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  1. Article ; Online: No evidence of moral licensing in a laboratory bribe-taking task.

    Bahník, Štěpán / Vranka, Marek

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 13860

    Abstract: Moral licensing posits that previous moral acts increase the probability of behaving immorally in the future. According to this perspective, rejecting bribes, even because they are too small, would create a kind of "license" for taking (presumably larger) ...

    Abstract Moral licensing posits that previous moral acts increase the probability of behaving immorally in the future. According to this perspective, rejecting bribes, even because they are too small, would create a kind of "license" for taking (presumably larger) bribes in the future. On the other hand, the desire for consistency in behavior predicts that previous rejection of bribes will increase the probability of rejection for bribes offered in the future. Using a laboratory task modeling the decision to take a bribe, we examined how resisting and succumbing to the temptation to take a bribe affects later bribe-taking. Participants (N = 297) were offered either low bribes first and high bribes later or vice versa. Low bribes were in general rejected more often and the results showed some weak, nonsignificant evidence that bribe-taking may be influenced by the order of the sizes of offered bribes. However, there was no evidence of an increased probability of taking bribes after being offered the low bribes first and thus no evidence in support of the moral licensing effect.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Morals ; Motivation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-16800-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: The Challenge of Human Psychology to Effective Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Houdek, Petr / Koblovský, Petr / Vranka, Marek

    Society

    2021  Volume 58, Issue 2, Page(s) 131–134

    Abstract: When it comes to the nature of the COVID-19 pandemic and the effectiveness of measures against the disease, many citizens worldwide do not trust their governments or health authorities. This brief essay discusses several psychological mechanisms which, ... ...

    Abstract When it comes to the nature of the COVID-19 pandemic and the effectiveness of measures against the disease, many citizens worldwide do not trust their governments or health authorities. This brief essay discusses several psychological mechanisms which, under certain conditions, lead people to ignore important sources of information and hinder effective management of the epidemic. The paper shows that understanding psychological mechanisms, such as information neglect, cognitive dissonance, psychological reactance, and, in general, the diversity of people's thinking styles, may help leaders design more effective government communications.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2007029-9
    ISSN 1936-4725 ; 0147-2011
    ISSN (online) 1936-4725
    ISSN 0147-2011
    DOI 10.1007/s12115-021-00575-x
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  3. Article: Predictors of Bribe-Taking: The Role of Bribe Size and Personality.

    Vranka, Marek A / Bahník, Štěpán

    Frontiers in psychology

    2018  Volume 9, Page(s) 1511

    Abstract: Laboratory studies allow studying the predictors of bribe-taking in a controlled setting. However, presently used laboratory tasks often lack any connection to norm violation or invite participants to role-play. A new experimental task for studying the ... ...

    Abstract Laboratory studies allow studying the predictors of bribe-taking in a controlled setting. However, presently used laboratory tasks often lack any connection to norm violation or invite participants to role-play. A new experimental task for studying the decision to take a bribe was designed in this study to overcome these problems by embedding the opportunity for bribe-taking in an unrelated task that participants perform. Using this new experimental task, we found that refraining from harming a third party by taking a bribe was associated with lower offered bribes and higher scores of the participants on the honesty-humility scale from the HEXACO personality inventory. A trial-level analysis showed that response times were longer for trials with bribes and even longer for trials in which bribes were accepted. These results suggest that taking a bribe may require overcoming automatic honest response and support the validity of the honesty-humility scale in predicting moral behavior.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01511
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  4. Article ; Online: Sacrificing Oneself or Another: The Difference Between Prescriptive and Normative Judgments in Moral Evaluation.

    Bahník, Štěpán / Efendic, Emir / Vranka, Marek A

    Psychological reports

    2020  Volume 124, Issue 1, Page(s) 108–130

    Abstract: When asked whether to sacrifice oneself or another person to save others, one might think that people would consider sacrificing themselves rather than someone else as the right and appropriate course of action-thus showing an other-serving bias. So far ... ...

    Abstract When asked whether to sacrifice oneself or another person to save others, one might think that people would consider sacrificing themselves rather than someone else as the right and appropriate course of action-thus showing an other-serving bias. So far however, most studies found instances of a self-serving bias-people say they would rather sacrifice others. In three experiments using trolley-like dilemmas, we tested whether an other-serving bias might appear as a function of judgment type. That is, participants were asked to make a prescriptive judgment (whether the described action should or should not be done) or a normative judgment (whether the action is right or wrong). We found that participants exhibited an other-serving bias only when asked whether self- or other-sacrifice is
    MeSH term(s) Altruism ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Male ; Morals ; Prejudice ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 205658-6
    ISSN 1558-691X ; 0033-2941
    ISSN (online) 1558-691X
    ISSN 0033-2941
    DOI 10.1177/0033294119896061
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  5. Article ; Online: If It's Difficult to Pronounce, It Might Not Be Risky: The Effect of Fluency on Judgment of Risk Does Not Generalize to New Stimuli.

    Bahník, Štěpán / Vranka, Marek A

    Psychological science

    2017  Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 427–436

    Abstract: Processing fluency is used as a basis for various types of judgment. For example, previous research has shown that people judge food additives with names that are more difficult to pronounce (i.e., that are disfluent) to be more harmful. We explored the ... ...

    Abstract Processing fluency is used as a basis for various types of judgment. For example, previous research has shown that people judge food additives with names that are more difficult to pronounce (i.e., that are disfluent) to be more harmful. We explored the possibility that the association between disfluency and perceived harmfulness might be in the opposite direction for some categories of stimuli. Although we found some support for this hypothesis, an improved analysis and further studies indicated that the effect was strongly dependent on the stimuli used. We then used stimulus sampling and showed that the original association between fluency and perceived safety was not replicable with the newly constructed stimuli. We found the association between fluency and perceived safety using the newly constructed stimuli in a final study, but only when pronounceability was confounded with word length. The results cast doubt on generalizability of the association between pronounceability and perceived safety and underscore the importance of treating stimulus as a random factor.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Association ; Humans ; Judgment ; Risk-Taking ; Speech ; Terminology as Topic ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-03-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2022256-7
    ISSN 1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
    ISSN (online) 1467-9280
    ISSN 0956-7976
    DOI 10.1177/0956797616685770
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  6. Article ; Online: What makes euthanasia justifiable? The role of symptoms' characteristics and interindividual differences.

    Bahník, Štěpán / Vranka, Marek A / Trefná, Klára

    Death studies

    2019  Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s) 226–237

    Abstract: The consideration of laypeople's views of conditions under which euthanasia is justifiable is important for policy decisions. In an online survey of US respondents, we examined how patient's symptoms influence justifiability of euthanasia. Euthanasia was ...

    Abstract The consideration of laypeople's views of conditions under which euthanasia is justifiable is important for policy decisions. In an online survey of US respondents, we examined how patient's symptoms influence justifiability of euthanasia. Euthanasia was judged more justifiable for conditions associated with physical suffering and negative impact on other people. The weight given to physical suffering and negative impact on others in evaluation of justifiability of euthanasia also differed based on personal characteristics. The results suggest that public discourse about medical assistance in dying should take into account differences in its perceived justifiability for patients with different conditions.
    MeSH term(s) Euthanasia ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 632596-8
    ISSN 1091-7683 ; 0748-1187
    ISSN (online) 1091-7683
    ISSN 0748-1187
    DOI 10.1080/07481187.2019.1626945
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    Zs.B 1971: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: Is the Emotional Dog Blind to Its Choices?

    Vranka, Marek A / Bahník, Štěpán

    Experimental psychology

    2016  Volume 63, Issue 3, Page(s) 180–188

    Abstract: Previous choice blindness studies showed that people sometimes fail to notice when their choice is changed. Subsequently, they are willing to provide reasons for the manipulated choice which is the opposite of the one they made just seconds ago. In the ... ...

    Abstract Previous choice blindness studies showed that people sometimes fail to notice when their choice is changed. Subsequently, they are willing to provide reasons for the manipulated choice which is the opposite of the one they made just seconds ago. In the present study, participants first made binary judgments about the wrongness of described behaviors and then were shown an opposite answer during a second reading of some of the descriptions. Half of the participants saw the answer during the second presentation of the description and the other half saw it only after the presentation. Based on Haidt's Social intuitionist model, we hypothesized that participants in the latter group would be less likely to reconcile their intuition with the presented answer and thus they would be more likely to reject it. However, we found no difference between the groups.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Dogs/psychology ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Intuition ; Judgment ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; Students/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-06
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2071412-9
    ISSN 2190-5142 ; 1618-3169
    ISSN (online) 2190-5142
    ISSN 1618-3169
    DOI 10.1027/1618-3169/a000325
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  8. Article ; Online: Differences in autonomy of humans and ultrasocial insects.

    Vranka, Marek / Bahník, Štěpán

    The Behavioral and brain sciences

    2016  Volume 39, Page(s) e116

    Abstract: The target article is built on an analogy between humans and ultrasocial insects. We argue that there are many important limitations to the analogy that make any possible inferences from the analogy questionable. We demonstrate the issue using an example ...

    Abstract The target article is built on an analogy between humans and ultrasocial insects. We argue that there are many important limitations to the analogy that make any possible inferences from the analogy questionable. We demonstrate the issue using an example of the difference between a loss of autonomy in humans and in social insects.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Insecta ; Personal Autonomy ; Social Behavior
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 423721-3
    ISSN 1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
    ISSN (online) 1469-1825
    ISSN 0140-525X
    DOI 10.1017/S0140525X1500120X
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  9. Article: Many faces of bankers' identity: how (not) to study dishonesty.

    Vranka, Marek A / Houdek, Petr

    Frontiers in psychology

    2015  Volume 6, Page(s) 302

    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03-18
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00302
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  10. Article ; Online: Attention impairment in motor functional neurological disorders: a neuropsychological study.

    Věchetová, Gabriela / Nikolai, Tomáš / Slovák, Matěj / Forejtová, Zuzana / Vranka, Marek / Straková, Eva / Teodoro, Tiago / Růžička, Evžen / Edwards, Mark J / Serranová, Tereza

    Journal of neurology

    2022  Volume 269, Issue 11, Page(s) 5981–5990

    Abstract: Objective: Our objective was to assess cognitive functioning across multiple cognitive domains using a standardised neuropsychological battery in patients with motor functional neurological disorders (mFND).: Methods: Thirty patients with clinically ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Our objective was to assess cognitive functioning across multiple cognitive domains using a standardised neuropsychological battery in patients with motor functional neurological disorders (mFND).
    Methods: Thirty patients with clinically established mFND and 30 age-, sex- and education-matched control subjects underwent a thorough neuropsychological assessment evaluating (1) attention including processing speed, (2) executive functions including working memory, (3) short-term memory, (4) speech and language and (5) visuospatial functions. Performance validity tests (PVT) and self-report measures of depression, anxiety and cognitive complaints were included in the assessment. Only patients with valid test performance were included in the analysis.
    Results: Three patients scored below the cut-off scores in PVT. Patients performed significantly worse than controls in the following areas: (1) the attention domain which included a slow processing speed (p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.89), (2) executive functions (p = 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.88) and (3) speech and language domains (p = 0.025, Cohen's d = 0.77). Patients with mFND showed greater intra-individual variability in cognitive performance (p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.94). Cognitive impairments were independent of depressive symptoms, which were higher in mFND patients.
    Conclusion: This study revealed both subjective and objective cognitive impairment in patients with mFND. The neuropsychological profile in mFND was characterised primarily by attentional impairment including a slow processing speed and a high intra-individual variability in cognitive performance. Cognitive impairment was associated with a valid test performance, highlighting that the deficits observed were not likely to be explained by a lack of effort in the patient group. Attention is considered to play a key role in mFND pathophysiology, and the results suggest that such impairments are objectively measurable.
    MeSH term(s) Attention/physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/complications ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; Conversion Disorder ; Executive Function/physiology ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-17
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 187050-6
    ISSN 1432-1459 ; 0340-5354 ; 0012-1037 ; 0939-1517 ; 1619-800X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1459
    ISSN 0340-5354 ; 0012-1037 ; 0939-1517 ; 1619-800X
    DOI 10.1007/s00415-022-11211-x
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