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Book ; Online: Incentive-weighted Anomaly Detection for False Data Injection Attacks Against Smart Meter Load Profiles

Higgins, Martin / Stephen, Bruce / Wallom, David

2023

Abstract: Spot pricing is often suggested as a method of increasing demand-side flexibility in electrical power load. However, few works have considered the vulnerability of spot pricing to financial fraud via false data injection (FDI) style attacks. In this ... ...

Abstract	Spot pricing is often suggested as a method of increasing demand-side flexibility in electrical power load. However, few works have considered the vulnerability of spot pricing to financial fraud via false data injection (FDI) style attacks. In this paper, we consider attacks which aim to alter the consumer load profile to exploit intraday price dips. We examine an anomaly detection protocol for cyber-attacks that seek to leverage spot prices for financial gain. In this way we outline a methodology for detecting attacks on industrial load smart meters. We first create a feature clustering model of the underlying business, segregated by business type. We then use these clusters to create an incentive-weighted anomaly detection protocol for false data attacks against load profiles. This clustering-based methodology incorporates both the load profile and spot pricing considerations for the detection of injected load profiles. To reduce false positives, we model incentive-based detection, which includes knowledge of spot prices, into the anomaly tracking, enabling the methodology to account for changes in the load profile which are unlikely to be attacks.
Keywords	Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic and lithium battery storage to reduce grid electricity reliance in buildings

Ren, Han Kun / McCulloch, Malcolm / Wallom, David

2023

Abstract: In alignment with the Paris Agreement, the city of Oxford in the UK aims to become carbon neutral by 2040. Renewable energy help achieve this target by reducing the reliance on carbon-intensive grid electricity. This research seeks to optimally size ... ...

Abstract	In alignment with the Paris Agreement, the city of Oxford in the UK aims to become carbon neutral by 2040. Renewable energy help achieve this target by reducing the reliance on carbon-intensive grid electricity. This research seeks to optimally size solar photovoltaic and lithium battery storage systems, reducing Oxford's grid electricity reliance in buildings. The analysis starts with modeling the electricity demand. The model uses Elexon electricity settlement profiles, and assembles them into the demand profile according to the quantity and types of buildings in Oxford. Then, solar generation is modeled using Pfenninger and Staffell's method. Solar photovoltaic and lithium storage systems are sized using a hybridized analytical and iterative method. First, the method calculates the solar system size search range, then iterates through the range. At each solar size, the method calculates and iterates through the storage system size search range. Within each iteration, the renewable system is simulated using demand and generation data with a simplified system set-up and the conventional operation strategy. The method outputs combinations of solar system capacity, storage system capacity, and grid electricity import. Each combination's levelized cost of electricity is calculated, and the lowest cost combination is the optimal sizing. Solar and storage system costs are projected from 2019 to 2100, and the optimal sizing is calculated for each year. The result shows that solar photovoltaic is economically competitive, but lithium storage cost is still too high. As solar and storage prices continue to drop, they will take up greater portions of the energy system. However, there will always be a need for the grid, as it provides flexibility and can meet demands that are too costly for solar and storage Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, published in the conference of ECEEE 2022 Summer Study on energy efficiency: agents of change
Keywords	Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Subject code	690
Publishing date	2023-06-06
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Spatial-Temporal Anomaly Detection for Sensor Attacks in Autonomous Vehicles

Higgins, Martin / Jha, Devki / Wallom, David

2022

Abstract: Time-of-flight (ToF) distance measurement devices such as ultrasonics, LiDAR and radar are widely used in autonomous vehicles for environmental perception, navigation and assisted braking control. Despite their relative importance in making safer driving ...

Abstract	Time-of-flight (ToF) distance measurement devices such as ultrasonics, LiDAR and radar are widely used in autonomous vehicles for environmental perception, navigation and assisted braking control. Despite their relative importance in making safer driving decisions, these devices are vulnerable to multiple attack types including spoofing, triggering and false data injection. When these attacks are successful they can compromise the security of autonomous vehicles leading to severe consequences for the driver, nearby vehicles and pedestrians. To handle these attacks and protect the measurement devices, we propose a spatial-temporal anomaly detection model \textit{STAnDS} which incorporates a residual error spatial detector, with a time-based expected change detection. This approach is evaluated using a simulated quantitative environment and the results show that \textit{STAnDS} is effective at detecting multiple attack types.
Keywords	Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control ; Computer Science - Cryptography and Security ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
Subject code	629
Publishing date	2022-12-15
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Anomaly Detection for Industrial Big Data

Caithness, Neil / Wallom, David

2018

Abstract: As the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) grows, systems are increasingly being monitored by arrays of sensors returning time-series data at ever-increasing 'volume, velocity and variety' (i.e. Industrial Big Data). An obvious use for these data is ... ...

Abstract	As the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) grows, systems are increasingly being monitored by arrays of sensors returning time-series data at ever-increasing 'volume, velocity and variety' (i.e. Industrial Big Data). An obvious use for these data is real-time systems condition monitoring and prognostic time to failure analysis (remaining useful life, RUL). (e.g. See white papers by Senseye.io, and output of the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence (PCoE).) However, as noted by Agrawal and Choudhary 'Our ability to collect "big data" has greatly surpassed our capability to analyze it, underscoring the emergence of the fourth paradigm of science, which is data-driven discovery.' In order to fully utilize the potential of Industrial Big Data we need data-driven techniques that operate at scales that process models cannot. Here we present a prototype technique for data-driven anomaly detection to operate at industrial scale. The method generalizes to application with almost any multivariate dataset based on independent ordinations of repeated (bootstrapped) partitions of the dataset and inspection of the joint distribution of ordinal distances. Comment: 9 pages; 11 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Statistics - Machine Learning
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2018-04-09
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: OpenIFS@home version 1

Sparrow, Sarah / Bowery, Andrew / Carver, Glenn D. / Köhler, Marcus O. / Ollinaho, Pirkka / Pappenberger, Florian / Wallom, David / Weisheimer, Antje

eISSN: 1991-9603

a citizen science project for ensemble weather and climate forecasting

2020

Abstract: Weather forecasts rely heavily on general circulation models of the atmosphere and other components of the Earth system. National meteorological and hydrological services and intergovernmental organisations, such as the European Centre for Medium-Range ... ...

Abstract	Weather forecasts rely heavily on general circulation models of the atmosphere and other components of the Earth system. National meteorological and hydrological services and intergovernmental organisations, such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), provide routine operational forecasts on a range of spatio-temporal scales, by running these models in high resolution on state-of-the-art high-performance computing systems. Such operational forecasts are very demanding in terms of computing resources. To facilitate the use of a weather forecast model for research and training purposes outside the operational environment, ECMWF provides a portable version of its numerical weather forecast model, OpenIFS, for use by universities and other research institutes on their own computing systems. In this paper, we describe a new project (OpenIFS@home) that combines OpenIFS with a citizen science approach to involve the general public in helping conduct scientific experiments. Volunteers from across the world can run OpenIFS@home on their computers at home and the results of these simulations can be combined into large forecast ensembles. The infrastructure of such distributed computing experiments is based on our experience and expertise with the climateprediction.net and weather@home systems. In order to validate this first use of OpenIFS in a volunteer computing framework, we present results from ensembles of forecast simulations of tropical cyclone Karl from September 2016, studied during the NAWDEX field campaign. This cyclone underwent extratropical transition and intensified in mid-latitudes to give rise to an intense jet-streak near Scotland and heavy rainfall over Norway. For the validation we use a two thousand member ensemble of OpenIFS run on the OpenIFS@home volunteer framework and a smaller ensemble of the size of operational forecasts using ECMWF’s forecast model in 2016 run on the ECMWF supercomputer with the same horizontal resolution as OpenIFS@home. We present ensemble statistics that illustrate the reliability and accuracy of the OpenIFS@home forecasts as well as discussing the use of large ensembles in the context of forecasting extreme events.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-30
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change

Oldenborgh, Geert Jan / Krikken, Folmer / Lewis, Sophie / Leach, Nicholas J. / Lehner, Flavio / Saunders, Kate R. / Weele, Michiel / Haustein, Karsten / Li, Sihan / Wallom, David / Sparrow, Sarah / Arrighi, Julie / Singh, Roop K. / Aalst, Maarten K. / Philip, Sjoukje Y. / Vautard, Robert / Otto, Friederike E. L.

eISSN: 1684-9981

2021

Abstract: Disastrous bushfires during the last months of 2019 and January 2020 affected Australia, raising the question to what extent the risk of these fires was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. To answer the question for southeastern Australia, where ...

Abstract	Disastrous bushfires during the last months of 2019 and January 2020 affected Australia, raising the question to what extent the risk of these fires was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. To answer the question for southeastern Australia, where fires were particularly severe, affecting people and ecosystems, we use a physically based index of fire weather, the Fire Weather Index; long-term observations of heat and drought; and 11 large ensembles of state-of-the-art climate models. We find large trends in the Fire Weather Index in the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis (ERA5) since 1979 and a smaller but significant increase by at least 30 % in the models. Therefore, we find that climate change has induced a higher weather-induced risk of such an extreme fire season. This trend is mainly driven by the increase of temperature extremes. In agreement with previous analyses we find that heat extremes have become more likely by at least a factor of 2 due to the long-term warming trend. However, current climate models overestimate variability and tend to underestimate the long-term trend in these extremes, so the true change in the likelihood of extreme heat could be larger, suggesting that the attribution of the increased fire weather risk is a conservative estimate. We do not find an attributable trend in either extreme annual drought or the driest month of the fire season, September–February. The observations, however, show a weak drying trend in the annual mean. For the 2019/20 season more than half of the July–December drought was driven by record excursions of the Indian Ocean Dipole and Southern Annular Mode, factors which are included in the analysis here. The study reveals the complexity of the 2019/20 bushfire event, with some but not all drivers showing an imprint of anthropogenic climate change. Finally, the study concludes with a qualitative review of various vulnerability and exposure factors that each play a role, along with the hazard in increasing or decreasing the overall impact of the bushfires.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-12
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Flexible services for the support of research.

Turilli, Matteo / Wallom, David / Williams, Chris / Gough, Steve / Curran, Neal / Tarrant, Richard / Bretherton, Dan / Powell, Andy / Johnson, Matt / Harmer, Terry / Wright, Peter / Gordon, John

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

2013 Volume 371, Issue 1983, Page(s) 20120067

Abstract: Cloud computing has been increasingly adopted by users and providers to promote a flexible, scalable and tailored access to computing resources. Nonetheless, the consolidation of this paradigm has uncovered some of its limitations. Initially devised by ... ...

Abstract	Cloud computing has been increasingly adopted by users and providers to promote a flexible, scalable and tailored access to computing resources. Nonetheless, the consolidation of this paradigm has uncovered some of its limitations. Initially devised by corporations with direct control over large amounts of computational resources, cloud computing is now being endorsed by organizations with limited resources or with a more articulated, less direct control over these resources. The challenge for these organizations is to leverage the benefits of cloud computing while dealing with limited and often widely distributed computing resources. This study focuses on the adoption of cloud computing by higher education institutions and addresses two main issues: flexible and on-demand access to a large amount of storage resources, and scalability across a heterogeneous set of cloud infrastructures. The proposed solutions leverage a federated approach to cloud resources in which users access multiple and largely independent cloud infrastructures through a highly customizable broker layer. This approach allows for a uniform authentication and authorization infrastructure, a fine-grained policy specification and the aggregation of accounting and monitoring. Within a loosely coupled federation of cloud infrastructures, users can access vast amount of data without copying them across cloud infrastructures and can scale their resource provisions when the local cloud resources become insufficient.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208381-4
ISSN	1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
ISSN (online)	1471-2962
ISSN	1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
DOI	10.1098/rsta.2012.0067
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI)

Mitchell, Daniel / AchutaRao, Krishna / Allen, Myles / Bethke, Ingo / Beyerle, Urs / Ciavarella, Andrew / Forster, Piers M. / Fuglestvedt, Jan / Gillett, Nathan / Haustein, Karsten / Ingram, William / Iversen, Trond / Kharin, Viatcheslav / Klingaman, Nicholas / Massey, Neil / Fischer, Erich / Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich / Scinocca, John / Seland, Øyvind /

Shiogama, Hideo / Shuckburgh, Emily / Sparrow, Sarah / Stone, Dáithí / Uhe, Peter / Wallom, David / Wehner, Michael / Zaaboul, Rashyd

eISSN: 1991-9603

background and experimental design

2018

Abstract: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has accepted the invitation from the UNFCCC to provide a special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and on related global greenhouse-gas emission pathways. ... ...

Abstract	The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has accepted the invitation from the UNFCCC to provide a special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and on related global greenhouse-gas emission pathways. Many current experiments in, for example, the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP), are not specifically designed for informing this report. Here, we document the design of the half a degree additional warming, projections, prognosis and impacts (HAPPI) experiment. HAPPI provides a framework for the generation of climate data describing how the climate, and in particular extreme weather, might differ from the present day in worlds that are 1.5 and 2.0 °C warmer than pre-industrial conditions. Output from participating climate models includes variables frequently used by a range of impact models. The key challenge is to separate the impact of an additional approximately half degree of warming from uncertainty in climate model responses and internal climate variability that dominate CMIP-style experiments under low-emission scenarios. Large ensembles of simulations (> 50 members) of atmosphere-only models for three time slices are proposed, each a decade in length: the first being the most recent observed 10-year period (2006–2015), the second two being estimates of a similar decade but under 1.5 and 2 °C conditions a century in the future. We use the representative concentration pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6) to provide the model boundary conditions for the 1.5 °C scenario, and a weighted combination of RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 for the 2 °C scenario.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-27
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: The OptIPuter microscopy demonstrator: enabling science through a transatlantic lightpath.

Ellisman, M / Hutton, T / Kirkland, A / Lin, A / Lin, C / Molina, T / Peltier, S / Singh, R / Tang, K / Trefethen, A E / Wallom, D C H / Xiong, X

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

2009 Volume 367, Issue 1898, Page(s) 2645–2653

Abstract: The OptIPuter microscopy demonstrator project has been designed to enable concurrent and remote usage of world-class electron microscopes located in Oxford and San Diego. The project has constructed a network consisting of microscopes and computational ... ...

Abstract	The OptIPuter microscopy demonstrator project has been designed to enable concurrent and remote usage of world-class electron microscopes located in Oxford and San Diego. The project has constructed a network consisting of microscopes and computational and data resources that are all connected by a dedicated network infrastructure using the UK Lightpath and US Starlight systems. Key science drivers include examples from both materials and biological science. The resulting system is now a permanent link between the Oxford and San Diego microscopy centres. This will form the basis of further projects between the sites and expansion of the types of systems that can be remotely controlled, including optical, as well as electron, microscopy. Other improvements will include the updating of the Microsoft cluster software to the high performance computing (HPC) server 2008, which includes the HPC basic profile implementation that will enable the development of interoperable clients.
MeSH term(s)	Computing Methodologies ; Microscopy ; Science ; Software
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-05-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208381-4
ISSN	1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
ISSN (online)	1471-2962
ISSN	1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
DOI	10.1098/rsta.2009.0058
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Human influence on climate in the 2014 southern England winter floods and their impacts

Schaller, Nathalie / Kay, Alison L. / Lamb, Rob / Massey, Neil R. / van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan / Otto, Friederike E. L. / Sparrow, Sarah N. / Vautard, Robert / Yiou, Pascal / Ashpole, Ian / Bowery, Andy / Crooks, Susan M. / Haustein, Karsten / Huntingford, Chris / Ingram, William J. / Jones, Richard G. / Legg, Tim / Miller, Jonathan / Skeggs, Jessica /

Wallom, David / Weisheimer, Antje / Wilson, Simon / Stott, Peter A. / Allen, Myles R.

Nature climate change

2016 Volume 6, Issue 6, Page(s) 627

Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2614383-5
ISSN	1758-678x
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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