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  1. Article: An Analysis of Motivating Factors in 1,725 Worldwide Cases of Mass Murder Between 1900-2019.

    Brucato, Gary / Hesson, Hannah / Dishy, Gabriella / Lee, Kathryn / Pia, Tyler / Syed, Faizan / Villalobos, Alexandra / Rogers, R Tyler / Corbeil, Thomas / Stone, Michael H / Lieberman, Jeffrey A / Appelbaum, Paul S / Girgis, Ragy R

    The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology

    2023  Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 261–274

    Abstract: Mass murder, particularly mass shootings, constitutes a major, growing public health concern. Specific motivations for these acts are not well understood, often overattributed to severe mental illness. Identifying diverse factors motivating mass murders ... ...

    Abstract Mass murder, particularly mass shootings, constitutes a major, growing public health concern. Specific motivations for these acts are not well understood, often overattributed to severe mental illness. Identifying diverse factors motivating mass murders may facilitate prevention. We examined 1,725 global mass murders from 1900-2019, publicly described in English in print or online. We empirically categorized each into one of ten categories reflecting reported primary motivating factors, which were analyzed across mass murderers generally, as well as between U.S- and non-U.S.-based mass-shooters. Psychosis or disorganization related to mental illness were infrequently motivational factors (166; 9.6%), and were significantly more associated with mass murder committed using methods other than firearms. The vast majority (998, 57.86%) of incidents were impulsive and emotionally-driven, following adverse life circumstances. Most mass murderers prompted by emotional upset were found to be driven by despair or extreme sadness over life events (161, 16.13% within the category); romantic rejection or loss, or severe jealousy (204, 20.44% within the category); some specific non-romantic grudge (212, 21.24% within the category); or explosive, overwhelming rage following a dispute (266, 26.65% within the category). Results suggest that policies seeking to prevent mass murder should focus on criminal history, as well as subacute emotional disturbances not associated with severe mental illness in individuals with poor coping skills who have recently experienced negative life events.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2112051-1
    ISSN 1478-9957 ; 1478-9949
    ISSN (online) 1478-9957
    ISSN 1478-9949
    DOI 10.1080/14789949.2023.2208570
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Victimology of Mass Shootings and Mass Murders Not Involving Firearms.

    Hesson, Hannah M / Shea, Eileen A / Appelbaum, Paul S / Dishy, Gabriella / Cohen-Romano, Carol / Kennedy, Leda / Bornico, Melissa / Lee, Kathryn / Pia, Tyler / Syed, Faizan / Villalobos, Alexandra / Lieberman, Jeffrey A / Wall, Melanie M / Brucato, Gary / Girgis, Ragy R

    Violence and victims

    2023  Volume 38, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–24

    Abstract: Most research to date has focused on perpetrators of mass murder incidents. Hence, there is little information on victims. We examined 973 mass murders that occurred in the United States between 1900 and 2019 resulting in 5,273 total fatalities and 4,498 ...

    Abstract Most research to date has focused on perpetrators of mass murder incidents. Hence, there is little information on victims. We examined 973 mass murders that occurred in the United States between 1900 and 2019 resulting in 5,273 total fatalities and 4,498 nonfatal injuries for a total of 9,771 victims (on average 10 victims per incident). Approximately 64% of victims of mass murder were White individuals, 13% were Black individuals, 6% were Asian individuals, and 14% were Latinx individuals. Given the higher number of nonfatal injuries per non-firearm mass murder event (11.0 vs. 2.8,
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Firearms ; Homicide ; United States/epidemiology ; Wounds, Gunshot/epidemiology ; Mass Casualty Incidents ; Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data ; Racial Groups ; Ethnicity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639280-5
    ISSN 1945-7073 ; 0886-6708
    ISSN (online) 1945-7073
    ISSN 0886-6708
    DOI 10.1891/VV-2022-0051
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Psychotic symptoms in mass shootings

    Brucato, Gary / Appelbaum, Paul S / Hesson, Hannah / Shea, Eileen A / Dishy, Gabriella / Lee, Kathryn / Pia, Tyler / Syed, Faizan / Villalobos, Alexandra / Wall, Melanie M / Lieberman, Jeffrey A / Girgis, Ragy R

    Psychological medicine

    2021  , Page(s) 1–9

    Abstract: Background: Mass shootings account for a small fraction of annual worldwide murders, yet disproportionately affect society and influence policy. Evidence suggesting a link between mass shootings and severe mental illness (i.e. involving psychosis) is ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mass shootings account for a small fraction of annual worldwide murders, yet disproportionately affect society and influence policy. Evidence suggesting a link between mass shootings and severe mental illness (i.e. involving psychosis) is often misrepresented, generating stigma. Thus, the actual prevalence constitutes a key public health concern.
    Methods: We examined global personal-cause mass murders from 1900 to 2019, amassed by review of 14 785 murders publicly described in English in print or online, and collected information regarding perpetrator, demographics, legal history, drug use and alcohol misuse, and history of symptoms of psychiatric or neurologic illness using standardized methods. We distinguished whether firearms were or were not used, and, if so, the type (non-automatic v. semi- or fully-automatic).
    Results: We identified 1315 mass murders, 65% of which involved firearms. Lifetime psychotic symptoms were noted among 11% of perpetrators, consistent with previous reports, including 18% of mass murderers who did not use firearms and 8% of those who did (χ2 = 28.0, p < 0.01). US-based mass shooters were more likely to have legal histories, use recreational drugs or misuse alcohol, or have histories of non-psychotic psychiatric or neurologic symptoms. US-based mass shooters with symptoms of any psychiatric or neurologic illness more frequently used semi-or fully-automatic firearms.
    Conclusions: These results suggest that policies aimed at preventing mass shootings by focusing on serious mental illness, characterized by psychotic symptoms, may have limited impact. Policies such as those targeting firearm access, recreational drug use and alcohol misuse, legal history, and non-psychotic psychopathology might yield more substantial results.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 217420-0
    ISSN 1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
    ISSN (online) 1469-8978
    ISSN 0033-2917
    DOI 10.1017/S0033291721000076
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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