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  1. Article ; Online: High Expression of TIM 3 and Galectin 9 on Immunohistochemistry Staining of Tumor Specimen at Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients with Ewing Sarcoma.

    Si, Stephanie J / Wertheim, Gerald B / Barrett, David M

    Journal of cancer immunology

    2022  Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 163–176

    Abstract: Significant progress has been made in the advancement of immune system modulation for cancer treatment in recent years. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have demonstrated remarkable clinical ... ...

    Abstract Significant progress has been made in the advancement of immune system modulation for cancer treatment in recent years. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have demonstrated remarkable clinical benefit in relapsed/refractory cancers. However, our understanding of the immuno-oncologic landscape in pediatric solid tumors remains limited and is a barrier to continued progress. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of checkpoint receptors PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 and their respective ligands in various pediatric cancers at diagnosis and found high expression of TIM-3/Galectin-9 in the infiltrating cells of Ewing sarcoma. Location of checkpoint receptor/ligand expressions is important, as some staining patterns were only seen along tumor borders. Finally, peripheral T cell function varied significantly among different tumors supporting a complex relationship between the tumor microenvironment and the global immune system.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2689-968X
    ISSN (online) 2689-968X
    DOI 10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.053
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Maturational dyssynchrony in benign B-cell precursors following lymphocyte depleting chemotherapy: A potential pitfall for B-lymphoblastic leukemia minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) flow cytometry analysis.

    Placek, Alexander / Lockhart, Brian / Miller, Karin P / Wertheim, Gerald B / Maude, Shannon L / Wood, Brent L / Kovach, Alexandra E

    Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry

    2024  Volume 106, Issue 2, Page(s) 138–141

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Flow Cytometry ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid ; Neoplasm, Residual
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2099657-3
    ISSN 1552-4957 ; 1552-4949 ; 0196-4763
    ISSN (online) 1552-4957
    ISSN 1552-4949 ; 0196-4763
    DOI 10.1002/cyto.b.22161
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: NPM1 for MRD? Droplet Like It's Hot!

    Wertheim, Gerald B W / Bagg, Adam

    The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD

    2017  Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 498–501

    Abstract: This commentary highlights the article by Mencia-Trinchant et al that describes a novel digital PCR assay for sensitive detection of minimal residual disease in NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukemia. ...

    Abstract This commentary highlights the article by Mencia-Trinchant et al that describes a novel digital PCR assay for sensitive detection of minimal residual disease in NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukemia.
    MeSH term(s) DNA Mutational Analysis/methods ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics ; Mutation ; Neoplasm, Residual/diagnosis ; Neoplasm, Residual/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
    Chemical Substances Nuclear Proteins ; nucleophosmin (117896-08-9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-06-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2000060-1
    ISSN 1943-7811 ; 1525-1578
    ISSN (online) 1943-7811
    ISSN 1525-1578
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.04.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Condensate-promoting ENL mutation drives tumorigenesis in vivo through dynamic regulation of histone modifications and gene expression.

    Liu, Yiman / Li, Qinglan / Song, Lele / Gong, Chujie / Tang, Sylvia / Budinich, Krista A / Vanderbeck, Ashley / Mathias, Kaeli M / Wertheim, Gerald B / Nguyen, Son C / Outen, Riley / Joyce, Eric F / Maillard, Ivan / Wan, Liling

    Cancer discovery

    2024  

    Abstract: Gain-of-function mutations in the histone acetylation 'reader' ENL, found in AML and Wilms tumor, are known to drive condensate formation and gene activation in cellular systems. However, their role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. Using a conditional ... ...

    Abstract Gain-of-function mutations in the histone acetylation 'reader' ENL, found in AML and Wilms tumor, are known to drive condensate formation and gene activation in cellular systems. However, their role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. Using a conditional knock-in mouse model, we show that mutant ENL perturbs normal hematopoiesis, induces aberrant expansion of myeloid progenitors, and triggers rapid onset of aggressive AML. Mutant ENL alters developmental and inflammatory gene programs in part by remodeling histone modifications. Mutant ENL forms condensates in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells at key leukemogenic genes, and disrupting condensate formation via mutagenesis impairs its chromatin and oncogenic function. Moreover, treatment with an acetyl-binding inhibitor of mutant ENL displaces these condensates from target loci, inhibits mutant ENL-induced chromatin changes, and delays AML initiation and progression in vivo. Our study elucidates the function of ENL mutations in chromatin regulation and tumorigenesis, and demonstrates the potential of targeting pathogenic condensates in cancer treatment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2625242-9
    ISSN 2159-8290 ; 2159-8274
    ISSN (online) 2159-8290
    ISSN 2159-8274
    DOI 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-23-0876
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibition modulates PRC2 and promotes differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia.

    Sung, Pamela J / Selvam, Murugan / Riedel, Simone S / Xie, Hongbo M / Bryant, Katie / Manning, Bryan / Wertheim, Gerald B / Kulej, Katarzyna / Pham, Lucie / Bowman, Robert L / Peresie, Jennifer / Nemeth, Michael J / Levine, Ross L / Garcia, Benjamin A / Meyer, Sara E / Sidoli, Simone / Bernt, Kathrin M / Carroll, Martin

    Leukemia

    2024  Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 291–301

    Abstract: Internal tandem duplication mutations in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) are recurrent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and increase the risk of relapse. Clinical responses to FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) include myeloid differentiation of the FLT3-ITD ... ...

    Abstract Internal tandem duplication mutations in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) are recurrent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and increase the risk of relapse. Clinical responses to FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) include myeloid differentiation of the FLT3-ITD clone in nearly half of patients through an unknown mechanism. We identified enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), as a mediator of this effect using a proteomic-based screen. FLT3i downregulated EZH2 protein expression and PRC2 activity on H3K27me3. FLT3-ITD and loss-of-function mutations in EZH2 are mutually exclusive in human AML. We demonstrated that FLT3i increase myeloid maturation with reduced stem/progenitor cell populations in murine Flt3-ITD AML. Combining EZH1/2 inhibitors with FLT3i increased terminal maturation of leukemic cells and reduced leukemic burden. Our data suggest that reduced EZH2 activity following FLT3 inhibition promotes myeloid differentiation of FLT3-ITD leukemic cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for the clinical observations. These results demonstrate that in addition to its known cell survival and proliferation signaling, FLT3-ITD has a second, previously undefined function to maintain a myeloid stem/progenitor cell state through modulation of PRC2 activity. Our findings support exploring EZH1/2 inhibitors as therapy for FLT3-ITD AML.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/genetics ; Proteomics ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism ; Mutation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (EC 2.1.1.43) ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (EC 2.7.10.1) ; FLT3 protein, human (EC 2.7.10.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 807030-1
    ISSN 1476-5551 ; 0887-6924
    ISSN (online) 1476-5551
    ISSN 0887-6924
    DOI 10.1038/s41375-023-02131-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Cytochemical Staining.

    Paessler, Michele E / Helfrich, Marybeth / Wertheim, Gerald B W

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2017  Volume 1633, Page(s) 19–32

    Abstract: Historically, the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemia involved morphologic review of blasts in the peripheral blood and bone marrow smears and cytochemical staining. Cytochemical stains, which are enzymatic colorimetric reactions that occur in ...

    Abstract Historically, the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemia involved morphologic review of blasts in the peripheral blood and bone marrow smears and cytochemical staining. Cytochemical stains, which are enzymatic colorimetric reactions that occur in the cells of interest, were necessary to assign and confirm myeloid and lymphoid lineage. In the current WHO 2008 Classification of leukemia, immunophenotyping and cytogenetic analysis have largely replaced cytochemical staining in the characterization of acute leukemias. Nonetheless, cytochemical testing remains a useful adjunct assay for the proper classification of acute leukemia in a number of diagnostic settings. This chapter reviews the principles of the most common cytochemical stains, their procedures and guides to interpretation, and results in acute myeloid leukemia.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Immunophenotyping/methods ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/classification ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis ; Staining and Labeling/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-7142-8_2
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  7. Article: Co-Occurrence of Pallister-Killian Syndrome and Burkitt Lymphoma in a Patient with Near-Normal Neurocognitive Development.

    Izumi, Kosuke / Ganetzky, Rebecca D / Wertheim, Gerald B W / Skraban, Cara M / Bedoukian, Emma C / Wilkens, Alisha / Fincher, Christopher / Thomas, Nina H / Ginsberg, Jill P / Rheingold, Susan R / Conlin, Laura K / Deardorff, Matthew A

    Molecular syndromology

    2023  Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 303–309

    Abstract: Background: Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is typically recognized by its features that include developmental delay, seizures, sparse temporal hair, and facial dysmorphisms. PKS is most frequently caused by mosaic supernumerary isochromosome 12p.: ... ...

    Abstract Background: Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is typically recognized by its features that include developmental delay, seizures, sparse temporal hair, and facial dysmorphisms. PKS is most frequently caused by mosaic supernumerary isochromosome 12p.
    Case presentation: Here, we report a patient with PKS who was subsequently diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma. Following the successful treatment of lymphoma, this patient demonstrated very mild intellectual disability despite the diagnosis of PKS, which is usually associated with severe developmental delay.
    Discussion: This is the first reported patient with PKS and a hematologic malignancy. Although there is no significant reported association of tetrasomy 12p with cancer, the co-occurrence of two rare findings in this patient suggests a potential relationship. The localization of
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-05
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2546218-0
    ISSN 1661-8777 ; 1661-8769
    ISSN (online) 1661-8777
    ISSN 1661-8769
    DOI 10.1159/000530197
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  8. Article ; Online: Identification of TP53 germline variants in pediatric patients undergoing tumor testing: strategy and prevalence.

    Luo, Minjie / Wong, Derek / Zelley, Kristin / Wu, Jinhua / Schubert, Jeffery / Denenberg, Elizabeth H / Fanning, Elizabeth A / Chen, Jiani / Gallo, Daniel / Golenberg, Netta / Patel, Maha / Conlin, Laura K / Maxwell, Kara N / Wertheim, Gerald B / Surrey, Lea F / Zhong, Yiming / Brodeur, Garrett M / MacFarland, Suzanne P / Li, Marilyn M

    Journal of the National Cancer Institute

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: TP53 alterations are common in certain pediatric cancers, making identification of putative germline variants through tumor genomic profiling crucial for patient management.: Methods: We analyzed TP53 alterations in 3123 tumors from 2788 ... ...

    Abstract Background: TP53 alterations are common in certain pediatric cancers, making identification of putative germline variants through tumor genomic profiling crucial for patient management.
    Methods: We analyzed TP53 alterations in 3123 tumors from 2788 pediatric patients sequenced using tumor-only or tumor-normal paired panels. Germline confirmatory testing was performed when indicated. Somatic and germline variants were classified following published guidelines.
    Results: In 248 tumors from 222 patients, 284 Tier 1/2 TP53 sequence and small copy number variants were detected. Following germline classification, 73.9% of 142 unique variants were pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP). Confirmatory testing on 118 patients revealed germline TP53 variants in 28 patients (23 P/LP and 5 uncertain significance), suggesting a minimum Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) incidence of 0.8% (23/2788) in this cohort, 10.4% (23/222) in patients with TP53 variant-carrying tumors, and 19.5% (23/118) with available normal samples. About 25% (7/28) of patients with germline TP53 variants did not meet LFS diagnostic/testing criteria while 20.9% (28/134) with confirmed or inferred somatic origins did. TP53 biallelic inactivation occurred in 75% of germline carrier tumors and was also prevalent in other groups, causing an elevated tumor-observed variant allelic fraction (VAF). However, somatic evidence including low VAF correctly identified only 27.8% (25/90) of patients with confirmed somatic TP53 variants.
    Conclusion: The high incidence and variable phenotype of LFS in this cohort highlights the importance of assessing germline status of TP53 variants identified in all pediatric tumors. Without clear somatic evidence, distinguishing somatic from germline origins is challenging. Classifying germline and somatic variants should follow appropriate guidelines.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2992-0
    ISSN 1460-2105 ; 0027-8874 ; 0198-0157
    ISSN (online) 1460-2105
    ISSN 0027-8874 ; 0198-0157
    DOI 10.1093/jnci/djae102
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  9. Article ; Online: Reinfusion of CD19 CAR T cells for relapse prevention and treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

    Myers, Regina M / Devine, Kaitlin / Li, Yimei / Lawrence, Sophie / Leahy, Allison Barz / Liu, Hongyan / Vernau, Lauren / Callahan, Colleen / Baniewicz, Diane / Kadauke, Stephan / McGuire, Regina / Wertheim, Gerald B / Kulikovskaya, Irina / Gonzalez, Vanessa E / Fraietta, Joseph A / DiNofia, Amanda M / Hunger, Stephen P / Rheingold, Susan R / Aplenc, Richard /
    June, Carl H / Grupp, Stephan A / Wray, Lisa / Maude, Shannon L

    Blood advances

    2024  Volume 8, Issue 9, Page(s) 2182–2192

    Abstract: Abstract: Relapse after CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells remains a substantial challenge. Short CAR T-cell persistence contributes to relapse risk, necessitating novel approaches to prolong durability. CAR T-cell reinfusion ...

    Abstract Abstract: Relapse after CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells remains a substantial challenge. Short CAR T-cell persistence contributes to relapse risk, necessitating novel approaches to prolong durability. CAR T-cell reinfusion (CARTr) represents a potential strategy to reduce the risk of or treat relapsed disease after initial CAR T-cell infusion (CARTi). We conducted a retrospective review of reinfusion of murine (CTL019) or humanized (huCART19) anti-CD19/4-1BB CAR T cells across 3 clinical trials or commercial tisagenlecleucel for relapse prevention (peripheral B-cell recovery [BCR] or marrow hematogones ≤6 months after CARTi), minimal residual disease (MRD) or relapse, or nonresponse to CARTi. The primary endpoint was complete response (CR) at day 28 after CARTr, defined as complete remission with B-cell aplasia. Of 262 primary treatments, 81 were followed by ≥1 reinfusion (investigational CTL019, n = 44; huCART19, n = 26; tisagenlecleucel, n = 11), representing 79 patients. Of 63 reinfusions for relapse prevention, 52% achieved CR (BCR, 15/40 [38%]; hematogones, 18/23 [78%]). Lymphodepletion was associated with response to CARTr for BCR (odds ratio [OR], 33.57; P = .015) but not hematogones (OR, 0.30; P = .291). The cumulative incidence of relapse was 29% at 24 months for CR vs 61% for nonresponse to CARTr (P = .259). For MRD/relapse, CR rate to CARTr was 50% (5/10), but 0/8 for nonresponse to CARTi. Toxicity was generally mild, with the only grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome (n = 6) or neurotoxicity (n = 1) observed in MRD/relapse treatment. Reinfusion of CTL019/tisagenlecleucel or huCART19 is safe, may reduce relapse risk in a subset of patients, and can reinduce remission in CD19+ relapse.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Antigens, CD19/immunology ; Antigens, CD19/therapeutic use ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Male ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Infant ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2915908-8
    ISSN 2473-9537 ; 2473-9529
    ISSN (online) 2473-9537
    ISSN 2473-9529
    DOI 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012885
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  10. Article ; Online: Incidental EBV-positivity in paediatric post-transplant specimens demonstrates the need for stringent criteria for diagnosing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

    King, Rebecca L / Paessler, Michele E / Howard, Matthew T / Wertheim, Gerald B

    Journal of clinical pathology

    2017  Volume 70, Issue 3, Page(s) 270–273

    Abstract: Aims: To examine the need for minimal diagnostic criteria for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) in children, we sought to determine the rate of incidental Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positivity in tissues from organ transplant recipients ...

    Abstract Aims: To examine the need for minimal diagnostic criteria for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) in children, we sought to determine the rate of incidental Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positivity in tissues from organ transplant recipients (OTR).
    Methods: EBV in situ hybridisation (ISH) was done retrospectively on tissue from 34 paediatric autopsies of OTR and paediatric tonsillectomy specimens from non-OTR (96) and OTR (6). Patients with a history of PTLD were excluded from both data sets.
    Results: EBV-positivity was found incidentally in 2/34 autopsy cases (5.9%). Median time from transplant to death for all patients was 12.8 months (range 0.1-153 months). Median time between transplant and death in EBV-positive cases was 34 months. EBV was positive in 26/102 tonsils (25%). Among tonsils from OTR, 4/6 (67%) were EBV-positive.
    Conclusions: These findings reinforce the need for strict morphological and clinical criteria, other than EBV-positivity, when diagnosing PTLD in the paediatric population.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidental Findings ; Infant ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/diagnosis ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology ; Male ; Organ Transplantation ; Palatine Tonsil/pathology ; Palatine Tonsil/virology ; Postoperative Complications/diagnosis ; Postoperative Complications/virology ; Pseudolymphoma/diagnosis ; Pseudolymphoma/pathology ; Pseudolymphoma/virology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80261-x
    ISSN 1472-4146 ; 0021-9746
    ISSN (online) 1472-4146
    ISSN 0021-9746
    DOI 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203924
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