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Article ; Online: The effect of timing of Improvest administration on growth performance and carcass characteristics in gilts.

Vasquez-Hidalgo, Manuel A / Mellencamp, Martha A / Amodie, Deborah / Galina Pantoja, Lucina / Vonnahme, Kimberly A

Translational animal science

2023 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) txad051

Abstract: Improvest ( ...

Abstract	Improvest (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txad051
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of Improvest effects on production parameters of gilts from two different genetic sire lines.

Vasquez-Hidalgo, Manuel A / Mellencamp, Martha / Amodie, Deborah / Bohrer, Benjamin M / VanDeWeyer, Leanne / Vonnahme, Kimberly A

Translational animal science

2023 Volume 8, Page(s) txad144

Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effects of Improvest on the performance and carcass characteristics of gilts from two different genetic sire lines and the performance of Improvest gilts with castrated male pigs. It was hypothesized that performance ... ...

Abstract	The objective was to evaluate the effects of Improvest on the performance and carcass characteristics of gilts from two different genetic sire lines and the performance of Improvest gilts with castrated male pigs. It was hypothesized that performance parameters observed for Improvest gilts would be similar to barrows, thus narrowing the performance gaps between traditionally managed gilts and barrows. Pigs were from Large White/Landrace dams and either Duroc-Pietrain (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txad144
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Article ; Online: Timing of maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influences net umbilical uptake of glucose and amino acids in adolescent sheep.

Trotta, Ronald J / Vasquez-Hidalgo, Manuel A / Smith, Brandon I / Reed, Sarah A / Govoni, Kristen E / Vonnahme, Kimberly A / Swanson, Kendall C

Journal of animal science

2023 Volume 101

Abstract: Previous research demonstrated that maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influenced net umbilical uptakes of glucose and amino acids in sheep. However, it is unclear how the timing and duration of nutrient restriction during mid- ... ...

Abstract	Previous research demonstrated that maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influenced net umbilical uptakes of glucose and amino acids in sheep. However, it is unclear how the timing and duration of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influences net uterine, uteroplacental, and fetal flux of glucose and amino acids. On day 50 of gestation, 41 adolescent ewe lambs carrying singletons were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments: 1) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation (CON; n = 7); 2) 60% of nutrient requirements (RES; n = 7) from days 50 to 90 of gestation; 3) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 130 of gestation (CON-CON; n = 6); 4) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation and 60% of nutrient requirements from days 90 to 130 of gestation (CON-RES; n = 7); 5) 60% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation and 100% of nutrient requirements from days 90 to 130 of gestation (RES-CON; n = 7); or 6) 60% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 130 of gestation (RES-RES; n = 7). On day 90 (n = 14) and day 130 (n = 27), intraoperative procedures were performed to evaluate uteroplacental blood flows, collect blood samples, and then ewes were euthanized. Net uterine, uteroplacental, and umbilical fluxes of glucose and amino acids were calculated by multiplying blood flow by the arterial-venous concentration difference. Data from days 90 and 130 were analyzed separately using ANOVA in SAS. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased (P = 0.04) net umbilical glucose uptake but, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation decreased (P = 0.02) net umbilical glucose uptake. Net umbilical essential amino acid uptake decreased (P = 0.03) with nutrient restriction during mid-gestation; however, net umbilical uptakes of Phe (P = 0.02), Thr (P = 0.05), Met (P = 0.09), and His (P = 0.08) increased or tended to increase after nutrient restriction during late-gestation. These data demonstrate that net umbilical glucose and amino acid uptakes were influenced by the timing of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation. Elevated net umbilical glucose uptake after mid-gestational nutrient restriction was sustained throughout late-gestation, independent of late-gestational feeding level. Long-term adaptations in umbilical glucose uptake may have implications for prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the offspring.
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Animals ; Sheep ; Female ; Glucose/metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Diet/veterinary ; Nutrients ; Fetus/metabolism ; Placenta/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2) ; Amino Acids
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skad383
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Article ; Online: Effect of maternal diet on placental development, uteroplacental blood flow, and offspring development in beef cattle.

Vonnahme, Kimberly A / Tanner, Amelia R / Hildago, Manuel Alexander Vasquez

Animal reproduction

2018 Volume 15, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 912–922

Abstract: Considerable effort has been made to understand how nutrition influences livestock health and productivity during the postnatal period. Moreover, while efforts have been made to understand how nutrition impacts many different aspects of female ... ...

Abstract	Considerable effort has been made to understand how nutrition influences livestock health and productivity during the postnatal period. Moreover, while efforts have been made to understand how nutrition impacts many different aspects of female reproduction, there is a growing body of literature that focuses on how maternal nutrition impacts the developing fetus. Providing adequate nutrition during pregnancy is important for maternal health and well- being, as well as conceptus development. Proper establishment of the placenta is important for fetal survival. However, placental adaptations to inadequate maternal nutrition, or other stressors, are imperative for fetal growth to be optimal. By understanding how the maternal environment impacts uterine and umbilical blood flows and other uteroplacental hemodynamic parameters, we can better implement supplementation strategies to protect the developing offspring. This review focuses on how maternal nutrition affects conceptus growth in sheep and beef cattle and offspring performance after birth.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-03
Publishing country	Brazil
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2227229-X
ISSN	1984-3143 ; 1984-3143
ISSN (online)	1984-3143
ISSN	1984-3143
DOI	10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0050
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Article ; Online: Maternal metabolizable protein restriction during gestation affects the vascular function of maternal and fetal placental arteries in sheep.

Lekatz, Leslie A / Shukla, Praveen / O'Rourke, Stephen T / Schauer, Christopher S / Van Emon, Megan L / Maddock-Carlin, Kasey R / Vonnahme, Kimberly A

Theriogenology

2022 Volume 185, Page(s) 24–33

Abstract: We hypothesized isocaloric diets low in protein would decrease the sensitivity of caruncular (CAR) and cotyledonary (COT) arteries compared to placental arteries from ewes receiving adequate metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. Pregnant ewes were fed ...

Abstract	We hypothesized isocaloric diets low in protein would decrease the sensitivity of caruncular (CAR) and cotyledonary (COT) arteries compared to placental arteries from ewes receiving adequate metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. Pregnant ewes were fed one of three isocaloric dietary treatments that provided 60% (MP60), 80% (MP80), or 100% (MP100) of the MP requirements. Diets were fed from day 100-130 of gestation. In vitro dose response curves to bradykinin (BK), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), potassium chloride (KCl), and phenylephrine (PE) in CAR and COT arteries were performed. As MP decreased, the sensitivity to a low dose of KCl increased (P = 0.05) in the COT arteries. There was an overall treatment effect in the CAR and COT arteries for the BK dose response curve, where CAR arteries of MP80 ewes were more sensitive (P = 0.05) to BK compared with MP60 and MP100 ewes, and COT arteries of MP60 and MP80 ewes were more sensitive (P = 0.01) to BK compared with MP100 ewes. There were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.09) on the SNP or PE dose response curves in CAR or COT arteries. The mechanism of the BK induced vasodilation needs to be elucidated. Moreover, MP restriction appears to alter placental vascular function, which could help explain the differences in nutrient flux previously reported.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology ; Animals ; Arteries ; Diet, Protein-Restricted/veterinary ; Female ; Organ Size ; Placenta/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Sheep
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189232-0
ISSN	1879-3231 ; 0093-691X
ISSN (online)	1879-3231
ISSN	0093-691X
DOI	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.03.016
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Article: Maternal metabolizable protein restriction during gestation affects the vascular function of maternal and fetal placental arteries in sheep

Lekatz, Leslie A. / Shukla, Praveen / O'Rourke, Stephen T. / Schauer, Christopher S. / Van Emon, Megan L. / Maddock-Carlin, Kasey R. / Vonnahme, Kimberly A.

Theriogenology. 2022 Mar. 15,

2022

Abstract	We hypothesized isocaloric diets low in protein would decrease the sensitivity of caruncular (CAR) and cotyledonary (COT) arteries compared to placental arteries from ewes receiving adequate metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. Pregnant ewes were fed one of three isocaloric dietary treatments that provided 60% (MP60), 80% (MP80), or 100% (MP100) of the MP requirements. Diets were fed from day 100–130 of gestation. In vitro dose response curves to bradykinin (BK), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), potassium chloride (KCl), and phenylephrine (PE) in CAR and COT arteries were performed. As MP decreased, the sensitivity to a low dose of KCl increased (P = 0.05) in the COT arteries. There was an overall treatment effect in the CAR and COT arteries for the BK dose response curve, where CAR arteries of MP80 ewes were more sensitive (P = 0.05) to BK compared with MP60 and MP100 ewes, and COT arteries of MP60 and MP80 ewes were more sensitive (P = 0.01) to BK compared with MP100 ewes. There were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.09) on the SNP or PE dose response curves in CAR or COT arteries. The mechanism of the BK induced vasodilation needs to be elucidated. Moreover, MP restriction appears to alter placental vascular function, which could help explain the differences in nutrient flux previously reported.
Keywords	bradykinin ; digestible protein ; dose response ; nitroprusside ; phenylephrine ; potassium chloride ; pregnancy ; vasodilation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0315
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	189232-0
ISSN	1879-3231 ; 0093-691X
ISSN (online)	1879-3231
ISSN	0093-691X
DOI	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.03.016
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Article ; Online: Effects of Nutrient Restriction During Midgestation to Late Gestation on Maternal and Fetal Postruminal Carbohydrase Activities in Sheep.

Trotta, Ronald J / Vasquez-Hidalgo, Manuel A / Vonnahme, Kimberly A / Swanson, Kendall C

Journal of animal science

2019 Volume 98, Issue 1

Abstract: To examine the effects of nutrient restriction during midgestation to late gestation on maternal and fetal digestive enzyme activities, 41 singleton ewes (48.3 ± 0.6 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 100% (control; CON; n = 20) or ... ...

Abstract	To examine the effects of nutrient restriction during midgestation to late gestation on maternal and fetal digestive enzyme activities, 41 singleton ewes (48.3 ± 0.6 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 100% (control; CON; n = 20) or 60% of nutrient requirements (restricted; RES; n = 21) from day 50 until day 90 (midgestation). At day 90, 14 ewes (CON, n = 7; RES, n = 7) were euthanized. The remaining ewes were subjected to treatments of nutrient restriction or remained on a control diet from day 90 until day 130 (late gestation): CON-CON (n = 6), CON-RES (n = 7), RES-CON (n = 7), and RES-RES (n = 7) and were euthanized on day 130. The fetal and maternal pancreas and small intestines were weighed, subsampled, and assayed for digestive enzyme activity. One unit (U) of enzyme activity is equal to 1 µmol of product produced per minute for amylase, glucoamylase, lactase, and trypsin and 0.5 µmol of product produced per minute for maltase and isomaltase. Nutrient restriction during midgestation and late gestation decreased (P < 0.05) maternal pancreatic and small intestinal mass but did not affect fetal pancreatic or small intestinal mass. Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation decreased (P = 0.03) fetal pancreatic trypsin content (U/pancreas) and tended to decrease (P < 0.08) fetal pancreatic trypsin concentration (U/g), specific activity (U/g protein), and content relative to BW (U/kg of BW). Nutrient restriction of gestating ewes decreased the total content of α-amylase (P = 0.04) and tended to decrease total content of trypsin (P = 0.06) and protein (P = 0.06) in the maternal pancreas on day 90. Nutrient restriction during midgestation on day 90 and during late gestation on day 130 decreased (P = 0.04) maternal pancreatic α-amylase-specific activity. Sucrase activity was undetected in the fetal and maternal small intestine. Nutrient restriction during late gestation increased (P = 0.01) maternal small intestinal maltase and lactase concentration and tended to increase (P = 0.06) isomaltase concentration. Realimentation during late gestation after nutrient restriction during midgestation increased lactase concentration (P = 0.04) and specific activity (P = 0.05) in the fetal small intestine. Fetal small intestinal maltase, isomaltase, and glucoamylase did not respond to maternal nutrient restriction. These data indicate that some maternal and fetal digestive enzyme activities may change in response to maternal nutrient restriction.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Diet/veterinary ; Digestion ; Female ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism ; Intestine, Small/enzymology ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Pancreas/enzymology ; Pregnancy ; Random Allocation ; Sheep/physiology
Chemical Substances	Glycoside Hydrolases (EC 3.2.1.-) ; carbohydrase (EC 3.2.1.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skz393
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Article ; Online: Fetal expression of genes related to metabolic function is impacted by supplementation of ground beef and sucrose during gestation in a swine model.

Hoyle, Ashley S / Menezes, Ana Clara B / Nelson, Megan A / Swanson, Kendall C / Vonnahme, Kimberly A / Berg, Eric P / Ward, Alison K

Journal of animal science

2020 Volume 98, Issue 8

Abstract: To determine the effects of maternal supplementation on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolic function in fetal muscle and liver, pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 221.58 ± 33.26 kg; n = 21) fed a complete ... ...

Abstract	To determine the effects of maternal supplementation on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolic function in fetal muscle and liver, pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 221.58 ± 33.26 kg; n = 21) fed a complete gestation diet (corn-soybean meal based diet, CSM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isocaloric supplementation treatments: control (CON, 378 g/d CSM, n = 5), sucrose (SUGAR, 255 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), cooked ground beef (BEEF, 330 g/d n = 6), or BEEF + SUGAR (B+S, 165 g/d cooked ground beef and 129 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), from days 40 to 110 of gestation. Sows were euthanized on day 111 of gestation. Two male and 2 female fetuses of median BW were selected from each litter, and samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were collected. Relative transcript level was quantified via qPCR with HPRT1 as the reference gene for both muscle and liver samples. The following genes were selected and analyzed in the muscle: IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2R, GYS-1, IRS-1, INSR, SREBP-1C, and LEPR; while the following were analyzed in the liver: IGF2, IGF2R, FBFase, G6PC, PC, PCK1, FGF21, and LIPC. No effect of fetal sex by maternal treatment interaction was observed in mRNA abundance of any of the genes evaluated (P > 0.11). In muscle, the maternal nutritional treatment influenced (P = 0.02) IGF2 mRNA abundance, with B+S and SUGAR fetuses having lower abundance than CON, which was not different from BEEF. Additionally, SREBP-1 mRNA abundance was greater (P < 0.01) for B+S compared with CON, BEEF, or SUGAR fetuses; and females tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased abundance of SREBP-1 than males. In fetal liver, IGF2R mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.01) for CON and BEEF than SUGAR and B+S; while FBPase mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.03) for B+S compared with the other groups. In addition, maternal nutritional tended (P = 0.06) to influence LIPC mRNA abundance, with increased abundance in CON compared with SUGAR and B+S. These data indicate limited changes in transcript abundance due to substitution of supplemental sugar by ground beef during mid to late gestation. However, the differential expression of FBPase and SREBP-1c in response to the simultaneous supplementation of sucrose and ground beef warrants further investigations, since these genes may play important roles in determining the offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Diet/veterinary ; Dietary Supplements/analysis ; Female ; Fetal Development/drug effects ; Fetal Development/genetics ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics ; Liver/drug effects ; Male ; Muscles/drug effects ; Pregnancy ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Red Meat/analysis ; Sucrose/administration & dosage ; Swine/genetics ; Swine/growth & development ; Swine/physiology
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger ; Sucrose (57-50-1) ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II (67763-97-7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skaa232
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Article: Programming the offspring through altered uteroplacental hemodynamics: how maternal environment impacts uterine and umbilical blood flow in cattle, sheep and pigs.

Vonnahme, Kimberly A / Lemley, Caleb O

Reproduction, fertility, and development

2011 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 97–104

Abstract: As placental growth and vascularity precedes exponential fetal growth, not only is proper establishment of the placenta important, but also a continual plasticity of placental function throughout gestation. Inadequate maternal environment, such as ... ...

Abstract	As placental growth and vascularity precedes exponential fetal growth, not only is proper establishment of the placenta important, but also a continual plasticity of placental function throughout gestation. Inadequate maternal environment, such as nutritional plane, has been documented to alter fetal organogenesis and growth, thus leading to improper postnatal growth and performance in many livestock species. The timing and duration of maternal nutritional restriction appears to influence the capillary vascularity, angiogenic profile and vascular function of the placenta in cattle and sheep. In environments where fetal growth and/or fetal organogenesis are compromised, potential therapeutics may augment placental nutrient transport capacity and improve offspring performance. Supplementation of specific nutrients, including protein, as well as hormone supplements, such as indolamines, during times of nutrient restriction may assist placental function. Current use of Doppler ultrasonography has allowed for repeated measurements of uterine and umbilical blood flow including assessment of uteroplacental hemodynamics in cattle, sheep and swine. Moreover, these variables can be monitored in conjugation with placental capacity and fetal growth at specific time points of gestation. Elucidating the consequences of inadequate maternal intake on the continual plasticity of placental function will allow us to determine the proper timing and duration for intervention.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Fetal Development/physiology ; Hemodynamics/physiology ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology ; Placenta/blood supply ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Animal/physiology ; Regional Blood Flow/physiology ; Sheep ; Swine ; Umbilical Cord/blood supply ; Uterus/blood supply
Language	English
Publishing date	2011
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1019913-5
ISSN	1448-5990 ; 1031-3613
ISSN (online)	1448-5990
ISSN	1031-3613
DOI	10.1071/RD11910
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Article: Nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors expression in placenta from early to late pregnancy in sheep: Effects of restricted nutrition and realimentation

Bunma, Thanya / Vonnahme, Kimberly A / Vasquez-Hidalgo, Manuel A / Swanson, Kendall C / Dorsam, Sheri T / Ward, Alison K / Navanukrav, Chainarong / Grazul-Bilska, Anna T

Theriogenology. 2020 May, v. 148

2020

Abstract: Nutrient restriction and/or realimentation may affect several placental functions, such as expression of selected regulatory factors, blood flow and other processes in sheep and other species. To determine the effects of the plane of nutrition, ... ...

Abstract	Nutrient restriction and/or realimentation may affect several placental functions, such as expression of selected regulatory factors, blood flow and other processes in sheep and other species. To determine the effects of the plane of nutrition, nulliparous white face ewes (6–8 months) carrying singletons on day 50 of gestation were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments receiving 100% of National Research Council recommendations (control; C) or 60% of C (restricted; R). Two groups remained on C or R diets from day 50 until day 130. From day 90–130 another group of C fed ewes was switched to the R diet, and another group of R fed ewes was switched to the C diet. This resulted in 7 groups (n = 5–6 ewes/group): C (day 50, 90 and 130), R (day 90 and 130), CR (day 130) and RC (day 130). At these time points, placental tissues were collected for the evaluation of progesterone receptor (PGR) protein expression (whole tissue), and mRNA expression in maternal (caruncular, CAR) and fetal (cotyledon, COT) (separated tissues). Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (SAS 9.4). Protein for PGRAB and PGRB isoforms was detected using immunohistochemistry in all placental tissues, but the pattern of expression differed depending on pregnancy stage and placental compartment (e.g., CAR vs COT). PGRAB protein expression, quantified using image analysis, was greater (P < 0.04) on day 50 than 90 or 130, and was not affected by plane of nutrition. In CAR and COT, PGRAB mRNA expression was greater (P < 0.05) on day 50 than 90 or 130. PGRB mRNA expression was greater (P < 0.03) in CAR on day 50 than 90 and 130, and was greatest (P < 0.02) in COT on day 50, less on day 130, and least on day 90. For the membrane progesterone receptors, PAQR7 (membrane PGR alpha) mRNA expression was greater (P < 0.05) on days 50 and 90 than 130 in CAR, and greater (P < 0.01) on days 50 than 90 and 130 in COT; PAQR8 (membrane PGR beta) was similar throughout pregnancy in CAR and COT, and PAQR5 (membrane PGR gamma) was greatest (P < 0.0001) on day 130 in COT, but similar throughout pregnancy in CAR. Plane of nutrition affected (P < 0.05) mRNA expression for all genes in CAR and COT throughout pregnancy. These data indicate that expression of PGR in ovine placenta is dependent on stage of pregnancy and plane of nutrition in sheep. The mechanisms of how diet and stage of pregnancy influences placental PGR expression and function remains to be elucidated.
Keywords	analysis of variance ; animal tissues ; blood flow ; cotyledons ; diet ; ewes ; feeding level ; gene expression ; genes ; image analysis ; immunohistochemistry ; messenger RNA ; placenta ; plant growth substances ; pregnancy ; progesterone receptors ; protein synthesis ; repletion
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-05
Size	p. 95-102.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	189232-0
ISSN	1879-3231 ; 0093-691X
ISSN (online)	1879-3231
ISSN	0093-691X
DOI	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.041
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