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Article ; Online: Revealing uncertainty in the status of biodiversity change.

Johnson, T F / Beckerman, A P / Childs, D Z / Webb, T J / Evans, K L / Griffiths, C A / Capdevila, P / Clements, C F / Besson, M / Gregory, R D / Thomas, G H / Delmas, E / Freckleton, R P

Nature

2024 Volume 628, Issue 8009, Page(s) 788–794

Abstract: Biodiversity faces unprecedented threats from rapid global ... ...

Abstract	Biodiversity faces unprecedented threats from rapid global change
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; Datasets as Topic ; Phylogeny ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Time Factors ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	120714-3
ISSN	1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
ISSN (online)	1476-4687
ISSN	0028-0836
DOI	10.1038/s41586-024-07236-z
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Zs.A 26: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Technique for inferring angle change as a function of time for high-current electron beams using a dose-rate monitor array.

Renk, T J / Weber, B V / Rittersdorf, I M / Webb, T J

The Review of scientific instruments

2019 Volume 90, Issue 11, Page(s) 114709

Abstract: Intense electron beams striking a high-atomic number target produce high-output pulsed photon fluxes for flash x-ray experiments. Without an external guide field, such beams are subject to the dynamics of high-current electron beam propagation, including ...

Abstract	Intense electron beams striking a high-atomic number target produce high-output pulsed photon fluxes for flash x-ray experiments. Without an external guide field, such beams are subject to the dynamics of high-current electron beam propagation, including changes to electron trajectories either from self-fields or from development of beam instabilities. The bremsstrahlung output (dose-rate) scales approximately as IV
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/1.5110413
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Article ; Online: A generalized approach to x-ray data modeling for high-energy-density plasma experiments.

Nagayama, T / Schaeuble, M A / Fein, J R / Loisel, G P / Wu, M / Mayes, D C / Hansen, S B / Knapp, P F / Webb, T J / Schwarz, J / Vesey, R A

The Review of scientific instruments

2023 Volume 94, Issue 5

Abstract: Accurate understanding of x-ray diagnostics is crucial for both interpreting high-energy-density experiments and testing simulations through quantitative comparisons. X-ray diagnostic models are complex. Past treatments of individual x-ray diagnostics on ...

Abstract	Accurate understanding of x-ray diagnostics is crucial for both interpreting high-energy-density experiments and testing simulations through quantitative comparisons. X-ray diagnostic models are complex. Past treatments of individual x-ray diagnostics on a case-by-case basis have hindered universal diagnostic understanding. Here, we derive a general formula for modeling the absolute response of non-focusing x-ray diagnostics, such as x-ray imagers, one-dimensional space-resolved spectrometers, and x-ray power diagnostics. The present model is useful for both data modeling and data processing. It naturally accounts for the x-ray crystal broadening. The new model verifies that standard approaches for a crystal response can be good approximations, but they can underestimate the total reflectivity and overestimate spectral resolving power by more than a factor of 2 in some cases near reflectivity edge features. We also find that a frequently used, simplified-crystal-response approximation for processing spectral data can introduce an absolute error of more than an order of magnitude and the relative spectral radiance error of a factor of 3. The present model is derived with straightforward geometric arguments. It is more general and is recommended for developing a unified picture and providing consistent treatment over multiple x-ray diagnostics. Such consistency is crucial for reliable multi-objective data analyses.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0128811
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Article: On the Free Energy of Hydration of Ions.

Webb, T J

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2002 Volume 12, Issue 8, Page(s) 524–529

Language	English
Publishing date	2002-09-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.12.8.524
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Article ; Online: Radiation, optical, power flow, and electrical diagnostics at the Z facility: Layout and techniques utilized to operate in the harsh environment.

Webb, T J / Bliss, D E / Chandler, G A / Dolan, D H / Dunham, G / Edens, A / Harding, E / Johnston, M D / Jones, M C / Langendorf, S / Mangan, M / Maurer, A J / McCoy, C A / Moore, N W / Presura, R / Steiner, A M / Wu, M / Yager-Elorriaga, D A / Yates, K C

The Review of scientific instruments

2023 Volume 94, Issue 3, Page(s) 31102

Abstract: The Z machine is a current driver producing up to 30 MA in 100 ns that utilizes a wide range of diagnostics to assess accelerator performance and target behavior conduct experiments that use the Z target as a source of radiation or high pressures. We ... ...

Abstract	The Z machine is a current driver producing up to 30 MA in 100 ns that utilizes a wide range of diagnostics to assess accelerator performance and target behavior conduct experiments that use the Z target as a source of radiation or high pressures. We review the existing suite of diagnostic systems, including their locations and primary configurations. The diagnostics are grouped in the following categories: pulsed power diagnostics, x-ray power and energy, x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray imaging (including backlighting, power flow, and velocimetry), and nuclear detectors (including neutron activation). We will also briefly summarize the primary imaging detectors we use at Z: image plates, x-ray and visible film, microchannel plates, and the ultrafast x-ray imager. The Z shot produces a harsh environment that interferes with diagnostic operation and data retrieval. We term these detrimental processes "threats" of which only partial quantifications and precise sources are known. We summarize the threats and describe techniques utilized in many of the systems to reduce noise and backgrounds.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0123448
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Article ; Online: Are parental care trade-offs in shorebirds driven by parental investment or sexual selection?

Olson, V A / Webb, T J / Freckleton, R P / Székely, T

Journal of evolutionary biology

2009 Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 672–682

Abstract: Sexual selection, mating systems and parental behaviour are closely linked, although the exact nature of their relationship is controversial. The parental investment hypothesis (PIH) states that parental care disparity drives sexual selection intensity, ... ...

Abstract	Sexual selection, mating systems and parental behaviour are closely linked, although the exact nature of their relationship is controversial. The parental investment hypothesis (PIH) states that parental care disparity drives sexual selection intensity, because the sex providing less care competes for the sex that provides more. In contrast, the sexual selection hypothesis (SSH) asserts that more intense sexual selection on males leads to reduced male parental investment. We tested these hypotheses using directional phylogenetic comparative methods in shorebirds, which have an unusually diverse array of breeding systems. Changes in parental care and sexual selection intensity were tightly correlated, and we carried out three sets of analyses focusing on changes in male behaviour, female behaviour and in either sex. The results from the analyses were consistent with both PIH and SSH, although the patterns in male transition were sensitive to model values. We propose two explanations for these results. First, phylogenetic transitions may be idiosyncratic so that they depend on the ecological circumstances of individual species. Second, transitions in social traits, such as breeding systems, may be rapid and take place in ecological time, so directional phylogenetic methods that work through longer time scales may not infer accurately the timing and direction of all changes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Phylogeny
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1465318-7
ISSN	1420-9101 ; 1010-061X
ISSN (online)	1420-9101
ISSN	1010-061X
DOI	10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01701.x
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Article: Geographic range size and evolutionary age in birds.

Webb, T J / Gaston, K J

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2000 Volume 267, Issue 1455, Page(s) 1843–1850

Abstract: Together with patterns of speciation and extinction, post-speciation transformations in the range sizes of individual species determine the form of contemporary species range-size distributions. However, the methodological problems associated with ... ...

Abstract	Together with patterns of speciation and extinction, post-speciation transformations in the range sizes of individual species determine the form of contemporary species range-size distributions. However, the methodological problems associated with tracking the dynamics of a species' range size over evolutionary time have precluded direct study of such range-size transformations, although indirect evidence has led to several models being proposed describing the form that they might take. Here, we use independently derived molecular data to estimate ages of species in six monophyletic groups of birds, and examine the relationship between species age and global geographic range size. We present strong evidence that avian range sizes are not static over evolutionary time. In addition, it seems that, with the regular exception of certain taxa (for example island endemics and some threatened species), range-size transformations are non-random in birds. In general, range sizes appear to expand relatively rapidly post speciation; subsequently; and perhaps more gradually, they then decline as species age. We discuss these results with reference to the various models of range-size dynamics that have been proposed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/classification ; Birds/genetics ; Birds/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-09-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0962-8452 ; 0080-4649 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0962-8452 ; 0080-4649 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2000.1219
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Zs.A 1364: Show issues

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Article: Direct manipulation of insect reproduction by agents of parasite origin

Webb, T.J / Hurd, H

Proceedings. Biological sciences / Aug 7, 1999. v. 266 (1428)

1999

Keywords	Tenebrio molitor ; Hymenolepis diminuta ; fecundity ; reproduction
Language	English
Dates of publication	1999-0807
Size	p. 1537-1541.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Are parental care trade-offs in shorebirds driven by parental investment or sexual selection?

OLSON, V.A / WEBB, T.J / FRECKLETON, R.P / SZÉKELY, T

Journal of evolutionary biology. 2009 Apr., v. 22, no. 4

2009

Abstract	Sexual selection, mating systems and parental behaviour are closely linked, although the exact nature of their relationship is controversial. The parental investment hypothesis (PIH) states that parental care disparity drives sexual selection intensity, because the sex providing less care competes for the sex that provides more. In contrast, the sexual selection hypothesis (SSH) asserts that more intense sexual selection on males leads to reduced male parental investment. We tested these hypotheses using directional phylogenetic comparative methods in shorebirds, which have an unusually diverse array of breeding systems. Changes in parental care and sexual selection intensity were tightly correlated, and we carried out three sets of analyses focusing on changes in male behaviour, female behaviour and in either sex. The results from the analyses were consistent with both PIH and SSH, although the patterns in male transition were sensitive to model values. We propose two explanations for these results. First, phylogenetic transitions may be idiosyncratic so that they depend on the ecological circumstances of individual species. Second, transitions in social traits, such as breeding systems, may be rapid and take place in ecological time, so directional phylogenetic methods that work through longer time scales may not infer accurately the timing and direction of all changes.
Keywords	birds ; reproduction ; sexual selection
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-04
Size	p. 672-682.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Publishing place	Oxford, UK
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1465318-7
ISSN	1420-9101 ; 1010-061X
ISSN (online)	1420-9101
ISSN	1010-061X
DOI	10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01701.x
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Article ; Online: Zeeman spectroscopy as a method for determining the magnetic field distribution in self-magnetic-pinch diodes (invited).

Patel, S G / Johnston, M D / Webb, T J / Bennett, N L / Welch, D R / Gilgenbach, R M / Cuneo, M E / Kiefer, M L / Leckbee, J J / Mazarakis, M G / Muron, D J / Renk, T J / Simpson, S C / Doron, R / Biswas, S / Mikitchuk, D / Maron, Y

The Review of scientific instruments

2018 Volume 89, Issue 10, Page(s) 10D123

Abstract: In the self-magnetic-pinch diode, the electron beam, produced through explosive field emission, focuses on the anode surface due to its own magnetic field. This process results in dense plasma formation on the anode surface, consisting primarily of ... ...

Abstract	In the self-magnetic-pinch diode, the electron beam, produced through explosive field emission, focuses on the anode surface due to its own magnetic field. This process results in dense plasma formation on the anode surface, consisting primarily of hydrocarbons. Direct measurements of the beam's current profile are necessary in order to understand the pinch dynamics and to determine x-ray source sizes, which should be minimized in radiographic applications. In this paper, the analysis of the C IV doublet (580.1 and 581.2 nm) line shapes will be discussed. The technique yields estimates of the electron density and electron temperature profiles, and the method can be highly beneficial in providing the current density distribution in such diodes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/1.5039386
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