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Article ; Online: Effect of weight on depression using multiple genetic instruments.

Viinikainen, Jutta / Böckerman, Petri / Willage, Barton / Elovainio, Marko / Kari, Jaana T / Lehtimäki, Terho / Pehkonen, Jaakko / Pitkänen, Niina / Raitakari, Olli

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0297594

Abstract: A striking global health development over the past few decades has been the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. At the same time, depression has become increasingly common in almost all high-income countries. We investigated whether body ... ...

Abstract	A striking global health development over the past few decades has been the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. At the same time, depression has become increasingly common in almost all high-income countries. We investigated whether body weight, measured by body mass index (BMI), has a causal effect on depression symptoms in Finland. Using data drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (N = 1,523, mean age 41.9, SD 5), we used linear regression to establish the relationship between BMI and depression symptoms measured by 21-item Beck's Depression Inventory. To identify causal relationships, we used the Mendelian randomization (MR) method with weighted sums of genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) as instruments for BMI. We employ instruments (polygenic risk scores, PGSs) with varying number of SNPs that are associated with BMI to evaluate the sensitivity of our results to instrument strength. Based on linear regressions, higher BMI was associated with a higher prevalence of depression symptoms among females (b = 0.238, p = 0.000) and males (b = 0.117, p = 0.019). However, the MR results imply that the positive link applies only to females (b = 0.302, p = 0.007) but not to males (b = -0.070, p = 0.520). Poor instrument strength may explain why many previous studies that have utilized genetic instruments have been unable to identify a statistically significant link between BMI and depression-related traits. Although the number of genetic markers in the instrument had only a minor effect on the point estimates, the standard errors were much smaller when more powerful instruments were employed.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Body Mass Index ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/genetics ; Overweight/epidemiology ; Overweight/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Middle Aged
Chemical Substances	Genetic Markers
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0297594
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Birth weight and adult income: An examination of mediation through adult height and body mass.

Pehkonen, Jaakko / Viinikainen, Jutta / Kari, Jaana T / Böckerman, Petri / Lehtimäki, Terho / Raitakari, Olli

Health economics

2021 Volume 30, Issue 10, Page(s) 2383–2398

Abstract: This paper examines the causal links between early human endowments and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. We use a genotyped longitudinal survey (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) that is linked to the administrative registers of Statistics ... ...

Abstract	This paper examines the causal links between early human endowments and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. We use a genotyped longitudinal survey (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) that is linked to the administrative registers of Statistics Finland. We focus on the effect of birth weight on income via two anthropometric mediators: body mass index (BMI) and height in adulthood. We find that (i) the genetic instruments for birth weight, adult height, and adult BMI are statistically powerful; (ii) there is a robust total effect of birth weight on income for men but not for women; (iii) the total effect of birth weight on income for men is partly mediated via height but not via BMI; and (iv) the share of the total effect mediated via height is substantial, of approximately 56%.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Birth Weight ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Causality ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1135838-5
ISSN	1099-1050 ; 1057-9230
ISSN (online)	1099-1050
ISSN	1057-9230
DOI	10.1002/hec.4387
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Article ; Online: Body weight and premature retirement: population-based evidence from Finland.

Viinikainen, Jutta / Tikka, Santtu / Laaksonen, Mikko / Jääskeläinen, Tuija / Böckerman, Petri / Karvanen, Juha

European journal of public health

2021 Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 731–736

Abstract: Background: Health status is a principal determinant of labour market participation. In this study, we examined whether excess weight is associated with withdrawal from the labour market owing to premature retirement.: Methods: The analyses were ... ...

Abstract	Background: Health status is a principal determinant of labour market participation. In this study, we examined whether excess weight is associated with withdrawal from the labour market owing to premature retirement. Methods: The analyses were based on nationally representative data from Finland over the period 2001-15 (N ∼ 2500). The longitudinal data included objective measures of body weight (i.e. body mass index and waist circumference) linked to register-based information on actual retirement age. The association between the body weight measures and premature retirement was modelled using cubic b-splines via logistic regression. The models accounted for other possible risk factors and potential confounders, such as smoking and education. Results: Excess weight was associated with an increased risk of premature retirement for both men and women. A closer examination revealed that the probability of retirement varied across the weight distribution and the results differed between sexes and weight measures. Conclusion: Body weight outside a recommended range elevates the risk of premature retirement.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Finland/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Occupations ; Retirement ; Risk Factors ; Weight Gain
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1129243-x
ISSN	1464-360X ; 1101-1262
ISSN (online)	1464-360X
ISSN	1101-1262
DOI	10.1093/eurpub/ckab116
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Zs.A 3499: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Does better education mitigate risky health behavior? A mendelian randomization study.

Viinikainen, Jutta / Bryson, Alex / Böckerman, Petri / Kari, Jaana T / Lehtimäki, Terho / Raitakari, Olli / Viikari, Jorma / Pehkonen, Jaakko

Economics and human biology

2022 Volume 46, Page(s) 101134

Abstract: Education and risky health behaviors are strongly negatively correlated. Education may affect health behaviors by enabling healthier choices through higher disposable income, increasing information about the harmful effects of risky health behaviors, or ... ...

Abstract	Education and risky health behaviors are strongly negatively correlated. Education may affect health behaviors by enabling healthier choices through higher disposable income, increasing information about the harmful effects of risky health behaviors, or altering time preferences. Alternatively, the observed negative correlation may stem from reverse causality or unobserved confounders. Based on the data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study linked to register-based information on educational attainment and family background, this paper identifies the causal effect of education on risky health behaviors. To examine causal effects, we used a genetic score as an instrument for years of education. We found that individuals with higher education allocated more attention to healthy habits. In terms of health behaviors, highly educated people were less likely to smoke. Some model specifications also indicated that the highly educated consumed more fruit and vegetables, but the results were imprecise in this regard. No causal effect was found between education and abusive drinking. In brief, inference based on genetic instruments showed that higher education leads to better choices in some but not all dimensions of health behaviors.
MeSH term(s)	Educational Status ; Finland ; Health Behavior ; Health Risk Behaviors ; Humans ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2099749-8
ISSN	1873-6130 ; 1570-677X
ISSN (online)	1873-6130
ISSN	1570-677X
DOI	10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101134
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Article ; Online: Schizophrenia polygenic risk score and long-term success in the labour market: A cohort study.

Viinikainen, Jutta / Böckerman, Petri / Hakulinen, Christian / Kari, Jaana T / Lehtimäki, Terho / Raitakari, Olli T / Pehkonen, Jaakko

Journal of psychiatric research

2022 Volume 151, Page(s) 638–641

Abstract: Employment is rare among people with a schizophrenia diagnosis. Meanwhile, a genetic liability for schizophrenia may hinder labour market performance. We studied how the polygenic risk score (PGS) for schizophrenia related to education and labour market ... ...

Abstract	Employment is rare among people with a schizophrenia diagnosis. Meanwhile, a genetic liability for schizophrenia may hinder labour market performance. We studied how the polygenic risk score (PGS) for schizophrenia related to education and labour market outcomes. We found that a higher PGS was linked to lower educational levels and weaker labour market outcomes as well as a higher likelihood of receiving social income transfers, particularly among men. Assuming that the link is causal, our results indicate that individuals with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-related traits have a weakened ability to fully participate in the labour market, potentially reinforcing social exclusion.
MeSH term(s)	Cohort Studies ; Educational Status ; Employment ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3148-3
ISSN	1879-1379 ; 0022-3956
ISSN (online)	1879-1379
ISSN	0022-3956
DOI	10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.041
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Article ; Online: Birth weight, adult weight, and cardiovascular biomarkers: Evidence from the Cardiovascular Young Finns Study.

Pehkonen, Jaakko / Viinikainen, Jutta / Kari, Jaana T / Böckerman, Petri / Lehtimäki, Terho / Viikari, Jorma / Raitakari, Olli

Preventive medicine

2021 Volume 154, Page(s) 106894

Abstract: This study quantifies the causal effect of birth weight on cardiovascular biomarkers in adulthood using the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS). We apply a multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) method that provides a novel approach to ... ...

Abstract	This study quantifies the causal effect of birth weight on cardiovascular biomarkers in adulthood using the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS). We apply a multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) method that provides a novel approach to improve inference in causal analysis based on a mediation framework. The results show that birth weight is linked to triglyceride levels (β = -0.294; 95% CI [-0.591, 0.003]) but not to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (β = 0.007; 95% CI [-0.168, 0.183]). The total effect of birth weight on triglyceride levels is partly offset by a mediation pathway linking birth weight to adult BMI (β = 0.111; 95% CI [-0.013, 0.234]). The negative total effect is consistent with the fetal programming hypothesis. The positive indirect effect via adult BMI highlights the persistence of body weight throughout a person's life and the adverse effects of high BMI on health. The results are consistent with previous findings that both low birth weight and weight gain increase health risks in adulthood.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Biomarkers ; Birth Weight ; Finland ; Humans ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Triglycerides
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	184600-0
ISSN	1096-0260 ; 0091-7435
ISSN (online)	1096-0260
ISSN	0091-7435
DOI	10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106894
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Zs.A 878: Show issues

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Article: Health endowment and later-life outcomes in the labour market: Evidence using genetic risk scores and reduced-form models.

Pehkonen, Jaakko / Viinikainen, Jutta / Böckerman, Petri / Pitkänen, Niina / Lehtimäki, Terho / Raitakari, Olli

SSM - population health

2019 Volume 7, Page(s) 100379

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between health endowment and later-life outcomes in the labour market. The analysis is based on reduced-form models in which labour market outcomes are regressed on genetic variants related to the increased risk of ... ...

Abstract	This paper examines the relationship between health endowment and later-life outcomes in the labour market. The analysis is based on reduced-form models in which labour market outcomes are regressed on genetic variants related to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. We use linked Finnish data that have many strengths. Genetic risk scores constitute exogenous measures for health endowment, and accurate administrative tax records on earnings, employment and social income transfers provide a comprehensive account of an individual's long-term performance in the labour market. The results show that although the direction of an effect is generally consistent with theoretical reasoning, the effects of health endowment on outcomes are statistically weak, and the hypothesis of no effect can be rejected only in one case: genetic endowment related to obesity influences male earnings and employment in prime age. Due to the sample size (N = 1651), the results should be interpreted with caution and should be confirmed in larger samples and in other institutional settings.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100379
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Article ; Online: The challenges of GxE research: A rejoinder.

Pehkonen, Jaakko / Viinikainen, Jutta / Böckerman, Petri / Lehtimäki, Terho / Pitkänen, Niina / Raitakari, Olli

Social science & medicine (1982)

2017 Volume 188, Page(s) 204–205

Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.07.010
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Zs.A 625: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Genetic endowments, parental resources and adult health: Evidence from the Young Finns Study.

Pehkonen, Jaakko / Viinikainen, Jutta / Böckerman, Petri / Lehtimäki, Terho / Pitkänen, Niina / Raitakari, Olli

Social science & medicine (1982)

2017 Volume 188, Page(s) 191–200

Abstract: This paper uses longitudinal survey data linked to administrative registers to examine socioeconomic gradients in health, particularly whether the effects of genetic endowments interact with the socioeconomic resources of the parental household. We find ... ...

Abstract	This paper uses longitudinal survey data linked to administrative registers to examine socioeconomic gradients in health, particularly whether the effects of genetic endowments interact with the socioeconomic resources of the parental household. We find that genetic risk scores contribute to adult health measured by biomarkers. This result is consistent with the findings from genome-wide association studies. Socioeconomic gradients in health differ based on biomarker and resource measures. Family education is negatively related to obesity and the waist-hip ratio, and family income is negatively related to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Parental resources do not modify the effects of genetic endowment on adult health. However, there is evidence for gene-family income interactions for triglyceride levels, particularly among women.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol, HDL/analysis ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Cholesterol, LDL/analysis ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood ; Female ; Finland ; Food Quality ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Health Status ; Humans ; Income/statistics & numerical data ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Social Determinants of Health ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Sports/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Triglycerides/analysis ; Triglycerides/blood
Chemical Substances	Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Triglycerides
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.030
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Zs.A 625: Show issues

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Book ; Online: Born entrepreneur?

Viinikainen, Jutta / Böckerman, Petri / Heineck, Guido / Hintsanen, Mirka / Pehkonen, Jaakko / Raitakari, Olli

adolescents' personality characteristics and self-employment in adulthood

(Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 9805)

2016

Abstract: Is there an entrepreneurial personality and does it appear early in life? We provide a new answer on this question by using the so-called Type A behavior traits (Aggression, Leadership, Responsibility, and Eagerness-Energy), measured in childhood and ... ...

Author's details	Jutta Viinikainen (Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics), Guido Heineck (University of Bamberg and IZA), Petri Böckerman (Turku School of Economics, Labour Institute for Economic Research and IZA), Mirka Hintsanen (University of Oulu), Olli Raitakari (CAPC, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital), Jaakko Pehkonen (Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics)
Series title	Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 9805
Abstract	Is there an entrepreneurial personality and does it appear early in life? We provide a new answer on this question by using the so-called Type A behavior traits (Aggression, Leadership, Responsibility, and Eagerness-Energy), measured in childhood and adolescence, and examining their relationship to self-employment propensity in adulthood. Using data from the Young Finns Study linked to the Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data and the Longitudinal Population Census of Statistics, our results show that the early-life Leadership-dimension is significantly associated with a higher likelihood 1) of becoming self-employed later in life and 2) of being more successful as an entrepreneur, as approximated by sales. Our results also reinforce the prior evidence on the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship.
Keywords	Type A behavior ; personality ; self-employment ; entrepreneurship ; intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship
Language	English
Size	1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	ECONomics Information System

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