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Article ; Online: Exploring the interplay between particulate matter capture, wash-off, and leaf traits in green wall species.

Tomson, Mamatha / Kumar, Prashant / Abhijith, K V / Watts, John F

2024 Volume 921, Page(s) 170950

Abstract: The study investigated inter-species variation in particulate matter (PM) accumulation, wash-off, and retention on green wall plants, with a focus on leaf characteristics. Ten broadleaf plant species were studied in an experimental green wall. Ambient PM ...

Abstract	The study investigated inter-species variation in particulate matter (PM) accumulation, wash-off, and retention on green wall plants, with a focus on leaf characteristics. Ten broadleaf plant species were studied in an experimental green wall. Ambient PM concentrations remained relatively stable throughout the measurement period: PM
MeSH term(s)	Particulate Matter/analysis ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Air Pollution ; Plants ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Trees
Chemical Substances	Particulate Matter ; Air Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170950
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Article ; Online: Quantitative atomic force microscopy: A statistical treatment of high-speed AFM data for quality control applications.

Devadasan, Dhilan S / Baker, Mark A / Watts, John F

Ultramicroscopy

2022 Volume 239, Page(s) 113546

Abstract: Prior to the recent developments of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) was not favoured by industry because of its complexity and slow image acquisition speed which may lead to poor resolution and unreliable ... ...

Abstract	Prior to the recent developments of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) was not favoured by industry because of its complexity and slow image acquisition speed which may lead to poor resolution and unreliable quantified results. HS-AFM, however, is capable of imaging several frames per second and thus capable of quick, accurate, and representative measurements - ideal for quality control applications. This study demonstrates HS-AFM as a useful quality control tool by assessing the roughness of silicon carbide (SiC) monofilament fibres as a challenging example of how large HS-AFM datasets in excess of 200 images can be collected and used for reliable quantification. A comparison of two roughness methods utilising either area or line roughness parameters has been conducted, where very little difference was noted apart from the lower statistical significance of line roughness. The roughness of ten SiC fibre samples was measured with Sa (the area equivalent to Ra) roughness results varying from 34 nm to 53 nm. The small measurement uncertainties, as a result of the large number of measurements, meant that the roughness results were distinguishable from one another even though all ten SiC fibres were very similar to each other, having been produced by the same manufacturer and process. The robustness of the methods have been tested by repeating the analysis for each fibre, and in the one instance where the repeated data did not agree, a further dataset proved which one was incorrect, illustrating how industry can use these methods for quality control. A methodology of identifying the minimum number of frames required to account for sample variability, as well as recommendations on how to use HS-AFM for quantitative measurements in quality control, are also included to enable easy reproduction and adaptation of this work for other samples and measurements.
MeSH term(s)	Microscopy, Atomic Force/methods ; Quality Control
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1479043-9
ISSN	1879-2723 ; 0304-3991
ISSN (online)	1879-2723
ISSN	0304-3991
DOI	10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113546
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Article ; Online: Solubility and dissolution kinetics of sulfur and sulfides in electrolyte solvents for lithium-sulfur and sodium-sulfur batteries.

Adeoye, Hakeem A / Dent, Matthew / Watts, John F / Tennison, Stephen / Lekakou, Constantina

The Journal of chemical physics

2023 Volume 158, Issue 6, Page(s) 64702

Abstract: In this study, we monitor the dissolution of sulfur and sulfides in electrolyte solvents for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries. The first aim of this research is to assemble a comprehensive set of data on solubilities and ... ...

Abstract	In this study, we monitor the dissolution of sulfur and sulfides in electrolyte solvents for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries. The first aim of this research is to assemble a comprehensive set of data on solubilities and dissolution kinetics that may be used in the simulation of battery cycling. The investigation also offers important insights to address key bottlenecks in the development and commercialization of metal-sulfur batteries, including the incomplete dissolution of sulfur in discharge and insoluble low-order sulfides in charge, the probability of shuttling of soluble polysulfides, and the pausing of the redox reactions in precipitated low order sulfides depending on their degree of solid state. The tested materials include sulfur, lithium sulfides Li
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3113-6
ISSN	1089-7690 ; 0021-9606
ISSN (online)	1089-7690
ISSN	0021-9606
DOI	10.1063/5.0132068
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Article ; Online: Expanding the Efficacy of Fingermark Enhancement Using ToF-SIMS.

Charlton, Deborah / Costa, Catia / Hinder, Steven J / Watts, John F / Bailey, Melanie J

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 28, Issue 15

Abstract: Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been shown to enhance fingermark recovery compared to standard processes used by police forces, but there is no data to show how generally applicable the improvement is. Additionally, ToF-SIMS ...

Abstract	Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been shown to enhance fingermark recovery compared to standard processes used by police forces, but there is no data to show how generally applicable the improvement is. Additionally, ToF-SIMS can be run in either positive or negative ion mode (or both), and there is no data on which mode of operation is most effective at revealing fingerprints. This study aims to fill these gaps by using ToF-SIMS to image fingerprints deposited on two common exhibit-type surfaces (polyethylene and stainless steel) using 10 donors and ageing fingerprints in either ambient, rainwater, or underground for 1 and 5 months. In all, 120 fingerprints were imaged using ToF-SIMS, and each was run in positive and negative modes. A fingerprint expert compared the fingerprint ridge detail produced by the standard process to the ToF-SIMS images. In over 50% of the samples, ToF-SIMS was shown to improve fingerprint ridge detail visualised by the respective standard process for all surfaces tested. In over 90% of the samples, the ridge detail produced by ToF-SIMS was equivalent to standard development across all different ageing and exposure conditions. The data shows that there is a benefit to running the ToF-SIMS in both positive and negative modes, even if no ridge detail was seen in one mode.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules28155687
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Article ; Online: A trait-based investigation into evergreen woody plants for traffic-related air pollution mitigation over time.

Barwise, Yendle / Kumar, Prashant / Abhijith, K V / Gallagher, John / McNabola, Aonghus / Watts, John F

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 914, Page(s) 169713

Abstract: This study investigated influences of leaf traits on particulate matter (PM) wash-off and (re)capture (i.e., net removal) over time. Leaf samples were taken before and after three rainfall events from a range of 10 evergreen woody plants (including five ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated influences of leaf traits on particulate matter (PM) wash-off and (re)capture (i.e., net removal) over time. Leaf samples were taken before and after three rainfall events from a range of 10 evergreen woody plants (including five different leaf types), which were positioned with an optical particle counter alongside a busy road. Scanning electron microscopy was used to quantify the density (no./mm
MeSH term(s)	Particulate Matter/analysis ; Plants ; Particle Size ; Traffic-Related Pollution ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Air Pollution ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Trees
Chemical Substances	Particulate Matter ; Air Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169713
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Article ; Online: Improving the technological readiness of time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for enhancing fingermark recovery - towards operational deployment.

Charlton, Deborah / Costa, Catia / Trindade, Gustavo F / Hinder, Steve / Watts, John F / Bailey, Melanie J

Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society

2022 Volume 63, Issue 1, Page(s) 9–18

Abstract: The processes routinely used by police forces to visualise fingermarks in casework may not provide sufficient ridge pattern quality to aid an investigation. Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been proposed as a technique to ... ...

Abstract	The processes routinely used by police forces to visualise fingermarks in casework may not provide sufficient ridge pattern quality to aid an investigation. Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been proposed as a technique to enhance fingermark recovery. The technique is currently designated a Category C process in the Fingermark Visualisation Manual (FVM) as it shows potential for effective fingermark visualisation but has not yet been fully evaluated. Here the sensitivity of ToF-SIMS on three common exhibit-type surfaces - paper, polyethylene and stainless-steel was compared to standard processes. An adapted Home Office grading scale was used to evaluate the efficacy of fingerprint development by ToF-SIMS and to provide a framework for comparison with standard processes. ToF-SIMS was shown to visualise more fingerprints than the respective standard process, for all surfaces tested. In addition, ToF-SIMS was applied after the standard processes and successfully enhanced the fingerprint detail, even when the standard process failed to visualise ridge detail. This demonstrates the benefit for incorporating it into current operational fingermark development workflows. Multivariate analysis (MVA), using simsMVA, was additionally explored as a method to simplify the data analysis and image generation process.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Dermatoglyphics ; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion/methods ; Police ; Multivariate Analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1230910-2
ISSN	1876-4452 ; 1355-0306
ISSN (online)	1876-4452
ISSN	1355-0306
DOI	10.1016/j.scijus.2022.10.004
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Article ; Online: Interfacial Chemistry Investigation of Initial Fouling Conditions in Isocyanate Production: The Antifouling Performance of AISI 316L Stainless Steel.

Bevas, Clayton / Abel, Marie-Laure / Jacobs, Ivo / van Oudgaarden, Karin / Watts, John F

ACS omega

2021 Volume 6, Issue 40, Page(s) 25950–25963

Abstract: The fouling of AISI 316L stainless steel during themanufacture of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) has been investigated. Studies have been carried out using a laboratory-based rig that simulates the process chemistry of the production ... ...

Abstract	The fouling of AISI 316L stainless steel during themanufacture of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) has been investigated. Studies have been carried out using a laboratory-based rig that simulates the process chemistry of the production plant. A variety of solution concentrations and treatment times have been employed to represent different stages in the production process. Following exposure, steel coupons have been removed and studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The thickness of the fouling layer, determined by XPS, is found to vary inversely with exposure time and solution concentration. This is a result of the solubility of the different pMDI derivatives that have been formed at different stages, and a reaction scheme is developed to explain these inverse relationships. ToF-SIMS indicates the formation of metal chlorides as a result of the initial treatment of the steel in the reaction vessel with hydrogen chloride. Fragment ions characteristic of reacted and unreacted pMDI (at
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2470-1343
ISSN (online)	2470-1343
DOI	10.1021/acsomega.1c02711
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Article: Green infrastructure for air quality improvement in street canyons

Tomson, Mamatha / Kumar, Prashant / Barwise, Yendle / Perez, Pascal / Forehead, Hugh / French, Kristine / Morawska, Lidia / Watts, John F

Environment international. 2021 Jan., v. 146

2021

Abstract: Street canyons are generally highly polluted urban environments due to high traffic emissions and impeded dispersion. Green infrastructure (GI) is one potential passive control system for air pollution in street canyons, yet optimum GI design is ... ...

Abstract	Street canyons are generally highly polluted urban environments due to high traffic emissions and impeded dispersion. Green infrastructure (GI) is one potential passive control system for air pollution in street canyons, yet optimum GI design is currently unclear. This review consolidates findings from previous research on GI in street canyons and assesses the suitability of different GI forms in terms of local air quality improvement. Studies on the effects of various GI options (trees, hedges, green walls, green screens and green roofs) are critically evaluated, findings are synthesised, and possible recommendations are summarised. In addition, various measurement methods used for quantifying the effectiveness of street greening for air pollution reduction are analysed. Finally, we explore the findings of studies that have compared plant species for pollution mitigation. We conclude that the influences of different GI options on air quality in street canyons depend on street canyon geometry, meteorological conditions and vegetation characteristics. Green walls, green screens and green roofs are potentially viable GI options in existing street canyons, where there is typically a lack of available planting space. Particle deposition to leaves is usually quantified by leaf washing experiments or by microscopy imaging techniques, the latter of which indicates size distribution and is more accurate. The pollutant reduction capacity of a plant species largely depends on its macromorphology in relation to the physical environment. Certain micromorphological leaf traits also positively correlate with deposition, including grooves, ridges, trichomes, stomatal density and epicuticular wax amount. The complexity of street canyon environments and the limited number of previous studies on novel forms of GI in street canyons mean that offering specific recommendations is currently unfeasible. This review highlights a need for further research, particularly on green walls and green screens, to substantiate their efficacy and investigate technical considerations.
Keywords	air pollution ; air quality ; environment ; epicuticular wax ; geometry ; leaves ; microscopy ; pollutants ; pollution control ; traffic ; trichomes ; vegetation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2020.106288
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Article ; Online: Unraveling the Degradation Pathway of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells Based on ISOS-D-1 Protocol.

Li, Bowei / Deng, Jun / Jayawardena, K D G Imalka / Liu, Xueping / Xiang, Yuren / Ren, Aobo / Oluwabi, Abayomi Titilope / Hinder, Steven / Putland, Benjamin / Watts, John F / Li, Hui / Du, Shixuan / Silva, S Ravi P / Zhang, Wei

Small methods

2023 Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) e2300223

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown rapid development recently, whereas nonideal stability remains the chief obstacle toward commercialization. Thus, it is of utmost importance to probe the degradation pathway for the entire device. Here, the ... ...

Abstract	Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown rapid development recently, whereas nonideal stability remains the chief obstacle toward commercialization. Thus, it is of utmost importance to probe the degradation pathway for the entire device. Here, the extrinsic stability of inverted PSCs (IPSCs) is investigated by using standard shelf-life testing based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability protocols (ISOS-D-1). During the long-term assessment of 1700 h, the degraded power conversion efficiency is mainly caused by the fill factor (53% retention) and short-circuit current density (71% retention), while the open-circuit voltage still maintains 97% of the initial values. Further absorbance evolution and density functional theory calculations disclose that the perovskite rear-contact side, in particular for the perovskite/fullerene interface, is the predominant degradation pathway. This study contributes to understanding the aging mechanism and enhancing the durability of IPSCs for future applications.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-17
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2366-9608
ISSN (online)	2366-9608
DOI	10.1002/smtd.202300223
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Article ; Online: Solvent Treatment of Wet-Spun PEDOT: PSS Fibers for Fiber-Based Wearable pH Sensing.

Reid, Daniel O / Smith, Rachel E / Garcia-Torres, Jose / Watts, John F / Crean, Carol

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2019 Volume 19, Issue 19

Abstract: There is a growing desire for wearable sensors in health applications. Fibers are inherently flexible and as such can be used as the electrodes of flexible sensors. Fiber-based electrodes are an ideal format to allow incorporation into fabrics and ... ...

Abstract	There is a growing desire for wearable sensors in health applications. Fibers are inherently flexible and as such can be used as the electrodes of flexible sensors. Fiber-based electrodes are an ideal format to allow incorporation into fabrics and clothing and for use in wearable devices. Electrically conducting fibers were produced from a dispersion of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). Fibers were wet spun from two PEDOT: PSS sources, in three fiber diameters. The effect of three different chemical treatments on the fibers were investigated and compared. Short 5 min treatment times with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on 20 μm fibers produced from Clevios PH1000 were found to produce the best overall treatment. Up to a six-fold increase in electrical conductivity was achieved, reaching 800 S cm
MeSH term(s)	Dimethyl Sulfoxide/chemistry ; Electric Conductivity ; Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation ; Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; Electrodes ; Formates/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Polystyrenes/chemistry ; Solvents/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Sulfuric Acids/chemistry ; Tensile Strength ; Thiophenes/chemistry ; Wearable Electronic Devices
Chemical Substances	Formates ; Polystyrenes ; Solvents ; Sulfuric Acids ; Thiophenes ; poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) ; formic acid (0YIW783RG1) ; sulfuric acid (O40UQP6WCF) ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide (YOW8V9698H)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s19194213
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