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  1. Article ; Online: Miscarriage, Abortion, and Disease.

    Waters, Tom

    The Journal of medicine and philosophy

    2023  Volume 48, Issue 3, Page(s) 243–251

    Abstract: The frequency of death from miscarriage is very high, greater than the number of deaths from induced abortion or major diseases. Berg (2017 , Philosophical Studies 174:1217-26) argues that, given this, those who contend that personhood begins at ... ...

    Abstract The frequency of death from miscarriage is very high, greater than the number of deaths from induced abortion or major diseases. Berg (2017 , Philosophical Studies 174:1217-26) argues that, given this, those who contend that personhood begins at conception (PAC) are obliged to reorient their resources accordingly-towards stopping miscarriage, in preference to stopping abortion or diseases. This argument depends on there being a basic moral similarity between these deaths. I argue that, for those that hold to PAC, there are good reasons to think that there is no such similarity. There is a morally relevant difference between preventing killing and letting die, giving PAC supporters reasons to prioritize reducing abortion over reducing miscarriage. And the time-relative interest account provides a morally relevant difference in the badness of death of miscarriages and deaths of born adults, justifying attempts to combat major diseases over attempts to combat miscarriage. I consider recent developments in the literature and contend that these new arguments are unsuccessful in establishing moral similarities between deaths from miscarriage and abortion, and deaths from miscarriage and disease.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Abortion, Induced ; Personhood ; Morals ; Dissent and Disputes ; Value of Life ; Moral Obligations ; Beginning of Human Life
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197282-0
    ISSN 1744-5019 ; 0360-5310
    ISSN (online) 1744-5019
    ISSN 0360-5310
    DOI 10.1093/jmp/jhad012
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  2. Article: Jobs and job quality between the eve of the Great Recession and the eve of COVID-19.

    Bourquin, Pascale / Waters, Tom

    Fiscal studies

    2021  Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 63–78

    Abstract: In 2019, the employment rate among 25- to 64-year-olds in the UK reached 80 per cent - the highest on record, and considerably higher than the 76 per cent rate recorded shortly before the Great Recession. In this paper, we investigate the growth in ... ...

    Abstract In 2019, the employment rate among 25- to 64-year-olds in the UK reached 80 per cent - the highest on record, and considerably higher than the 76 per cent rate recorded shortly before the Great Recession. In this paper, we investigate the growth in employment between the eve of the Great Recession and the eve of COVID-19 across several dimensions. We analyse which sectors, demographic groups and regions accounted for the rise. We also investigate how job 'quality' - in both financial and non-financial terms - has changed. We find that almost all demographic groups and regions saw a rise in employment, especially those with low pre-existing employment rates and those near the bottom of the income distribution. Hourly pay growth was very weak over the period, with the median actually slightly falling. Other indicators of job quality show a more mixed picture: employees seem to have greater appreciation of their work and firm, but perceive less security and flexibility in their job.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2044782-6
    ISSN 1475-5890 ; 0143-5671
    ISSN (online) 1475-5890
    ISSN 0143-5671
    DOI 10.1111/1475-5890.12279
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  3. Book ; Article ; Online: Intensive margin labour supply and the dynamic effects of in-work transfers

    Goll, David / Joyce, Robert / Waters, Tom

    2023  

    Abstract: Policy-makers have increasingly turned to 'in-work transfers' to boost incomes among poorer workers and strengthen work incentives. One attraction of these is that labour supply elasticities are typically greatest at the extensive margin. Because in-work ...

    Abstract Policy-makers have increasingly turned to 'in-work transfers' to boost incomes among poorer workers and strengthen work incentives. One attraction of these is that labour supply elasticities are typically greatest at the extensive margin. Because in-work transfers are normally subject to earnings-related phase-outs, they tend to most strongly incentivise part-time work, weakening intensive margin incentives for many. But part-time work may generate relatively little in the way of human capital and career progression. How should these dynamic considerations affect the design of in-work transfers? To assess this we use a dynamic model of female labour supply with endogenous human capital accumulation. Among reforms that would cost the same amount on a no-behavioural-response basis, those that incentivise full-time work can end up costing considerably less than those that incentivise part-time work, once the dynamic responses - including human capital accumulation - are accounted for. They also do more to increase incomes, including among poorer households, and to raise welfare. Our results suggest that in-work transfers could be refined by paying greater attention to the intensive margin effects through the design of their phase-outs.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; H2 ; H31 ; J22 ; J24 ; Life-cycle model ; human capital ; transfers ; labour supply ; intensive margin ; extensive margin ; welfare
    Subject code 338
    Language English
    Publisher London: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
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  4. Article ; Online: A method for tracking a case under chelation using urinary excretion measurements

    Bertelli Luiz / Poudel Deepesh / Klumpp John / Waters Tom

    BIO Web of Conferences, Vol 14, p

    2019  Volume 02005

    Keywords Microbiology ; QR1-502 ; Physiology ; QP1-981 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher EDP Sciences
    Document type Article ; Online
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  5. Book ; Article ; Online: Jobs and job quality between the eve of the Great Recession and the eve of COVID-19

    Bourquin, Pascale / Waters, Tom

    2020  

    Abstract: In 2019, the employment rate among 25- to 64-year-olds in the UK reached 80% - the highest on record, and considerably higher than the 76% rate recorded shortly before the Great Recession. In this paper, we investigate this growth across several ... ...

    Abstract In 2019, the employment rate among 25- to 64-year-olds in the UK reached 80% - the highest on record, and considerably higher than the 76% rate recorded shortly before the Great Recession. In this paper, we investigate this growth across several dimensions. We analyse which sectors, demographic groups and regions accounted for the rise, and show the effect of certain policies and compositional changes on the employment rate. We also investigate how job 'quality' - in both financial and non-financial terms - has changed. We find that almost all demographic groups and regions saw a rise in employment, especially those with low pre-existing employment rates and those near the bottom of the income distribution. The growth in employment was entirely accounted for by a rise in jobs that can be done from home, making the workforce more resilient to the COVID-19 crisis - but the workforce also shifted towards those with childcare responsibilities, undoing some of that resilience. Hourly pay growth was very weak over the period, with the median actually slightly falling. Other indicators of job quality show a more mixed picture: employees seem to have greater attachment to their work and firm, but perceive less security and flexibility in their job.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; J01 ; J21 ; J28 ; J31 ; Employment ; Jobs ; Recovery ; Job Quality ; Great Recession ; COVID-19 ; covid19
    Subject code 331
    Language English
    Publisher London: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Side Effects and Complications Associated with Treating Plutonium Intakes: A Retrospective Review of the Medical Records of LANL Employees Treated for Plutonium Intakes, with Supplementary Interviews.

    Glover, Lauren / Bertelli, Luiz / Dumit, Sara / Poudel, Deepesh / Smith, Lauren / Waters, Tom / Klumpp, John

    Health physics

    2022  Volume 123, Issue 5, Page(s) 348–359

    Abstract: Abstract: Anecdotal evidence indicates there may be unpublished physical and psychological events associated with the medical treatment of plutonium intakes. A thorough review was conducted of the medical and bioassay records of current and previous Los ...

    Abstract Abstract: Anecdotal evidence indicates there may be unpublished physical and psychological events associated with the medical treatment of plutonium intakes. A thorough review was conducted of the medical and bioassay records of current and previous Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) employees who had experienced plutonium intakes via wound or inhalation. After finding relatively incomplete information in the medical records, the research team interviewed current LANL employees who had undergone chelation therapy and/or surgical excision. Although the dataset is not large enough to reach statistically significant conclusions, it was observed that adverse events associated with treatment appear to be more frequent and more severe than previously reported.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Assay ; Chelation Therapy ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Plutonium/adverse effects ; Plutonium/analysis ; Retrospective Studies
    Chemical Substances Plutonium (53023GN24M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2406-5
    ISSN 1538-5159 ; 0017-9078
    ISSN (online) 1538-5159
    ISSN 0017-9078
    DOI 10.1097/HP.0000000000001603
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  7. Article ; Online: Interpretation of Nasal Swab Measurements Following Suspected Releases of Actinide Aerosols.

    Klumpp, John / Bertelli, Luiz / Waters, Tom

    Health physics

    2017  Volume 112, Issue 5, Page(s) 465–469

    Abstract: For radionuclides such as plutonium and americium, detection of removable activity in the nose (i.e., nasal swab measurements) are frequently used to determine whether follow-up bioassay measurements are warranted following a potential intake. For this ... ...

    Abstract For radionuclides such as plutonium and americium, detection of removable activity in the nose (i.e., nasal swab measurements) are frequently used to determine whether follow-up bioassay measurements are warranted following a potential intake. For this paper, the authors analyzed 429 nasal swab measurements taken following incidents or suspicious circumstances (such as an air monitor alarming) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for which the dose was later evaluated using in vitro bioassay. Nasal swab measurements were found to be very poor predictors of dose and should not be used as such in the field. However, nasal swab measurements can be indicative of whether a reliably detectable committed effective dose (CED) occurred. About 14% of nasal swab measurements between 1.25 and 16.7 Bq corresponded to CEDs greater than 1 mSv, so in general, positive nasal swabs always indicate that follow-up bioassay should be performed (positive nasal swabs less than 1.25 Bq are considered separately). This probability increased significantly for nasal swabs greater than 16.7 Bq. Only about 3% of nasal swabs with no detectable activity (NDA) corresponded to reliably detectable CEDs. A nasal swab with NDA is therefore necessary, but not sufficient, to negate the need for a follow-up bioassay if it was collected following other workplace indicators of a potential intake.
    MeSH term(s) Aerosols/analysis ; Air Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis ; Americium/analysis ; Biological Assay/methods ; Humans ; Nasal Mucosa/chemistry ; Plutonium/analysis ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Exposure/analysis ; Radiation Monitoring/methods ; Radioactive Hazard Release ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Chemical Substances Aerosols ; Air Pollutants, Radioactive ; Plutonium (53023GN24M) ; Americium (VW92PHU2UY)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Validation Studies
    ZDB-ID 2406-5
    ISSN 1538-5159 ; 0017-9078
    ISSN (online) 1538-5159
    ISSN 0017-9078
    DOI 10.1097/HP.0000000000000648
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  8. Article ; Online: Considerations for Bioassay Monitoring of Mixtures of Radionuclides.

    Klumpp, John / Waters, Tom / Bertelli, Luiz

    Health physics

    2017  Volume 113, Issue 4, Page(s) 315–323

    Abstract: Complying with regulations for bioassay monitoring of radionuclide intakes is significantly more complex for mixtures than it is for pure radionuclides. Different constituents will naturally have different dose coefficients, be detectable at ... ...

    Abstract Complying with regulations for bioassay monitoring of radionuclide intakes is significantly more complex for mixtures than it is for pure radionuclides. Different constituents will naturally have different dose coefficients, be detectable at significantly different levels, and may require very different amounts of effort to bioassay. The ability to use certain constituents as surrogates for others will depend on how well characterized the mixture is, as well as whether the employee is also working with other radionuclides. This is further compounded by the fact that the composition of a mixture (or even of a pure radionuclide) is likely to change over time. Internal dosimetrists must decide how best to monitor employees who work with radionuclide mixtures. In particular, they must decide which constituents should be monitored routinely, which constituents only need to be monitored in the case of an intake, and how to estimate doses based on intakes of monitored and unmonitored constituents.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Assay/methods ; Humans ; Radiation Dosimeters ; Radiation Exposure/analysis ; Radiation Monitoring/methods ; Radioisotopes/analysis
    Chemical Substances Radioisotopes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2406-5
    ISSN 1538-5159 ; 0017-9078
    ISSN (online) 1538-5159
    ISSN 0017-9078
    DOI 10.1097/HP.0000000000000707
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  9. Article ; Online: Development of a New Chelation Model: Bioassay Data Interpretation and Dose Assessment after Plutonium Intake via Wound and Treatment with DTPA.

    Dumit, Sara / Miller, Guthrie / Klumpp, John A / Poudel, Deepesh / Bertelli, Luiz / Waters, Tom L

    Health physics

    2020  Volume 119, Issue 6, Page(s) 715–732

    Abstract: The administration of chelation therapy to treat significant intakes of actinides, such as plutonium, affects the actinide's normal biokinetics. In particular, it enhances the actinide's rate of excretion, such that the standard biokinetic models cannot ... ...

    Abstract The administration of chelation therapy to treat significant intakes of actinides, such as plutonium, affects the actinide's normal biokinetics. In particular, it enhances the actinide's rate of excretion, such that the standard biokinetic models cannot be applied directly to the chelation-affected bioassay data in order to estimate the intake and assess the radiation dose. The present study proposes a new chelation model that can be applied to the chelation-affected bioassay data after plutonium intake via wound and treatment with DTPA. In the proposed model, chelation is assumed to occur in the blood, liver, and parts of the skeleton. Ten datasets, consisting of measurements of C-DTPA, Pu, and Pu involving humans given radiolabeled DTPA and humans occupationally exposed to plutonium via wound and treated with chelation therapy, were used for model development. The combined dataset consisted of daily and cumulative excretion (urine and feces), wound counts, measurements of excised tissue, blood, and post-mortem tissue analyses of liver and skeleton. The combined data were simultaneously fit using the chelation model linked with a plutonium systemic model, which was linked to an ad hoc wound model. The proposed chelation model was used for dose assessment of the wound cases used in this study.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Assay/methods ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Chelating Agents/therapeutic use ; Chelation Therapy/methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Feces/chemistry ; Humans ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Pentetic Acid/therapeutic use ; Plutonium/adverse effects ; Plutonium/analysis ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Injuries/diagnosis ; Radiation Injuries/prevention & control ; Radiation Injuries/urine ; Urinalysis ; Wounds, Penetrating/drug therapy ; Wounds, Penetrating/etiology
    Chemical Substances Chelating Agents ; Plutonium-238 ; Plutonium (53023GN24M) ; Pentetic Acid (7A314HQM0I)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2406-5
    ISSN 1538-5159 ; 0017-9078
    ISSN (online) 1538-5159
    ISSN 0017-9078
    DOI 10.1097/HP.0000000000001282
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  10. Article ; Online: Response to a Skin Puncture Contaminated with 238Pu at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

    Klumpp, John / Bertelli, Luiz / Dumit, Sara / Gadd, Milan / Poudel, Deepesh / Waters, Tom L

    Health physics

    2020  Volume 119, Issue 6, Page(s) 704–714

    Abstract: The three principal pathways for intakes of plutonium are ingestion, inhalation, and contaminated wounds. In August 2018, a glovebox worker at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) sustained a puncture from a thread of a braided steel cable contaminated ... ...

    Abstract The three principal pathways for intakes of plutonium are ingestion, inhalation, and contaminated wounds. In August 2018, a glovebox worker at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) sustained a puncture from a thread of a braided steel cable contaminated with Pu. The puncture produced no pain, no blood, and little or no visible mark. As a result, the potential for a contaminated wound was not immediately recognized, and a wound count was not conducted until elevated urine bioassay results were received 12 d after the incident. This paper discusses the circumstances of the incident, along with the medical response and dose assessment, and a discussion of the risks and benefits of the medical interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Assay/methods ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Humans ; Laboratories/statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Plutonium/adverse effects ; Plutonium/urine ; Punctures/methods ; Radiation Injuries/diagnosis ; Radiation Injuries/etiology ; Radiation Injuries/urine ; Radiation Monitoring/methods ; Skin/pathology ; Skin/radiation effects
    Chemical Substances Plutonium-238 ; Plutonium (53023GN24M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2406-5
    ISSN 1538-5159 ; 0017-9078
    ISSN (online) 1538-5159
    ISSN 0017-9078
    DOI 10.1097/HP.0000000000001250
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