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Article ; Online: Sequential encoding paradigm reliably captures the individual differences from a simultaneous visual working memory task.

Zhao, Chong / Vogel, Edward K

2023 Volume 85, Issue 2, Page(s) 366–376

Abstract: Converging behavioral and neural evidence have suggested that visual stimuli could be attached to existing visual working memory sequentially in time. However, whether individual differences in sequential visual working memory paradigm are similar to ... ...

Abstract	Converging behavioral and neural evidence have suggested that visual stimuli could be attached to existing visual working memory sequentially in time. However, whether individual differences in sequential visual working memory paradigm are similar to those measured by the classical simultaneous change detection paradigm remain unknown. Here, we first show that sequentially presented visual stimuli exhibit similar working memory capacity bottlenecks as previous research using simultaneously presented items. We further reveal that within the same subject, the accuracy and capacity estimates using sequential and simultaneous paradigm were comparable across four different set sizes. Also, we discover that the individual differences measured by the sequential paradigm were highly correlated to those by the simultaneous paradigm within the same subject across all four set sizes of interest. Finally, we find that in a larger sample of subjects (n = 200), the variance and higher-order statistics were similar for sequential and simultaneous paradigms with set size of 6. Collectively, these findings indicate that individual differences measured by the sequential presentation of visual items rely on the similar working memory resources as those by the simultaneous form of presentation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Individuality
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-022-02647-4
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Article ; Online: Encoded and updated spatial working memories share a common representational format in alpha activity.

Günseli, Eren / Foster, Joshua J / Sutterer, David W / Todorova, Lara / Vogel, Edward K / Awh, Edward

iScience

2024 Volume 27, Issue 2, Page(s) 108963

Abstract: Working memory (WM) flexibly updates information to adapt to the dynamic environment. Here, we used alpha-band activity in the EEG to reconstruct the content of dynamic WM updates and compared this representational format to static WM content. An ... ...

Abstract	Working memory (WM) flexibly updates information to adapt to the dynamic environment. Here, we used alpha-band activity in the EEG to reconstruct the content of dynamic WM updates and compared this representational format to static WM content. An inverted encoding model using alpha activity precisely tracked both the initially encoded position and the updated position following an auditory cue signaling mental updating. The timing of the update, as tracked in the EEG, correlated with reaction times and saccade latency. Finally, cross-training analyses revealed a robust generalization of alpha-band reconstruction of WM contents before and after updating. These findings demonstrate that alpha activity tracks the dynamic updates to spatial WM and that the format of this activity is preserved across the encoded and updated representations. Thus, our results highlight a new approach for measuring updates to WM and show common representational formats during dynamic mental updating and static storage.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2024.108963
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Article ; Online: Visual short-term memory capacity predicts the "bandwidth" of visual long-term memory encoding.

Fukuda, Keisuke / Vogel, Edward K

Memory & cognition

2019 Volume 47, Issue 8, Page(s) 1481–1497

Abstract: We are capable of storing a virtually infinite amount of visual information in visual long-term memory (VLTM) storage. At the same time, the amount of visual information we can encode and maintain in visual short-term memory (VSTM) at a given time is ... ...

Abstract	We are capable of storing a virtually infinite amount of visual information in visual long-term memory (VLTM) storage. At the same time, the amount of visual information we can encode and maintain in visual short-term memory (VSTM) at a given time is severely limited. How do these two memory systems interact to accumulate vast amount of VLTM? In this series of experiments, we exploited interindividual and intraindividual differences VSTM capacity to examine the direct involvement of VSTM in determining the encoding rate (or "bandwidth") of VLTM. Here, we found that the amount of visual information encoded into VSTM at a given moment (i.e., VSTM capacity), but neither the maintenance duration nor the test process, predicts the effective encoding "bandwidth" of VLTM.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Color Perception/physiology ; Humans ; Individuality ; Memory, Long-Term/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Recognition, Psychology/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	185691-1
ISSN	1532-5946 ; 0090-502X
ISSN (online)	1532-5946
ISSN	0090-502X
DOI	10.3758/s13421-019-00954-0
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Article ; Online: Perceptual Grouping Reveals Distinct Roles for Sustained Slow Wave Activity and Alpha Oscillations in Working Memory.

Diaz, Gisella K / Vogel, Edward K / Awh, Edward

Journal of cognitive neuroscience

2021 Volume 33, Issue 7, Page(s) 1354–1364

Abstract: Multiple neural signals have been found to track the number of items stored in working memory (WM). These signals include oscillatory activity in the alpha band and slow-wave components in human EEG, both of which vary with storage loads and predict ... ...

Abstract	Multiple neural signals have been found to track the number of items stored in working memory (WM). These signals include oscillatory activity in the alpha band and slow-wave components in human EEG, both of which vary with storage loads and predict individual differences in WM capacity. However, recent evidence suggests that these two signals play distinct roles in spatial attention and item-based storage in WM. Here, we examine the hypothesis that sustained negative voltage deflections over parieto-occipital electrodes reflect the number of individuated items in WM, whereas oscillatory activity in the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) within the same electrodes tracks the attended positions in the visual display. We measured EEG activity while participants stored the orientation of visual elements that were either grouped by collinearity or not. This grouping manipulation altered the number of individuated items perceived while holding constant the number of locations occupied by visual stimuli. The negative slow wave tracked the number of items stored and was reduced in amplitude in the grouped condition. By contrast, oscillatory activity in the alpha frequency band tracked the number of positions occupied by the memoranda and was unaffected by perceptual grouping. Perceptual grouping, then, reduced the number of individuated representations stored in WM as reflected by the negative slow wave, whereas the location of each element was actively maintained as indicated by alpha power. These findings contribute to the emerging idea that distinct classes of EEG signals work in concert to successfully maintain on-line representations in WM.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01719
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Article ; Online: Phase-coding memories in mind.

Hakim, Nicole / Vogel, Edward K

PLoS biology

2018 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) e3000012

Abstract: Temporarily holding information in mind is an important part of many cognitive processes, such as reasoning and language. The amount of information that can be actively held "in mind" at any time is greatly limited-research suggests that we can only ... ...

Abstract	Temporarily holding information in mind is an important part of many cognitive processes, such as reasoning and language. The amount of information that can be actively held "in mind" at any time is greatly limited-research suggests that we can only actively hold three or four pieces of information at once. A central question in cognitive neuroscience is how a system comprised of billions of neurons can actively maintain such a limited amount of information. A new study published in this issue of PLOS Biology by Bahramisharif and colleagues provides significant insights into this question.
MeSH term(s)	Language ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neurons ; Problem Solving
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.3000012
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Zs.A 6193: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Multivariate analysis reveals a generalizable human electrophysiological signature of working memory load.

Adam, Kirsten C S / Vogel, Edward K / Awh, Edward

Psychophysiology

2020 Volume 57, Issue 12, Page(s) e13691

Abstract: Working memory (WM) is an online memory system that is critical for holding information in a rapidly accessible state during ongoing cognitive processing. Thus, there is strong value in methods that provide a temporally resolved index of WM load. While ... ...

Abstract	Working memory (WM) is an online memory system that is critical for holding information in a rapidly accessible state during ongoing cognitive processing. Thus, there is strong value in methods that provide a temporally resolved index of WM load. While univariate EEG signals have been identified that vary with WM load, recent advances in multivariate analytic approaches suggest that there may be rich sources of information that do not generate reliable univariate signatures. Here, using data from four published studies (n = 286 and >250,000 trials), we demonstrate that multivariate analysis of EEG voltage topography provides a sensitive index of the number of items stored in WM that generalizes to novel human observers. Moreover, multivariate load detection ("mvLoad") can provide robust information at the single-trial level, exceeding the sensitivity of extant univariate approaches. We show that this method tracks WM load in a manner that is (1) independent of the spatial position of the memoranda, (2) precise enough to differentiate item-by-item increments in the number of stored items, (3) generalizable across distinct tasks and stimulus displays, and (4) correlated with individual differences in WM behavior. Thus, this approach provides a powerful complement to univariate analytic approaches, enabling temporally resolved tracking of online memory storage in humans.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Datasets as Topic ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Multivariate Analysis ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209486-1
ISSN	1540-5958 ; 0048-5772
ISSN (online)	1540-5958
ISSN	0048-5772
DOI	10.1111/psyp.13691
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Article ; Online: No Evidence for an Object Working Memory Capacity Benefit with Extended Viewing Time.

Quirk, Colin / Adam, Kirsten C S / Vogel, Edward K

eNeuro

2020 Volume 7, Issue 5

Abstract: Visual working memory is the ability to hold visual information temporarily in mind. A key feature of working memory is its starkly limited capacity, such that only a few simple items can be remembered at once. Prior work has shown that this capacity ... ...

Abstract	Visual working memory is the ability to hold visual information temporarily in mind. A key feature of working memory is its starkly limited capacity, such that only a few simple items can be remembered at once. Prior work has shown that this capacity limit cannot be circumvented by providing additional encoding time, whether providing just 200 ms or up to 1300 ms, capacity is still limited to only three to four items. In contrast, Brady et al. (2016) hypothesized that real-world objects, but not simple items used in prior research, benefit from additional encoding time and are not subject to traditional capacity limits. They supported this hypothesis with results from both behavior and the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an EEG marker of working memory storage, and concluded that familiar, complex stimuli are necessary to observe encoding time effects. Here, we conducted three replications of Brady et al.'s key manipulation with a larger number of human participants and more trials per condition. We failed to replicate their primary behavioral result (objects benefit more than colors from additional encoding time) and failed to observe an object-specific increase in the CDA. Instead, we found that encoding time benefitted both simple color items and real-world objects, in contrast to both the findings by Brady et al., and some prior work on this topic. Overall, we observed no support for the hypothesis that real-world objects have a different capacity than colored squares. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of visual working memory (VWM).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Mental Recall ; Visual Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2800598-3
ISSN	2373-2822 ; 2373-2822
ISSN (online)	2373-2822
ISSN	2373-2822
DOI	10.1523/ENEURO.0150-20.2020
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Article ; Online: Controlling the Flow of Distracting Information in Working Memory.

Hakim, Nicole / Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias / Awh, Edward / Vogel, Edward K

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

2021 Volume 31, Issue 7, Page(s) 3323–3337

Abstract: Visual working memory (WM) must maintain relevant information, despite the constant influx of both relevant and irrelevant information. Attentional control mechanisms help determine which of this new information gets access to our capacity-limited WM ... ...

Abstract	Visual working memory (WM) must maintain relevant information, despite the constant influx of both relevant and irrelevant information. Attentional control mechanisms help determine which of this new information gets access to our capacity-limited WM system. Previous work has treated attentional control as a monolithic process-either distractors capture attention or they are suppressed. Here, we provide evidence that attentional capture may instead be broken down into at least two distinct subcomponent processes: (1) Spatial capture, which refers to when spatial attention shifts towards the location of irrelevant stimuli and (2) item-based capture, which refers to when item-based WM representations of irrelevant stimuli are formed. To dissociate these two subcomponent processes of attentional capture, we utilized a series of electroencephalography components that track WM maintenance (contralateral delay activity), suppression (distractor positivity), item individuation (N2pc), and spatial attention (lateralized alpha power). We show that new, relevant information (i.e., a task-relevant distractor) triggers both spatial and item-based capture. Irrelevant distractors, however, only trigger spatial capture from which ongoing WM representations can recover more easily. This fractionation of attentional capture into distinct subcomponent processes provides a refined framework for understanding how distracting stimuli affect attention and WM.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/bhab013
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Article ; Online: Inter-electrode correlations measured with EEG predict individual differences in cognitive ability.

Hakim, Nicole / Awh, Edward / Vogel, Edward K / Rosenberg, Monica D

Current biology : CB

2021 Volume 31, Issue 22, Page(s) 4998–5008.e6

Abstract: Human brains share a broadly similar functional organization with consequential individual variation. This duality in brain function has primarily been observed when using techniques that consider the spatial organization of the brain, such as MRI. Here, ...

Abstract	Human brains share a broadly similar functional organization with consequential individual variation. This duality in brain function has primarily been observed when using techniques that consider the spatial organization of the brain, such as MRI. Here, we ask whether these common and unique signals of cognition are also present in temporally sensitive but spatially insensitive neural signals. To address this question, we compiled electroencephalogram (EEG) data from individuals of both sexes while they performed multiple working memory tasks at two different data-collection sites (n = 171 and 165). Results revealed that trial-averaged EEG activity exhibited inter-electrode correlations that were stable within individuals and unique across individuals. Furthermore, models based on these inter-electrode correlations generalized across datasets to predict participants' working memory capacity and general fluid intelligence. Thus, inter-electrode correlation patterns measured with EEG provide a signature of working memory and fluid intelligence in humans and a new framework for characterizing individual differences in cognitive abilities.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Cognition ; Electrodes ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.036
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Article ; Online: Pupillometry signatures of sustained attention and working memory.

Keene, Paul A / deBettencourt, Megan T / Awh, Edward / Vogel, Edward K

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2022 Volume 84, Issue 8, Page(s) 2472–2482

Abstract: There exists an intricate relationship between attention and working memory. Recent work has further established that attention and working memory fluctuate synchronously, by tightly interleaving sustained attention and working memory tasks. This work ... ...

Abstract	There exists an intricate relationship between attention and working memory. Recent work has further established that attention and working memory fluctuate synchronously, by tightly interleaving sustained attention and working memory tasks. This work has raised many open questions about physiological signatures underlying these behavioral fluctuations. Across two experiments, we explore pupil dynamics using real-time triggering in conjunction with an interleaved sustained attention and working memory task. In Experiment 1, we use behavioral real-time triggering and replicate recent findings from our lab (deBettencourt et al., 2019) that sustained attention fluctuates concurrently with the number of items maintained in working memory. Furthermore, highly attentive moments, detected via behavior, also exhibited larger pupil sizes. In Experiment 2, we develop a novel real-time pupil-triggering technique to track pupil size fluctuations in real time and trigger working memory probes. We show that this pupil triggering procedure reveals differences in sustained attention, as indexed by response time. These experiments reflect methodological advances in real-time triggering and further disentangle the relationship among general arousal, sustained attention, and working memory.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Attention/physiology ; Pupil/physiology ; Arousal/physiology ; Reaction Time
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-022-02557-5
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