abundances of microplastics and different macrodebris groups suggesting that microplastics were abundant in areas where the macrodebris abundance was high. Our results provide baseline information for future assessments. Management actions should focus on input prevention including proper waste management, recycling of plastics, and strict penalties for illegal dumping of wastes.
Keywords	anthropogenic activities ; coastal pollution ; marine litter ; nigeria environment ; plastics ; micropollutants ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Particulate matter exposure and non-cancerous inhalation health risk assessment of major dumpsites of Oerri metropolis, Nigeria.

Opara, Alexander Iheanyichukwu / Akaolisa, Casmir Zanders / Akakuru, Chigozie Osita / Nkwoada, Amarachi Udoka / Ibe, Francis Chizoruo / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Chukwuemeka, Ikechukwu Chigozie

Environmental analysis, health and toxicology

2021 Volume 36, Issue 4, Page(s) e2021025–0

Abstract: Numerous particulates are released from the dumpsites in Owerri metropolis and later dispersed to other areas in the environment where they cause adverse health challenges to the inhabitants. To analyze the PM concentration, field measurements were ... ...

Abstract	Numerous particulates are released from the dumpsites in Owerri metropolis and later dispersed to other areas in the environment where they cause adverse health challenges to the inhabitants. To analyze the PM concentration, field measurements were carried out at seven major dumpsites in the Owerri Metropolis. Estimates of the possible health risks as the result of exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, etc.) were performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency human health risk assessment framework. A scenario assessment approach in which normal exposure and worst-case scenario were adopted for acute and chronic exposure periods for infants, children, and adults. The concentrations of PM 2.5 which ranged from 122.30-501.76 μg/m3 at the dumpsites exceeded the WHO 24hr annual mean maximum exposure limit. The Nigerian National Ambient Air Quality Standard allowable limit for PM10 was exceeded by most of the dumpsites. Hazard quotient > 1 was exceeded for PM 2.5 by nearly all dumpsites and is likely to cause health challenges. The results showed that under monthly conditions, both PM2.5 and PM10 concentration levels at the dumpsites have the potential to cause adverse health effects when for infants, children, and adults on acute or chronic bases. Actions should be taken to regulate such PM exposure and to raise public awareness for the inhabitants of the affected areas. In conclusion, regular monitoring is therefore needed to decrease the ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the study area.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-19
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2671-9525
ISSN (online)	2671-9525
DOI	10.5620/eaht.2021025
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Airborne microplastics: a review study on method for analysis, occurrence, movement and risks.

Enyoh, Christian Ebere / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Verla, Evelyn Ngozi / Ibe, Francis Chizoruo / Amaobi, Collins Emeka

Environmental monitoring and assessment

2019 Volume 191, Issue 11, Page(s) 668

Abstract: Microplastics (of size < 5 mm) pollution in our environment is of current concern by researchers, public media and non-governmental organizations. Implications by their presence in aquatic and soil ecosystems have been well studied and documented, but ... ...

Abstract	Microplastics (of size < 5 mm) pollution in our environment is of current concern by researchers, public media and non-governmental organizations. Implications by their presence in aquatic and soil ecosystems have been well studied and documented, but less attention has been paid on airborne microplastics (MPs). Studies concerning airborne microplastics started from 2016 and only a few (n = 13) have been published to date. Although, studies may increase in the following years, since air is very important for human survival. Microplastics have been observed in atmospheric fallouts in indoor and outdoor environments using a sampling or vacuum pump, rain sampler, and/or particulate fallout collector. Identification and quantification have been carried out by visual, spectroscopic, and spectrometric techniques. Factors such as meteorological, climatic, and anthropogenic influence the distribution and movement of airborne MP. Human exposure may be through inhalation, dermal, and open meal during fallout, with their potential biopersistence and translocation. Ingestion may cause localized inflammation and cancer due to responses by the immune cells, especially in individuals with compromised metabolism and poor clearance mechanisms. Ecological risks involve possible contamination of the ecosystem through a dynamic relationship of MPs in soil, water, and air forming a MP contamination cycle. The present review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of current knowledge or information regarding microplastics in air, identifying gap in knowledge, and giving suggestions for future research.
MeSH term(s)	Dust/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; Humans ; Microplastics/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Soil
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Microplastics ; Particulate Matter ; Soil
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	782621-7
ISSN	1573-2959 ; 0167-6369
ISSN (online)	1573-2959
ISSN	0167-6369
DOI	10.1007/s10661-019-7842-0
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Finding a relationship between mobility factors of selected heavy metals and soil particle size in soils from children's playgrounds.

Verla, Evelyn Ngozi / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Osisi, Adaku Felicia / Okeke, Peter Ndu / Enyoh, Christian Ebere

Environmental monitoring and assessment

2019 Volume 191, Issue 12, Page(s) 742

Abstract: In the 3-year study, heavy metals mobility factors for soils of public playgrounds within Owerri metropolis were correlated with soil particle size. Such studies could develop a body of knowledge that could enable detection and quantification of ... ...

Abstract	In the 3-year study, heavy metals mobility factors for soils of public playgrounds within Owerri metropolis were correlated with soil particle size. Such studies could develop a body of knowledge that could enable detection and quantification of potential risk of metals to children from playground soil without actually involving children. Calculated values of mobility factors were subjected statistical treatment and to obtain descriptive statistics. Regression analysis of mobility factors and particle size were determined. Copper and zinc were most mobile elements, while cobalt was least mobile. Result showed that clay particle size had strong influence on mobility factors. The significance of this study is that recent estimation of mobility factors of metals are used to expand its possible understanding and application to fundamental and practical problems of ecotoxicology of metals which could reflect metals potentials to cause harm thereby permitting the evaluation of metals toxicity without direct involvement of children.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Copper/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Parks, Recreational ; Particle Size ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Zinc/analysis
Chemical Substances	Metals, Heavy ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants ; Copper (789U1901C5) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	782621-7
ISSN	1573-2959 ; 0167-6369
ISSN (online)	1573-2959
ISSN	0167-6369
DOI	10.1007/s10661-019-7937-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Chemometric Assessment of Orashi River after Confluence with Oguta Lake

Enyoh Christian Ebere / Verla Andrew Wirnkor / Verla Evelyn Ngozi / Peter Ndu Okeke / Shirish S. Pingale

IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry), Vol 4, Iss 3, Pp 91-

2019 Volume 103

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the surficial water and sediment of Orashi River after confluence with Oguta. A total of 50 sub-samples were collected for the two media and was homogenized to form 10 composite samples (5 each). Water and sediment ... ...

Abstract	This study was carried out to evaluate the surficial water and sediment of Orashi River after confluence with Oguta. A total of 50 sub-samples were collected for the two media and was homogenized to form 10 composite samples (5 each). Water and sediment samples were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations and physico-chemical parameters. Data obtained was interpreted using ten chemometric models and standards of the Federal Ministry of Environment as touchstone values. Approximately 100 % of water samples were contaminated as opposed to 40 % of sediment samples. Both water and sediments showed that Cd was the highest contaminant with contamination factors of 38 and 1.52 respectively. Water revealed pollution load index higher than sediment probably due to its dissolution ability to metals. Geo accumulation index was observed to have highest value for Cd (45) at point A while Fe (> 4) at all points and same time the highest negative value. All points exhibited very high ecological risk (RI; 1112.7–1473.9) for water while sediments at those points showed low (RI < 150). The water quality index (WQI) ranged from 1633.33–2275.57 with a minimum deviation of 1910 % from WQI (100) adjudged to be unsuitable for consumption. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) for all sampling sites ranged from 0.17-0.25 % suggesting good water for irrigation purposes. There was low sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and cation ratio of structural stability (CROSS) for the river water showing that it is good for irrigation. The sediment quality index was all less than 1 indicating no pollution of sediment. Transfer factors followed the order As>Cd>Ag>Cr>Fe>Cu>Mn>Co>Ni. In conclusion, the water was polluted but good for irrigation use. However, continuous use could lead to health problems due to bioaccumulation of metals while sediments were generally not polluted and of good quality
Keywords	Crude oil ; Heavy metal ; Pollution ; Toxicity ; Water ; Environment ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Sriwijaya University
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Chemometric Assessment of Orashi River after Confluence with Oguta Lake

Enyoh Christian Ebere / Verla Andrew Wirnkor / Verla Evelyn Ngozi / Peter Ndu Okeke / Shirish S. Pingale

IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry). 2019 Oct., v. 4, no. 3

2019

Abstract	This study was carried out to evaluate the surficial water and sediment of Orashi River after confluence with Oguta. A total of 50 sub-samples were collected for the two media and was homogenized to form 10 composite samples (5 each). Water and sediment samples were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations and physico-chemical parameters. Data obtained was interpreted using ten chemometric models and standards of the Federal Ministry of Environment as touchstone values. Approximately 100 % of water samples were contaminated as opposed to 40 % of sediment samples. Both water and sediments showed that Cd was the highest contaminant with contamination factors of 38 and 1.52 respectively. Water revealed pollution load index higher than sediment probably due to its dissolution ability to metals. Geo accumulation index was observed to have highest value for Cd (45) at point A while Fe (> 4) at all points and same time the highest negative value. All points exhibited very high ecological risk (RI; 1112.7–1473.9) for water while sediments at those points showed low (RI < 150). The water quality index (WQI) ranged from 1633.33–2275.57 with a minimum deviation of 1910 % from WQI (100) adjudged to be unsuitable for consumption. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) for all sampling sites ranged from 0.17-0.25 % suggesting good water for irrigation purposes. There was low sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and cation ratio of structural stability (CROSS) for the river water showing that it is good for irrigation. The sediment quality index was all less than 1 indicating no pollution of sediment. Transfer factors followed the order As>Cd>Ag>Cr>Fe>Cu>Mn>Co>Ni. In conclusion, the water was polluted but good for irrigation use. However, continuous use could lead to health problems due to bioaccumulation of metals while sediments were generally not polluted and of good quality
Keywords	absorption ; bioaccumulation ; chemometrics ; exchangeable sodium ; irrigation ; irrigation water ; lakes ; pollution load ; risk ; river water ; rivers ; sediments ; sodium ; water quality
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-10
Size	p. 91-103.
Publishing place	Sriwijaya University
Document type	Article
ISSN	2540-9409
DOI	10.24845/ijfac.v4.i3.91
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Article: Airborne microplastics: a review study on method for analysis, occurrence, movement and risks

Enyoh, Christian Ebere / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Verla, Evelyn Ngozi / Ibe, Francis Chizoruo / Amaobi, Collins Emeka

Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019 Nov., v. 191, no. 11

2019

Abstract	Microplastics (of size < 5 mm) pollution in our environment is of current concern by researchers, public media and non-governmental organizations. Implications by their presence in aquatic and soil ecosystems have been well studied and documented, but less attention has been paid on airborne microplastics (MPs). Studies concerning airborne microplastics started from 2016 and only a few (n = 13) have been published to date. Although, studies may increase in the following years, since air is very important for human survival. Microplastics have been observed in atmospheric fallouts in indoor and outdoor environments using a sampling or vacuum pump, rain sampler, and/or particulate fallout collector. Identification and quantification have been carried out by visual, spectroscopic, and spectrometric techniques. Factors such as meteorological, climatic, and anthropogenic influence the distribution and movement of airborne MP. Human exposure may be through inhalation, dermal, and open meal during fallout, with their potential biopersistence and translocation. Ingestion may cause localized inflammation and cancer due to responses by the immune cells, especially in individuals with compromised metabolism and poor clearance mechanisms. Ecological risks involve possible contamination of the ecosystem through a dynamic relationship of MPs in soil, water, and air forming a MP contamination cycle. The present review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of current knowledge or information regarding microplastics in air, identifying gap in knowledge, and giving suggestions for future research.
Keywords	anthropogenic activities ; dermal exposure ; ingestion ; inhalation exposure ; metabolism ; microplastics ; nongovernmental organizations ; pollution ; rain ; risk ; soil ecosystems
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-11
Size	p. 668.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
Note	Review
ZDB-ID	782621-7
ISSN	1573-2959 ; 0167-6369
ISSN (online)	1573-2959
ISSN	0167-6369
DOI	10.1007/s10661-019-7842-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Finding a relationship between mobility factors of selected heavy metals and soil particle size in soils from children’s playgrounds

Verla, Evelyn Ngozi / Verla, Andrew Wirnkor / Osisi, Adaku Felicia / Okeke, Peter Ndu / Enyoh, Christian Ebere

Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019 Dec., v. 191, no. 12

2019

Abstract	In the 3-year study, heavy metals mobility factors for soils of public playgrounds within Owerri metropolis were correlated with soil particle size. Such studies could develop a body of knowledge that could enable detection and quantification of potential risk of metals to children from playground soil without actually involving children. Calculated values of mobility factors were subjected statistical treatment and to obtain descriptive statistics. Regression analysis of mobility factors and particle size were determined. Copper and zinc were most mobile elements, while cobalt was least mobile. Result showed that clay particle size had strong influence on mobility factors. The significance of this study is that recent estimation of mobility factors of metals are used to expand its possible understanding and application to fundamental and practical problems of ecotoxicology of metals which could reflect metals potentials to cause harm thereby permitting the evaluation of metals toxicity without direct involvement of children.
Keywords	children ; clay ; cobalt ; descriptive statistics ; ecotoxicology ; heavy metals ; particle size ; playgrounds ; regression analysis ; risk ; soil ; toxicity ; zinc
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-12
Size	p. 742.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	782621-7
ISSN	1573-2959 ; 0167-6369
ISSN (online)	1573-2959
ISSN	0167-6369
DOI	10.1007/s10661-019-7937-7
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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