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  1. Article ; Online: A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning.

    Oishi, Shigehiro / Westgate, Erin C

    Psychological review

    2021  Volume 129, Issue 4, Page(s) 790–811

    Abstract: Psychological science has typically conceptualized a good life in terms of either hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. We propose that psychological richness is another, neglected aspect of what people consider a good life. Unlike happy or meaningful lives, ...

    Abstract Psychological science has typically conceptualized a good life in terms of either hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. We propose that psychological richness is another, neglected aspect of what people consider a good life. Unlike happy or meaningful lives, psychologically rich lives are best characterized by a variety of interesting and perspective-changing experiences. We present empirical evidence that happiness, meaning, and psychological richness are related but distinct and desirable aspects of a good life, with unique causes and correlates. In doing so, we show that a nontrivial number of people around the world report they would choose a psychologically rich life at the expense of a happy or meaningful life, and that approximately a third say that undoing their life's biggest regret would have made their lives psychologically richer. Furthermore, we propose that the predictors of a psychologically rich life are different from those of a happy life or a meaningful life, and report evidence suggesting that people leading psychologically rich lives tend to be more curious, think more holistically, and lean more politically liberal. Together, this work moves us beyond the dichotomy of hedonic versus eudaimonic well-being, and lays the foundation for the study of psychological richness as another dimension of a good life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Happiness ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209907-x
    ISSN 1939-1471 ; 0033-295X
    ISSN (online) 1939-1471
    ISSN 0033-295X
    DOI 10.1037/rev0000317
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1710: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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  2. Article ; Online: Reading Literary Fiction Is Associated With a More Complex Worldview.

    Buttrick, Nicholas / Westgate, Erin C / Oishi, Shigehiro

    Personality & social psychology bulletin

    2022  Volume 49, Issue 9, Page(s) 1408–1420

    Abstract: What are the effects of reading fiction? We propose that literary fiction alters views of the world through its presentation ... ...

    Abstract What are the effects of reading fiction? We propose that literary fiction alters views of the world through its presentation of
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Reading ; Social Perception ; Narration
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2047603-6
    ISSN 1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
    ISSN (online) 1552-7433
    ISSN 0146-1672
    DOI 10.1177/01461672221106059
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: What Underlies the Opposition to Trans-Inclusive Policies? The Role of Concerns About Male Violence Versus Attitudes Toward Trans People.

    Morgenroth, Thekla / Axt, Jordan R / Westgate, Erin C

    Personality & social psychology bulletin

    2022  Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 533–549

    Abstract: Transgender women's access to women-only spaces is controversial. Arguments against trans-inclusive policies often focus on cisgender women's safety from male violence, despite little evidence to suggest that such policies put cisgender women at risk. ... ...

    Abstract Transgender women's access to women-only spaces is controversial. Arguments against trans-inclusive policies often focus on cisgender women's safety from male violence, despite little evidence to suggest that such policies put cisgender women at risk. Across seven studies using U.S. and U.K. participants (
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Female ; Transgender Persons/psychology ; Attitude ; Violence ; Dissent and Disputes ; Policy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2047603-6
    ISSN 1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
    ISSN (online) 1552-7433
    ISSN 0146-1672
    DOI 10.1177/01461672221137201
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  4. Article ; Online: Boring thoughts and bored minds: The MAC model of boredom and cognitive engagement.

    Westgate, Erin C / Wilson, Timothy D

    Psychological review

    2018  Volume 125, Issue 5, Page(s) 689–713

    Abstract: What is boredom? We review environmental, attentional, and functional theories and present a new model that describes boredom as an affective indicator of unsuccessful attentional engagement in valued goal-congruent activity. According to the Meaning and ...

    Abstract What is boredom? We review environmental, attentional, and functional theories and present a new model that describes boredom as an affective indicator of unsuccessful attentional engagement in valued goal-congruent activity. According to the Meaning and Attentional Components (MAC) model, boredom is the result of (a) an attentional component, namely mismatches between cognitive demands and available mental resources, and (b) a meaning component, namely mismatches between activities and valued goals (or the absence of valued goals altogether). We present empirical support for four novel predictions made by the model: (a) Deficits in attention and meaning each produce boredom independently of the other; (b) there are different profiles of boredom that result from specific deficits in attention and meaning; (c) boredom results from two types of attentional deficits, understimulation and overstimulation; and (d) the model explains not only when and why people become bored with external activities, but also when and why people become bored with their own thoughts. We discuss further implications of the model, such as when boredom motivates people to seek interesting versus enjoyable activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Boredom ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Motivation/physiology ; Thinking/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 209907-x
    ISSN 1939-1471 ; 0033-295X
    ISSN (online) 1939-1471
    ISSN 0033-295X
    DOI 10.1037/rev0000097
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1710: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  5. Article ; Online: I enjoy hurting my classmates: On the relation of boredom and sadism in schools.

    Pfattheicher, Stefan / Lazarević, Ljiljana B / Nielsen, Yngwie Asbjørn / Westgate, Erin C / Krstić, Ksenija / Schindler, Simon

    Journal of school psychology

    2022  Volume 96, Page(s) 41–56

    Abstract: Schools can be a place of both love and of cruelty. We examined one type of cruelty that occurs in the school context: sadism, that is, harming others for pleasure. Primarily, we proposed and tested whether boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence ... ...

    Abstract Schools can be a place of both love and of cruelty. We examined one type of cruelty that occurs in the school context: sadism, that is, harming others for pleasure. Primarily, we proposed and tested whether boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence of sadistic actions at school. In two well-powered studies (N = 1038; student age range = 10-18 years) using both self- and peer-reports of students' boredom levels and their sadistic tendencies, we first document that sadistic behavior occurs at school, although at a low level. We further show that those students who are more often bored at school are more likely to engage in sadistic actions (overall r = .36, 95% CI [0.24, 0.49]). In sum, the present work contributes to a better understanding of sadism in schools and points to boredom as one potential motivator. We discuss how reducing boredom might help to prevent sadistic tendencies at schools.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Boredom ; Sadism ; Schools ; Students ; Peer Group
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2007811-0
    ISSN 1873-3506 ; 0022-4405
    ISSN (online) 1873-3506
    ISSN 0022-4405
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsp.2022.10.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Implicit Transgender Attitudes Independently Predict Beliefs About Gender and Transgender People.

    Axt, Jordan R / Conway, Morgan A / Westgate, Erin C / Buttrick, Nicholas R

    Personality & social psychology bulletin

    2020  Volume 47, Issue 2, Page(s) 257–274

    Abstract: Surprisingly little is known about transgender attitudes, partly due to a need for improved measures of beliefs about transgender people. Four studies introduce a novel Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing implicit attitudes toward transgender ... ...

    Abstract Surprisingly little is known about transgender attitudes, partly due to a need for improved measures of beliefs about transgender people. Four studies introduce a novel Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing implicit attitudes toward transgender people. Study 1 (
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Attitude ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Male ; Transgender Persons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2047603-6
    ISSN 1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
    ISSN (online) 1552-7433
    ISSN 0146-1672
    DOI 10.1177/0146167220921065
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: On the relation of boredom and sadistic aggression.

    Pfattheicher, Stefan / Lazarević, Ljiljana B / Westgate, Erin C / Schindler, Simon

    Journal of personality and social psychology

    2020  Volume 121, Issue 3, Page(s) 573–600

    Abstract: What gives rise to sadism? While sadistic behavior (i.e., harming others for pleasure) is well-documented, past empirical research is nearly silent regarding the psychological factors behind it. We help close this gap by suggesting that boredom plays a ... ...

    Abstract What gives rise to sadism? While sadistic behavior (i.e., harming others for pleasure) is well-documented, past empirical research is nearly silent regarding the psychological factors behind it. We help close this gap by suggesting that boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence of sadistic tendencies. Across 9 diverse studies, we provide correlational and experimental evidence for a link between boredom and sadism. We demonstrate that sadistic tendencies are more pronounced among people who report chronic proneness to boredom in everyday life (Studies 1A-1F,
    MeSH term(s) Aggression ; Boredom ; Humans ; Personality ; Pleasure ; Sadism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3103-3
    ISSN 1939-1315 ; 0022-3514
    ISSN (online) 1939-1315
    ISSN 0022-3514
    DOI 10.1037/pspi0000335
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1451: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  8. Article ; Online: What makes thinking for pleasure pleasurable?

    Westgate, Erin C / Wilson, Timothy D / Buttrick, Nicholas R / Furrer, Rémy A / Gilbert, Daniel T

    Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 5, Page(s) 981–989

    Abstract: When left to their own devices, people could choose to enjoy their own thoughts. But recent work suggests they do not. When given the freedom, people do not spontaneously choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to concentrate ... ...

    Abstract When left to their own devices, people could choose to enjoy their own thoughts. But recent work suggests they do not. When given the freedom, people do not spontaneously choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to concentrate successfully. Moreover, people find it somewhat boring and much less enjoyable than other solitary activities. One reason for this is that people may not know how to think for pleasure. Specifically, they may not know what to think about to make this both a meaningful and pleasant experience. We tested this prediction in two preregistered studies, by providing specific examples of meaningful topics (Study 1) or instructing participants to think "meaningful" thoughts (Study 2). Although providing specific examples of meaningful topics boosted how meaningful and enjoyable people found thinking for pleasure (Study 1), asking people to think "meaningful" thoughts (as compared with pleasurable ones) did not, because some of the meaningful topics people thought about were negative (Study 2). In order for thinking for pleasure to be pleasurable, people need to focus on topics that are both meaningful and positive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Emotions ; Humans ; Pleasure
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2102391-8
    ISSN 1931-1516 ; 1528-3542
    ISSN (online) 1931-1516
    ISSN 1528-3542
    DOI 10.1037/emo0000941
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: I enjoy hurting my classmates

    Pfattheicher, Stefan / Lazarevic, Ljiljana B. / Nielsen, Yngwie Asbjorn / Westgate, Erin C. / Krstic, Ksenija / Schindler, Simon

    Journal of School Psychology

    On the relation of boredom and sadism in schools

    2023  Volume 96, Page(s) 41–56

    Abstract: Schools can be a place of both love and of cruelty. We examined one type of cruelty that occurs in the school context: sadism, that is, harming others for pleasure. Primarily, we proposed and tested whether boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence ... ...

    Title translation Ich genieße es, meinen Mitschülern wehzutun: Über das Verhältnis von Langeweile und Sadismus in der Schule (DeepL)
    Abstract Schools can be a place of both love and of cruelty. We examined one type of cruelty that occurs in the school context: sadism, that is, harming others for pleasure. Primarily, we proposed and tested whether boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence of sadistic actions at school. In two well-powered studies (N = 1038; student age range = 10-18 years) using both self-and peer-reports of students' boredom levels and their sadistic tendencies, we first document that sadistic behavior occurs at school, although at a low level. We further show that those students who are more often bored at school are more likely to engage in sadistic actions (overall r = .36, 95% CI [0.24, 0.49]). In sum, the present work contributes to a better understanding of sadism in schools and points to boredom as one potential motivator. We discuss how reducing boredom might help to prevent sadistic tendencies at schools.
    Keywords Aggressionsverhalten ; Aggressive Behavior ; Boredom ; Bullying ; Classroom Environment ; Cruelty ; Eigenschaften (Schülerinnen-, Schüler- und Studierende) ; Grausamkeit ; Langeweile ; Mobbing ; Peer Relations ; Peer-Beziehungen ; Personality Traits ; Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ; Sadism ; Sadismus ; Schulklassenumwelt ; Schülerinnen, Schüler und Studierende ; Student Characteristics ; Students
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2007811-0
    ISSN 1873-3506 ; 0022-4405
    ISSN (online) 1873-3506
    ISSN 0022-4405
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsp.2022.10.008
    Database PSYNDEX

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  10. Article ; Online: With a little help for our thoughts: Making it easier to think for pleasure.

    Westgate, Erin C / Wilson, Timothy D / Gilbert, Daniel T

    Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

    2017  Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) 828–839

    Abstract: Can people enjoy thinking if they set their mind to it? Previous work suggests that many people do not enjoy the deliberate attempt to have pleasurable thoughts. We suggest that deliberately thinking for pleasure requires mental resources that people are ...

    Abstract Can people enjoy thinking if they set their mind to it? Previous work suggests that many people do not enjoy the deliberate attempt to have pleasurable thoughts. We suggest that deliberately thinking for pleasure requires mental resources that people are either unwilling or unable to devote to the task. If so, then people should enjoy pleasant thoughts that occur unintentionally more than pleasant thoughts that occur intentionally. This hypothesis was confirmed in an experience sampling study (Study 1) in which participants were contacted 4 times a day for 7 days and asked to rate what they had been thinking about. In Studies 2-5 we experimentally manipulated how easy it was for people to engage in pleasurable thought when given the goal of doing so. All participants listed topics they would enjoy thinking about; then some were given a simple "thinking aid" that was designed to make this experience easier. Participants who received the aid found the experience easier and enjoyed it more. The findings suggest that thinking for pleasure is cognitively demanding, but that a simple thinking aid makes it easier and more enjoyable. (PsycINFO Database Record
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2102391-8
    ISSN 1931-1516 ; 1528-3542
    ISSN (online) 1931-1516
    ISSN 1528-3542
    DOI 10.1037/emo0000278
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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