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Article ; Online: Review of strategies to address social determinants of health and health disparities to improve health outcomes

Vicki Brown / Jessica Cataldo / Thomas Shaw / Sandra Collins

Social Determinants of Health, Vol 5, Iss

2019 Volume 3

Abstract: Medical care accounts for only 10% of health outcomes. All other contributions to health outcomes are attributed to genetics, environment, social circumstances, and behaviors. These categories are known as the social determinants of health (SDOH). The ... ...

Abstract	Medical care accounts for only 10% of health outcomes. All other contributions to health outcomes are attributed to genetics, environment, social circumstances, and behaviors. These categories are known as the social determinants of health (SDOH). The social determinants of health can cause health inequities and disparities among a population. As a result of health disparities related to social determinants of health, an increased proportion of the population develops chronic medical conditions that consume more health care expenditures. It is becoming increasingly more important to address the underlying factors of health outcomes as the reimbursement for quality of care becomes the norm in healthcare. Effectively integrating new programs, technology, and community partnerships that target the vulnerable populations into a healthcare organization can prove to be beneficial in improving health outcomes and lowering healthcare costs.
Keywords	social determinants ; population health ; community partnerships ; return on investment ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Correction to

Vicki Brown / Huong Tran / Miranda Blake / Rachel Laws / Marj Moodie

Health Research Policy and Systems, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a narrative review of economic constructs in commonly used implementation and scale-up theories, frameworks and models

2020 Volume 1

Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. ...

Abstract	An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Modelling Allee effects in a transgenic mosquito population during range expansion

Melody Walker / Julie C. Blackwood / Vicki Brown / Lauren M. Childs

Journal of Biological Dynamics, Vol 13, Iss 0, Pp 2-

2019 Volume 22

Abstract: Mosquitoes are vectors for many diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity. As mosquito populations expand their range, they may undergo mate-finding Allee effects such that their ability to successfully reproduce becomes difficult at low ... ...

Abstract	Mosquitoes are vectors for many diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity. As mosquito populations expand their range, they may undergo mate-finding Allee effects such that their ability to successfully reproduce becomes difficult at low population density. With new technology, creating target specific gene modification may be a viable method for mosquito population control. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the effects of releasing transgenic mosquitoes into newly established, low-density mosquito populations. Our model consists of two life stages (aquatic and adults), which are divided into three genetically distinct groups: heterogeneous and homogeneous transgenic that cause female infertility and a homogeneous wild type. We perform analytical and numerical analyses on the equilibria to determine the level of saturation needed to eliminate mosquitoes in a given area. This model demonstrates the potential for a gene drive system to reduce the spread of invading mosquito populations.
Keywords	Mosquito dynamics ; Allee effect ; gene drive ; mathematical model ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	612
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A narrative review of economic constructs in commonly used implementation and scale-up theories, frameworks and models.

Vicki, Brown / Huong, Tran / Miranda, Blake / Rachel, Laws / Marj, Moodie

Health research policy and systems

2020 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 115

Abstract: Background: Translating research evidence into practice is challenging and, to date, there are relatively few public health interventions that have been effectively and cost-effectively implemented and delivered at scale. Theories, models and frameworks ...

Abstract	Background: Translating research evidence into practice is challenging and, to date, there are relatively few public health interventions that have been effectively and cost-effectively implemented and delivered at scale. Theories, models and frameworks (herein termed 'frameworks') have been used in implementation science to describe, guide and explain implementation and scale-up. While economic constructs have been reported as both barriers and facilitators to effective implementation and scale-up of public health interventions, there is currently no published review of how economic constructs are considered within commonly used implementation and scale-up frameworks. This paper aimed to narratively review the economic constructs incorporated in commonly used implementation and scale-up frameworks. Methods: Frameworks for inclusion in the narrative review were identified from the literature and thematic content analysis was undertaken using a recursive deductive approach. Emergent key themes and sub-themes were identified and results were summarised narratively within each theme. Results: Twenty-six framework publications were included in our analysis, with wide variation between frameworks in the scope and level of detail of the economic constructs included. Four key themes emerged from the data - 'resources', 'benefit', 'cost' and 'funding'. Only five frameworks incorporated all four identified key themes. Overarching lenses from which to consider key themes included 'stakeholder perspectives', 'stage in the research translation process' and 'context'. 'Resources' were most frequently considered in relation to the sub-themes of 'types of resources' (e.g. labour, time or infrastructure) and 'availability' of resources, and the opportunity for 'economies of scale'. The 'relative advantage of interventions' emerged as an interconnecting sub-theme between 'cost' and 'benefit'. 'Funding' was most often considered in relation to 'funding sources', 'availability', 'sustainability' or 'contextual impact'. The concept of 'opportunity cost' was considered in relatively few frameworks, despite being fundamental to economic theory. Conclusions: Implementation and scale-up frameworks provide a conceptual map to inform the effective and cost-effective implementation of public health interventions delivered at scale. Despite evidence of an emerging focus on the economic considerations of implementation and scale-up within some commonly used frameworks, our findings suggest that there is significant scope for further exploration of the economic constructs related to implementation and scale-up.
MeSH term(s)	Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Implementation Science
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1478-4505
ISSN (online)	1478-4505
DOI	10.1186/s12961-020-00633-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Better transport accessibility, better health

Vicki Brown / Alison Barr / Jan Scheurer / Anne Magnus / Belen Zapata-Diomedi / Rebecca Bentley

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a health economic impact assessment study for Melbourne, Australia

2019 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Background Physical inactivity is a global public health problem, partly due to urbanization and increased use of passive modes of transport such as private motor vehicles. Improving accessibility to public transport could be an effective policy ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Physical inactivity is a global public health problem, partly due to urbanization and increased use of passive modes of transport such as private motor vehicles. Improving accessibility to public transport could be an effective policy for Governments to promote equity and efficiency within transportation systems, increase population levels of physical activity and reduce the negative externalities of motor vehicle use. Quantitative estimates of the health impacts of improvements to public transport accessibility may be useful for resource allocation and priority-setting, however few studies have been published to inform this decision-making. This paper aims to estimate the physical activity, obesity, injury, health and healthcare cost-saving outcomes of scenario-based improvements to public transport accessibility in Melbourne, Australia. Methods Baseline and two hypothetical future scenario estimates of improved public transport accessibility for Melbourne, Australia, were derived using a spatial planning and decision tool designed to simulate accessibility performance (the Spatial Network Analysis for Multimodal Urban Transport Systems (SNAMUTS)). Public transport related physical activity was quantified by strata of age group and sex from Melbourne travel survey data (VISTA survey) and used with the SNAMUTS Composite Index to estimate input data for health impact modelling for the Melbourne population aged 20–74 years. A proportional multi-state, multiple cohort lifetable Markov model quantified the potential health gains and healthcare cost-savings from estimated changes in physical activity, body weight and injuries related to walking to access/egress public transport under two scenarios: (S1) public transport accessibility under current policy directions, and (S2) multi-directional, high-frequency network improvements. Results Multi-directional, high-frequency improvements to the public transport network (S2) resulted in significantly greater health and economic gains than current policy directions (S1) in relation to physical activity (mean 6.4 more MET minutes/week), body weight (mean 0.05 kg differential), health-adjusted life years gained (absolute difference of 4878 HALYs gained) and healthcare cost-savings (absolute difference of AUD43M), as compared to business as usual under both scenarios (n = 2,832,241 adults, over the lifecourse). Conclusions Based on our conservative analyses, improving accessibility to public transport will improve population health by facilitating physical activity and lead to healthcare cost savings compared with business-as-usual. These wider health benefits should be better considered in transport planning and policy decisions.
Keywords	Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ; RC620-627 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	380
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Obesity‐related health impacts of active transport policies in Australia – a policy review and health impact modelling study

Vicki Brown / Marj Moodie / Linda Cobiac / Herrera Mantilla / Robert Carter

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol 41, Iss 6, Pp 611-

2017 Volume 616

Abstract: Abstract Objective: To review Australian policies on active transport, defined as walking and cycling for utilitarian purposes. To estimate the potential health impact of achieving four active transport policy scenarios. Methods: A policy review was ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective: To review Australian policies on active transport, defined as walking and cycling for utilitarian purposes. To estimate the potential health impact of achieving four active transport policy scenarios. Methods: A policy review was undertaken, using key words to search government websites. Potential health benefits were quantified using a cohort simulation Markov model to estimate obesity and transport injury‐related health effects of an increase in active transport. Health adjusted life years (HALYs) gained and healthcare cost savings from diseases averted were estimated. Budget thresholds to achieve cost‐effectiveness were estimated for each scenario. Results: There is broad recognition of the health‐related benefits of active transport from all levels of Australian government. Modelling results suggest significant health‐related benefits of achieving increased prevalence of active transport. Total HALYs saved assuming a one‐year effect ranged from 565 (95%UI 173–985) to 12,105 (95%UI 4,970–19,707), with total healthcare costs averted ranging from $6.6M (95%UI $1.9M‐11.3M) to $141.2M (95%UI $53.8M–227.8M). Conclusion: Effective interventions that improve rates of active transport may result in substantial healthcare‐related cost savings through a decrease in conditions related to obesity. Implications for public health: Significant potential exists for effective and cost‐effective interventions that result in more walking and cycling.
Keywords	obesity ; active transport ; policy ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	380
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development of a checklist of standard items for processing individual participant data from randomised trials for meta-analyses

Kylie E Hunter / Angela C Webster / Mike Clarke / Matthew J Page / Sol Libesman / Peter J Godolphin / Mason Aberoumand / Larysa H M Rydzewska / Rui Wang / Aidan C Tan / Wentao Li / Ben W Mol / Melina Willson / Vicki Brown / Talia Palacios / Anna Lene Seidler

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 10, p e

Protocol for a modified e-Delphi study.

2022 Volume 0275893

Abstract: Individual participant data meta-analyses enable detailed checking of data quality and more complex analyses than standard study-level synthesis of summary data based on publications. However, there is limited existing guidance on the specific systematic ...

Abstract	Individual participant data meta-analyses enable detailed checking of data quality and more complex analyses than standard study-level synthesis of summary data based on publications. However, there is limited existing guidance on the specific systematic checks that should be undertaken to confirm and enhance data quality for individual participant data meta-analyses and how to conduct these checks. We aim to address this gap by developing a checklist of items for data quality checking and cleaning to be applied to individual participant data meta-analyses of randomised trials. This study will comprise three phases: 1) a scoping review to identify potential checklist items; 2) two e-Delphi survey rounds among an invited panel of experts followed by a consensus meeting; and 3) pilot testing and refinement of the checklist, including development of an accompanying R-markdown program to facilitate its uptake.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Protocol for the development of Core Outcome Sets for Early intervention trials to Prevent Obesity in CHildren (COS-EPOCH)

Marufa Sultana / Karen Matvienko-Sikar / Anna Lene Seidler / Kylie D Hesketh / Rachael Taylor / Kylie Elizabeth Hunter / Vicki Brown / Dorota Zarnowiecki / Rebecca Byrne / Huong Ngoc Quynh Tran / Rebecca Golley

BMJ Open, Vol 11, Iss

2021 Volume 7

Abstract: Introduction Childhood overweight and obesity is prevalent in the first 5 years of life, and can result in significant health and economic consequences over the lifetime. The outcomes currently measured and reported in randomised controlled trials of ... ...

Abstract	Introduction Childhood overweight and obesity is prevalent in the first 5 years of life, and can result in significant health and economic consequences over the lifetime. The outcomes currently measured and reported in randomised controlled trials of early childhood obesity prevention interventions to reduce this burden of obesity are heterogeneous, and measured in a variety of ways. This variability limits the comparability of findings between studies, and contributes to research waste. This protocol presents the methodology for the development of two core outcome sets (COS) for obesity prevention interventions in children aged from 1 to 5 years from a singular development process: (1) a COS for interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour and (2) a COS for interventions targeting child feeding and dietary intake. Core outcomes related to physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children aged ≤1 year will also be identified to complement an existing COS for early feeding interventions, and provide a broader set of core outcomes in this age range. This will result in a suite of COS useful for measuring and reporting outcomes in early childhood obesity prevention studies, including multicomponent interventions.Methods and analysis Development of the COS will follow international best practice guidelines. A scoping review of trial registries will identify commonly reported outcomes and associated measurement instruments. Key stakeholders involved in obesity prevention, including policy-makers/funders, parents, researchers, health practitioners and community and organisational stakeholders will participate in an e-Delphi study and consensus meeting regarding inclusion of outcomes in the COS. Finally, recommended outcome measure instruments will be identified through literature review and group consensus.Ethics and dissemination Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HEAG-H 231_2020). The COS will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and engagement with key stakeholders.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Protocol for an Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Trial to Evaluate Scale up of an Evidence-Based Intervention Addressing Lifestyle Behaviours From the Start of Life

Rachel Laws / Penelope Love / Kylie D. Hesketh / Harriet Koorts / Elizabeth Denney-Wilson / Marj Moodie / Vicki Brown / Kok-Leong Ong / Jennifer Browne / Sarah Marshall / Sandrine Lioret / Liliana Orellana / Karen J. Campbell

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Vol

INFANT

2021 Volume 12

Abstract: IntroductionPromoting healthy eating and active play in early life is critical, however few interventions have been delivered or sustained at scale. The evaluation of interventions at scale is a crucial, yet under-researched aspect of modifying ... ...

Abstract	IntroductionPromoting healthy eating and active play in early life is critical, however few interventions have been delivered or sustained at scale. The evaluation of interventions at scale is a crucial, yet under-researched aspect of modifying population-level health behaviours. INFANT is an evidence-based early childhood healthy lifestyle intervention that aims to improve parents’ knowledge and skills around promoting optimal energy balance-related behaviours that, in turn, influence children’s diet, activity and adiposity. It consists of: 1) Four group sessions delivered via first time parent groups across the first 12 months of life; 2) access to the My Baby Now app from birth to 18 months of age. This research aims to assess real-world implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of INFANT when delivered at scale across Victoria, Australia.Methods and AnalysisA hybrid type II implementation-effectiveness trial applying a mixed methods design will be conducted. INFANT will be implemented in collaboration with practice and policy partners including maternal and child health services, population health and Aboriginal health, targeting all local government areas (n=79) in Victoria, Australia. Evaluation is based on criteria from the ‘Outcomes for Implementation Research’ and ‘RE-AIM’ frameworks. Implementation outcomes will be assessed using descriptive quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with those involved in implementation, and include intervention reach, organisational acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, cost, feasibility, penetration and sustainability. Process measures include organizational readiness, fidelity, and adaptation. Effectiveness outcomes will be assessed using a sample of INFANT participants and a non-randomized comparison group receiving usual care (1,500 infants in each group), recruited within the same communities. Eligible participants will be first time primary caregivers of an infant aged 0-3 months, owning a personal mobile phone and able to communicate in ...
Keywords	child obesity prevention ; infants (birth to 2 years) ; nutrition ; physical activity ; sedentary behavior ; implementation science ; Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology ; RC648-665
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The high cost of obesity in Australian pre‐schoolers

Vicki Brown / Marjory Moodie / Louise Baur / Li Ming Wen / Alison Hayes

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol 41, Iss 3, Pp 323-

2017 Volume 324

Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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