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Article ; Online: An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles.

Wen, Liang-Saw / Lee, Chih-Ping / Lee, Wen-Huei / Chuang, Alan

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2018 , Issue 134

Abstract: The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), ... ...

Abstract	The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (>153 µm) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 µm) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Particle Size ; Plankton/cytology ; Plankton/metabolism ; Specimen Handling/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Video-Audio Media
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/56811
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies.

Jiann, Kuo-Tung / Wen, Liang-Saw / Santschi, Peter H

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2016 , Issue 113

Abstract: Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple ... ...

Abstract	Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments. This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.
MeSH term(s)	Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Estuaries ; Metals/analysis ; Rivers/chemistry ; Trace Elements/analysis
Chemical Substances	Metals ; Trace Elements
Language	English
Publishing date	2016--01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media
ISSN	1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/54073
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: An ultra-clean multilayer apparatus for collecting size fractionated marine plankton and suspended particles

Wen, Liang-Saw / Lee, Chih-Ping / Lee, Wen-Huei / Chuang, Alan

Journal of visualized experiments. 2018 Apr. 19, , no. 134

2018

Abstract	The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (>153 μm) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 μm) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.
Keywords	aluminum ; cadmium ; chemical analysis ; copper ; diurnal variation ; euphotic zone ; filtration ; inorganic matter ; iron ; manganese ; nickel ; particulates ; plankton ; polypropylenes ; surface water ; time series analysis ; South China Sea ; South East Asia ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0419
Size	p. e56811.
Publishing place	Journal of Visualized Experiments
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/56811
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Clean sampling and analysis of river and estuarine waters for trace metal studies

Jiann, Kuo-Tung / Wen, Liang-Saw / Santschi, Peter H

Journal of visualized experiments. 2016 July 01, , no. 113

2016

Abstract	Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments. This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.
Keywords	aquatic environment ; brackish water ; containers ; data quality ; environmental factors ; rivers ; trace elements
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-0701
Size	p. e54073.
Publishing place	Journal of Visualized Experiments
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/54073
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Distribution and lability of dissolved iron in surface waters of marginal seas in southeastern Asia

Jiann, Kuo-Tung / Wen, Liang-Saw

Estuarine, coastal and shelf science. 2012 Mar. 20, v. 100

2012

Abstract: More than eighty surface water samples from marginal seas in southeastern Asia, including the South China Sea, East China Sea, Western Philippine Sea, and the Taiwan Strait, were collected in order to assess the sources and transport of iron in this ... ...

Abstract	More than eighty surface water samples from marginal seas in southeastern Asia, including the South China Sea, East China Sea, Western Philippine Sea, and the Taiwan Strait, were collected in order to assess the sources and transport of iron in this region. Dissolved Fe (Chelex-labile and total dissolved) concentrations were determined. Additionally, samples were collected from near-shore waters along the west coast of Taiwan during two different seasons and analyzed for potential lability of Fe. Although total dissolved Fe concentrations were, in general, replete in coastal waters and decreasing seaward, the proportions of the dissolved labile (Chelex extractable) and non-labile Fe fractions showed substantial spatial variability. Results from dissolved Fe distributions indicate that Fe in estuarine and coastal regimes forms highly stable non-labile complexes, which are removed quickly, resulting in moderate to low dissolved concentrations offshore. Most of the Fe-replete river plumes contain a large proportion of dissolved non-labile Fe species that also show a low potential ‘bio-reactivity’ and seasonally variable concentrations, making biological production in the coastal and adjacent marginal seas temporally dependent on the potential chemical reactivity of the different Fe fractions in the source waters. Regional flow patterns in the study area led to localized supplies of Fe-enriched waters in the northern Taiwan Strait and southern East China Sea waters.
Keywords	coastal water ; coasts ; iron ; rivers ; surface water ; East China Sea ; Philippine Sea ; South China Sea ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-0320
Size	p. 142-149.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0272-7714
DOI	10.1016/j.ecss.2012.01.006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Distribution and Removal of Silver and Lead in the Nearshore Waters of Western Taiwan

Lee, Cheng-Shiuan / Wei, Ching-Ling / Wen, Liang-Saw / Sheu, David D.-D / Lee, Wen-Huei

Estuaries and coasts. 2013 July, v. 36, no. 4

2013

Abstract: Concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Ag, and Pb in dissolved and particulate phases of the surface water were determined at 15 stations along the coastline off western Taiwan in April of 2007. This study presents the first set of data for Al, Ag, and Pb in the ... ...

Abstract	Concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Ag, and Pb in dissolved and particulate phases of the surface water were determined at 15 stations along the coastline off western Taiwan in April of 2007. This study presents the first set of data for Al, Ag, and Pb in the nearshore waters. Latitudinal distribution of these metals showed that high values were present in the regions affected by high fluvial discharge from the Dan-Sui River and the Cho-Sui River. Using the particle fluxes from ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb disequilibria, the removal fluxes and the residence times of the trace metals were calculated. Based on the K d values, the sequence of particle affinity of trace metals, Fe ~ Al >> Pb > Mn > Ag, was found. The correlation of the residence times and of the partitioning coefficients of multiple metals in the nearshore waters implies that the affinities to the particles determine the geochemical cycling of metals in the coastal water.
Keywords	coastal water ; data collection ; metals ; surface water ; trace elements ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-07
Size	p. 854-865.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2229170-2
ISSN	1559-2731 ; 1559-2723
ISSN (online)	1559-2731
ISSN	1559-2723
DOI	10.1007/s12237-013-9588-1
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Article ; Online: Geochemical behavior of 210Pb and 210Po in the nearshore waters off western Taiwan.

Wei, Ching-Ling / Lin, Shiao-Yu / Wen, Liang-Saw / Sheu, David D-D

Marine pollution bulletin

2012 Volume 64, Issue 2, Page(s) 214–220

Abstract: Dissolved and particulate (210)Pb and (210)Po were determined at 15 stations along the coastline off western Taiwan in April 2007. The (210)Pb activities in dissolved and particulate phases fell within a relatively small range of 2.4-5.2 dpm 100 L(-1) ... ...

Abstract	Dissolved and particulate (210)Pb and (210)Po were determined at 15 stations along the coastline off western Taiwan in April 2007. The (210)Pb activities in dissolved and particulate phases fell within a relatively small range of 2.4-5.2 dpm 100 L(-1) and 1.0-3.2 dpm 100 L(-1), respectively. The dissolved and particulate (210)Po activities also fell within a small range of 0.8-3.4 dpm 100 L(-1) and 1.1-2.9 dpm 100 L(-1), respectively. The correlation of the distribution coefficients (K(d)) of (210)Pb and (210)Po with particle concentration in turbid waters are not as evident as in the open ocean. The mass balance calculation shows that the residence times of (210)Pb and (210)Po with respect to particle removal from the nearshore waters ranges from 3 to 15 days and from 14 to 125 days, respectively. The flux of particulate organic carbon was estimated by (210)Po proxy and ranged from 4.8 to 33.7 mmol-C m(-2) d(-1).
MeSH term(s)	Carbon/analysis ; Carbon/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Lead Radioisotopes/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/chemistry ; Taiwan ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Lead Radioisotopes ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.031
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Article ; Online: Distributions and removal fluxes of trace metals in the water column of the Hung-Tsai Trough off southwestern Taiwan.

Wei, Ching-Ling / Jiann, Kuo-Tung / Wen, Liang-Saw / Sheu, David D-D

Marine pollution bulletin

2012 Volume 64, Issue 6, Page(s) 1122–1128

Abstract: Vertical profiles of dissolved and particulate Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and (234)Th were determined in the Hung-Tsai Trough off southwestern Taiwan during 19-23 November, 2004. Except in the case of Cd, the distribution coefficient (K(d)) of the trace ...

Abstract	Vertical profiles of dissolved and particulate Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and (234)Th were determined in the Hung-Tsai Trough off southwestern Taiwan during 19-23 November, 2004. Except in the case of Cd, the distribution coefficient (K(d)) of the trace elements showed a negative correlation with the suspended particle concentration. Based on the average K(d) values, the general sequence of particle affinities for the eight trace elements is, from highest to lowest, Fe>Mn≈Pb>Zn≈Th>Cd≈Cu≈Ni. The trace metal data was coupled with the particle removal flux estimated from (234)Th/(238)U disequilibrium to investigate metal removal by particle sinking from the euphotic layer. The residence time of trace elements with respect to particle removal from the euphotic layer was estimated. A negative correlation between the residence time and the distribution coefficient for the trace metals was found.
MeSH term(s)	Environmental Monitoring ; Metals/analysis ; Models, Chemical ; Taiwan ; Water Movements ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Metals ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.03.032
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Article ; Online: Removal fluxes of Mn and Fe from the nearshore waters along the west coast of Taiwan.

Wei, Ching-Ling / Jiann, Kuo-Tung / Wen, Liang-Saw / Tsai, Jing-Ru / Sheu, David D

Marine pollution bulletin

2011 Volume 62, Issue 5, Page(s) 1081–1087

Abstract: Dissolved and particulate Mn and Fe in the nearshore waters were determined at 27 stations along the west coast of Taiwan during 19-23 November 2004. The latitudinal distributions of Mn and Fe were very similar; however, the concentration in the ... ...

Abstract	Dissolved and particulate Mn and Fe in the nearshore waters were determined at 27 stations along the west coast of Taiwan during 19-23 November 2004. The latitudinal distributions of Mn and Fe were very similar; however, the concentration in the dissolved phase was lower, whereas that in the particulate phase was higher in the northern regime. The higher percentage of Fe than Mn that was associated with particles resulted in a two-order of magnitude higher particle-water partition coefficient for Fe, K(d)(Fe), than that for Mn, K(d)(Mn). The removal fluxes of Mn and Fe could be estimated by multiplying the particulate (234)Th removal flux with the Mn/(234)Th and Fe/(234)Th ratios in suspended particles, which ranged from 0.1 to 3.8 mmol m(-2) d(-1) for Mn, and from 3.4 to 194.5 mmol m(-2) d(-1) for Fe. Residence times ranged from 1 to 20 days for Mn and Fe were estimated in the nearshore.
MeSH term(s)	Chlorophyll/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Iron/analysis ; Manganese/analysis ; Seawater/chemistry ; Silicates/analysis ; Taiwan ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Silicates ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Chlorophyll (1406-65-1) ; Manganese (42Z2K6ZL8P) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; chlorophyll a (YF5Q9EJC8Y)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.039
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Article: Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of particulate organic matter and biogeochemical processes in the eutrophic Danshuei Estuary in northern Taiwan.

Liu, Kon-Kee / Kao, Shuh-Ji / Wen, Liang-Saw / Chen, Kuan-Lun

The Science of the total environment

2007 Volume 382, Issue 1, Page(s) 103–120

Abstract: The Danshuei Estuary is distinctive for the relatively short residence time (1-2 d) of its estuarine water and the very high concentration of ammonia, which is the dominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the estuary, except near the river ... ...

Abstract	The Danshuei Estuary is distinctive for the relatively short residence time (1-2 d) of its estuarine water and the very high concentration of ammonia, which is the dominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the estuary, except near the river mouth. These characteristics make the dynamics of nitrogen cycling distinctively different from previously studied estuaries and result in unusual isotopic compositions of particulate nitrogen (PN). The delta(15)N(PN) values ranging from -16.4 per thousand to 3.8 per thousand lie in the lower end of nitrogen isotopic compositions (-16.4 to +18.7 per thousand) of suspended particulate matter observed in estuaries, while the delta(13)C values of particulate organic carbon (POC) and the C/N (organic carbon to nitrogen) ratios showed rather normal ranges from -25.5 per thousand to -19.0 per thousand and from 6.0 to 11.3, respectively. There were three major types of particulate organic matter (POM) in the estuary: natural terrigenous materials consisting mainly of soils and bedrock-derived sediments, anthropogenic wastes and autochthonous materials from the aquatic system. During the typhoon induced flood period in August 2000, the flux-weighted mean of delta(13)C(POC) values was -24.4 per thousand, that of delta(15)N(PN) values was +2.3 per thousand and that of C/N ratio was 9.3. During non-typhoon periods, the concentration-weighted mean was -23.6 per thousand for delta(13)C(POC), -2.6 per thousand for delta(15)N(PN) and 8.0 for C/N ratio. From the distribution of delta(15)N(PN) values of highly polluted estuarine waters, we identified the waste-dominated samples and calculated their mean properties: delta(13)C(POC) value of -23.6+/-0.7 per thousand, delta(15)N(PN) value of -3.0+/-0.1 per thousand and C/N ratio of 8.0+/-1.4. Using a three end-member mixing model based on delta(15)N(PN) values and C/N ratios, we calculated contributions of the three major allochthonous sources of POC, namely, wastes, soils and bedrock-derived sediments, to the estuary. Their contributions were, respectively, 83%, 12% and 5% under non-typhoon conditions, and 9%, 63% and 28% under typhoon conditions. The autochthonous POM had the most varied isotopic compositions, encompassing the full ranges of delta(13)C(POC) (-25.5 to -19.1 per thousand), delta(15)N(PN) (-16.4-3.8 per thousand) and C/N ratio (6.0-11.3). The heavy end of the carbon isotopic composition reflected the typical marine condition and the lower end the estuarine condition, which probably had elevated concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon with low delta(13)C values due to input from decomposition of organic matter. The lack of isotopically heavy PN, as found in larger estuaries, was attributed to isotopically light starting materials, namely, anthropogenic wastes, the slow phytoplankton growth within the estuary and the rather short residence time; the latter two factors made (15)N enrichment during ammonia consumption very limited. The most isotopically light PN likely originated from phytoplankton incorporating (15)N-depleted nitrate near the river mouth, where ammonia inhibition of nitrate uptake probably stopped.
MeSH term(s)	Ammonia/chemistry ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Disasters ; Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Particulate Matter/chemistry ; Rivers/chemistry ; Taiwan ; Water/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Carbon Isotopes ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Particulate Matter ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Ammonia (7664-41-7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-08-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.019
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