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  1. Article ; Online: Genomics of alphabaculovirus isolates infecting Mamestra species from North America and Eurasia.

    Erlandson, Martin / Baldwin, Doug / Vlak, Just M / Theilmann, David

    Journal of invertebrate pathology

    2024  Volume 203, Page(s) 108063

    Abstract: Whole genome sequencing and multiplex PCR analysis were used to characterize previously isolated baculovirus isolates from Mamestra populations in Eurasia. Although these viruses have been previously described as Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus ( ... ...

    Abstract Whole genome sequencing and multiplex PCR analysis were used to characterize previously isolated baculovirus isolates from Mamestra populations in Eurasia. Although these viruses have been previously described as Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus (MbNPV/MabrNPV), we demonstrate here that these isolates represent strains of the baculovirus species Alphabaculovirus maconfiguratae (MacoNPV-A) and Alphabaculovirus altermaconfiguratae (MacoNPV-B). The MabrNPV-Bu and -Uk isolates had 96% nucleotide (nt) identity to the type isolate MacoNPV-A 90/2 at the whole genome level and in addition contained a lef-7 homologue which is found in MacoNPV-A but not MacoNPV-B. MabrNPV-Si, -De and -Nl had 96.6, 96.6 and 98.5% nt identity to the type isolate MacoNPV-B 96/2 at the whole genome level, respectively and contained a helicase-2 homologue. Gene content, synteny and K-2-P lef-8, lef-9 and polh analysis also confirmed the presence of both MacoNPV-A and MacoNPV-B isolates in Eurasia. Thus, both these alphabaculovirus species have wide Holarctic distributions in Mamestra host species. MacoNPV-A and MacoNPV-B have wide host ranges and in addition we showed that MacoNPV-B isolates trended to higher infectivity for T. ni larvae.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Nucleopolyhedroviruses/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Moths ; Larva ; Genome, Viral ; Genomics ; Phylogeny
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
    DOI 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108063
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  2. Article ; Online: Genomics of alphabaculovirus isolates infecting Mamestra species from North America and Eurasia

    Erlandson, Martin / Baldwin, Doug / Vlak, Just M. / Theilmann, David

    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

    2024  Volume 203

    Abstract: Whole genome sequencing and multiplex PCR analysis were used to characterize previously isolated baculovirus isolates from Mamestra populations in Eurasia. Although these viruses have been previously described as Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus ( ... ...

    Abstract Whole genome sequencing and multiplex PCR analysis were used to characterize previously isolated baculovirus isolates from Mamestra populations in Eurasia. Although these viruses have been previously described as Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus (MbNPV/MabrNPV), we demonstrate here that these isolates represent strains of the baculovirus species Alphabaculovirus maconfiguratae (MacoNPV-A) and Alphabaculovirus altermaconfiguratae (MacoNPV-B). The MabrNPV-Bu and –Uk isolates had 96% nucleotide (nt) identity to the type isolate MacoNPV-A 90/2 at the whole genome level and in addition contained a lef-7 homologue which is found in MacoNPV-A but not MacoNPV-B. MabrNPV-Si, -De and –Nl had 96.6, 96.6 and 98.5% nt identity to the type isolate MacoNPV-B 96/2 at the whole genome level, respectively and contained a helicase-2 homologue. Gene content, synteny and K-2-P lef-8, lef-9 and polh analysis also confirmed the presence of both MacoNPV-A and MacoNPV-B isolates in Eurasia. Thus, both these alphabaculovirus species have wide Holarctic distributions in Mamestra host species. MacoNPV-A and MacoNPV-B have wide host ranges and in addition we showed that MacoNPV-B isolates trended to higher infectivity for T. ni larvae.
    Keywords Alphabaculovirus ; Genomics ; Geographic isolates ; Mamestra
    Subject code 580
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
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  3. Article ; Online: Empirical estimates of the mutation rate for an alphabaculovirus.

    Boezen, Dieke / Ali, Ghulam / Wang, Manli / Wang, Xi / van der Werf, Wopke / Vlak, Just M / Zwart, Mark P

    PLoS genetics

    2022  Volume 18, Issue 6, Page(s) e1009806

    Abstract: Mutation rates are of key importance for understanding evolutionary processes and predicting their outcomes. Empirical mutation rate estimates are available for a number of RNA viruses, but few are available for DNA viruses, which tend to have larger ... ...

    Abstract Mutation rates are of key importance for understanding evolutionary processes and predicting their outcomes. Empirical mutation rate estimates are available for a number of RNA viruses, but few are available for DNA viruses, which tend to have larger genomes. Whilst some viruses have very high mutation rates, lower mutation rates are expected for viruses with large genomes to ensure genome integrity. Alphabaculoviruses are insect viruses with large genomes and often have high levels of polymorphism, suggesting high mutation rates despite evidence of proofreading activity by the replication machinery. Here, we report an empirical estimate of the mutation rate per base per strand copying (s/n/r) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). To avoid biases due to selection, we analyzed mutations that occurred in a stable, non-functional genomic insert after five serial passages in Spodoptera exigua larvae. Our results highlight that viral demography and the stringency of mutation calling affect mutation rate estimates, and that using a population genetic simulation model to make inferences can mitigate the impact of these processes on estimates of mutation rate. We estimated a mutation rate of μ = 1×10-7 s/n/r when applying the most stringent criteria for mutation calling, and estimates of up to μ = 5×10-7 s/n/r when relaxing these criteria. The rates at which different classes of mutations accumulate provide good evidence for neutrality of mutations occurring within the inserted region. We therefore present a robust approach for mutation rate estimation for viruses with stable genomes, and strong evidence of a much lower alphabaculovirus mutation rate than supposed based on the high levels of polymorphism observed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Mutation ; Mutation Rate ; Nucleopolyhedroviruses/genetics ; Spodoptera
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2186725-2
    ISSN 1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
    ISSN (online) 1553-7404
    ISSN 1553-7390
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009806
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  4. Article ; Online: White spot syndrome virus host range and impact on transmission

    Desrina / Prayitno, Slamet B. / Verdegem, Marc C.J. / Verreth, Johan A.J. / Vlak, Just M.

    Reviews in Aquaculture

    2022  Volume 14, Issue 4

    Abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the etiological agent of white spot disease (WSD), is a significant pathogen affecting shrimp farming industry worldwide. White spot syndrome virus is a generalist virus mainly infecting decapod crustaceans. The aims of ... ...

    Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the etiological agent of white spot disease (WSD), is a significant pathogen affecting shrimp farming industry worldwide. White spot syndrome virus is a generalist virus mainly infecting decapod crustaceans. The aims of this review were to: (1) Re-evaluate and update the status of reported WSSV host and vector species based on the methods used when detecting replication and transmission to shrimp and 2) make a critical evaluation of existing literature on the presence of WSSV in aquatic organisms and the potential role these organisms might play in the transmission of WSSV in pond systems and the wild. An evaluation of literature about WSSV reported host and vector species showed an increase from 33 families to 50 families including 11 families of non-crustacean hosts, proved the virus continues to spread beyond farmed shrimp and the shrimp pond environment. White spot syndrome virus transmission in the aquatic environment is complex as depicted in our model. Containment of WSSV in ponds and the natural environment is challenging, mainly because of its generalist nature and a lack of understanding about (1) WSSV transmission in the aquatic setting, (2) the route of WSSV transmission among species exist in the aquatic environment and (3) information on the transmission dynamics between WSSV in farmed crustaceans and non-farmed animals. Information presented in this review provides the research direction on methods to control WSSV.
    Keywords WSSV ; host range ; shrimp farming ; transmission
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2479639-6
    ISSN 1753-5131 ; 1753-5123
    ISSN (online) 1753-5131
    ISSN 1753-5123
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  5. Article: Professor Shang yin Gao (1909-1989): his legacy in insect cell culture and insect virology.

    Vlak, Just M

    Journal of invertebrate pathology

    2007  Volume 95, Issue 3, Page(s) 152–160

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques/history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Insect Viruses ; Insecta/cytology ; Virology/history
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Biography ; Historical Article ; Lectures ; Portraits
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
    DOI 10.1016/j.jip.2007.03.005
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  6. Article ; Online: Functional Peroral Infectivity Complex of White Spot Syndrome Virus of Shrimp.

    Wang, Xi / Chen, Cheng / Zhang, Nan / Chen, Qingxiu / Zhang, Fenghua / Liu, Xijia / Li, Fang / Shi, Zheng-Li / Vlak, Just M / Wang, Manli / Hu, Zhihong

    Journal of virology

    2022  Volume 96, Issue 24, Page(s) e0117322

    Abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major cause of disease in shrimp cultures worldwide. The infection process of this large circular double-stranded DNA virus has been well studied, but its entry mechanism remains controversial. The major virion ... ...

    Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major cause of disease in shrimp cultures worldwide. The infection process of this large circular double-stranded DNA virus has been well studied, but its entry mechanism remains controversial. The major virion envelope protein VP28 has been implicated in oral and systemic viral infection in shrimp. However, genetic analysis of viral DNA has shown the presence of a few genes related to proteins of
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Penaeidae ; White spot syndrome virus 1/genetics ; White spot syndrome virus 1/pathogenicity ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virus Internalization
    Chemical Substances Virulence Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80174-4
    ISSN 1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
    ISSN (online) 1098-5514
    ISSN 0022-538X
    DOI 10.1128/jvi.01173-22
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  7. Article ; Online: Empirical estimates of the mutation rate for an alphabaculovirus

    Boezen, Dieke / Ali, Ghulam / Wang, Manli / Wang, Xi / van der Werf, Wopke / Vlak, Just M. / Zwart, Mark P.

    Plos Genetics

    2022  Volume 18, Issue 6

    Abstract: Mutation rates are of key importance for understanding evolutionary processes and predicting their outcomes. Empirical mutation rate estimates are available for a number of RNA viruses, but few are available for DNA viruses, which tend to have larger ... ...

    Abstract Mutation rates are of key importance for understanding evolutionary processes and predicting their outcomes. Empirical mutation rate estimates are available for a number of RNA viruses, but few are available for DNA viruses, which tend to have larger genomes. Whilst some viruses have very high mutation rates, lower mutation rates are expected for viruses with large genomes to ensure genome integrity. Alphabaculoviruses are insect viruses with large genomes and often have high levels of polymorphism, suggesting high mutation rates despite evidence of proofreading activity by the replication machinery. Here, we report an empirical estimate of the mutation rate per base per strand copying (s/n/r) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). To avoid biases due to selection, we analyzed mutations that occurred in a stable, non-functional genomic insert after five serial passages in Spodoptera exigua larvae. Our results highlight that viral demography and the stringency of mutation calling affect mutation rate estimates, and that using a population genetic simulation model to make inferences can mitigate the impact of these processes on estimates of mutation rate. We estimated a mutation rate of μ = 1×10−7 s/n/r when applying the most stringent criteria for mutation calling, and estimates of up to μ = 5×10−7 s/n/r when relaxing these criteria. The rates at which different classes of mutations accumulate provide good evidence for neutrality of mutations occurring within the inserted region. We therefore present a robust approach for mutation rate estimation for viruses with stable genomes, and strong evidence of a much lower alphabaculovirus mutation rate than supposed based on the high levels of polymorphism observed.
    Keywords Life Science
    Subject code 612
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2186725-2
    ISSN 1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
    ISSN (online) 1553-7404
    ISSN 1553-7390
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  8. Article ; Online: Infection with Spodoptera litura NPV Reduces Food Consumption and Weight Gain of Spodoptera litura Larvae

    Ali, Ghulam / van der Werf, Wopke / Vlak, Just M.

    Pakistan Journal of Zoology

    2019  Volume 51, Issue 2

    Abstract: Insect-pathogenic baculoviruses have established potential as biological insect pest control agents. However, slow speed of kill relative to chemicals and continued feeding following application limit their effectiveness in preventing crop losses. Here ... ...

    Abstract Insect-pathogenic baculoviruses have established potential as biological insect pest control agents. However, slow speed of kill relative to chemicals and continued feeding following application limit their effectiveness in preventing crop losses. Here we studied the food consumption and weight gain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura following application of two viral doses of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (Pakistan isolate SpltNPV-Pak-BNG). Infected larvae with final polyhedrosis (disease resulting in dissolution of larval tissues and accumulation of viral occlusion bodies) exhibited reduced food intake and weight gain relative to uninfected larvae. The unexposed larvae and the larvae that were exposed but survived exhibited the same food consumption and weight gain. This study did thus not reveal any sub-lethal effects of exposure to the virus on food consumption and weight gain. There was no viral dose dependency observed in food intake or weight gain by infected larvae, suggesting there is no increased crop damage upon virus treatment but rather a decrease to be expected.
    Keywords Food consumption ; Spodoptera litura ; Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedroviruses ; Weight gain
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ISSN 0030-9923
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Biological and genetic characterization of a Pakistani isolate of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus

    Ali, Ghulam / van der Werf, Wopke / Vlak, Just M.

    Biocontrol Science and Technology

    2018  Volume 28, Issue 1

    Abstract: Spodoptera litura is an emerging insect pest in a wide range of crops worldwide. The insect is difficult to control because of resistance development to synthetic insecticides and emerging resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Therefore, there is ... ...

    Abstract Spodoptera litura is an emerging insect pest in a wide range of crops worldwide. The insect is difficult to control because of resistance development to synthetic insecticides and emerging resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Therefore, there is a need to develop biological control agents, preferably from an indigenous source to avoid risks associated with the importation of exotic natural antagonists. A Pakistani isolate of S. litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV, Baculoviridae), SpltNPV-Pak-BNG, was obtained from the field and characterized biologically and genetically, and compared to a SpltNPV reference isolate, SpltNPV-G1, thought to be of Chinese origin. The dose–mortality response (LD50) of SpltNPV-Pak-BNG was not significantly different from that of the reference isolate SpltNPV-G1, but the time-to-death (LT50) was significantly shorter for SpltNPV-Pak-BNG than for SpltNPV-G1. DNA restriction enzyme profiling indicated that SpltNPV-Pak-BNG and SpltNPV-G1 are different viruses. Sequence analysis of ‘ORF24’, specific for SpltNPV (and S. littoralis NPV as ORF21), and the conserved baculovirus core genes polyhedrin, DNApol, pif-2 and lef-8 confirmed that this was indeed the case and that SpltNPV-Pak-BNG is a genuine SpltNPV variant, whereas the SpltNPV-G1 isolate we used is, in fact, a SpliNPV variant, renamed to SpliNPV-G1. The newly isolated SpltNPV-Pak-BNG has the potential for development as a biocontrol agent of S. litura in Pakistan.
    Keywords Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedroviruses ; biological activity ; genetic characterization
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1084478-8
    ISSN 1360-0478 ; 0958-3157
    ISSN (online) 1360-0478
    ISSN 0958-3157
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Biological activity of Pakistani isolate SpltNPV-Pak-BNG in second, third and fourth instar larvae of the leafworm Spodoptera litura

    Ali, Ghulam / Vlak, Just M. / van der Werf, Wopke

    Biocontrol Science and Technology

    2018  Volume 28, Issue 5

    Abstract: Recently, a novel isolate of the baculovirus Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) has been isolated from Pakistan, which is distinct from the type species SpltNPV-G2 (ICTV). Here, we examined the biological activity of this isolate (SpltNPV- ... ...

    Abstract Recently, a novel isolate of the baculovirus Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) has been isolated from Pakistan, which is distinct from the type species SpltNPV-G2 (ICTV). Here, we examined the biological activity of this isolate (SpltNPV-Pak-BNG) in second (L2), third (L3) and fourth instar (L4) larvae of the leafworm S. litura, more specifically to measure biological properties that are relevant for use of this virus for pest control under field conditions. The median lethal dose for L2 and L3 instar larvae was similar, but significantly lower than for L4 larvae. Likewise, the survival time was similar for L2 and L3 larvae (84 h), but was significantly longer for L4 instar larvae (108 h). Thus, in terms of efficacy, S. litura L2 and L3 instar larvae are the preferred targets for S. litura control with SpltNPV-Pak-BNG in field crops in Pakistan. On the basis of our data spray regimes can be designed to control the leafworm in cotton and vegetable crops targeting L2 and L3 larvae.
    Keywords S. litura ; Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedroviruses ; biological activity ; larval instars ; potency
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1084478-8
    ISSN 1360-0478 ; 0958-3157
    ISSN (online) 1360-0478
    ISSN 0958-3157
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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