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  1. Article ; Online: Why is knowledge faster than (true) belief?

    Westra, Evan

    The Behavioral and brain sciences

    2021  Volume 44, Page(s) e175

    Abstract: Phillips and colleagues convincingly argue that knowledge attribution is a faster, more automatic form of mindreading than belief attribution. However, they do not explain what it is about knowledge attribution that lends it this cognitive advantage. I ... ...

    Abstract Phillips and colleagues convincingly argue that knowledge attribution is a faster, more automatic form of mindreading than belief attribution. However, they do not explain what it is about knowledge attribution that lends it this cognitive advantage. I suggest an explanation of the knowledge-attribution advantage that would also help to distinguish it from belief-based and minimalist alternatives.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Knowledge ; Social Perception
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 423721-3
    ISSN 1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
    ISSN (online) 1469-1825
    ISSN 0140-525X
    DOI 10.1017/S0140525X20001399
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1470: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Rule-ish Patterns in the Psychology of Norms.

    Westra, Evan / Andrews, Kristin

    Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 67–68

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2224911-4
    ISSN 1745-6924 ; 1745-6916
    ISSN (online) 1745-6924
    ISSN 1745-6916
    DOI 10.1177/17456916231187410
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  3. Article ; Online: Human and nonhuman norms: a dimensional framework.

    Andrews, Kristin / Fitzpatrick, Simon / Westra, Evan

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2024  Volume 379, Issue 1897, Page(s) 20230026

    Abstract: Human communities teem with a variety of social norms. In order to change unjust and harmful social norms, it is crucial to identify the psychological processes that give rise to them. Most researchers take it for granted that social norms are uniquely ... ...

    Abstract Human communities teem with a variety of social norms. In order to change unjust and harmful social norms, it is crucial to identify the psychological processes that give rise to them. Most researchers take it for granted that social norms are uniquely human. By contrast, we approach this matter from a comparative perspective, leveraging recent research on animal social behaviour. While there is currently only suggestive evidence for norms in nonhuman communities, we argue that human social norms are likely produced by a wide range of mechanisms, many of which we share with nonhuman animals. Approaching this variability from a comparative perspective can help norm researchers expand and reframe the range of hypotheses they test when attempting to understand the causes of socially normative behaviours in humans. First, we diagnose some of the theoretical obstacles to developing a comparative science of social norms, and offer a few basic constructs and distinctions to help norm researchers overcome these obstacles. Then we develop a six-dimensional model of the psychological and social factors that contribute to variability in both human and potential nonhuman norms. This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences'.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Social Behavior ; Social Norms ; Behavior, Animal
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2023.0026
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Einzelsignatur: Show issues

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  4. Article ; Online: Mindreading in conversation.

    Westra, Evan / Nagel, Jennifer

    Cognition

    2021  Volume 210, Page(s) 104618

    Abstract: How is human social intelligence engaged in the course of ordinary conversation? Standard models of conversation hold that language production and comprehension are guided by constant, rapid inferences about what other agents have in mind. However, the ... ...

    Abstract How is human social intelligence engaged in the course of ordinary conversation? Standard models of conversation hold that language production and comprehension are guided by constant, rapid inferences about what other agents have in mind. However, the idea that mindreading is a pervasive feature of conversation is challenged by a large body of evidence suggesting that mental state attribution is slow and taxing, at least when it deals with propositional attitudes such as beliefs. Belief attributions involve contents that are decoupled from our own primary representation of reality; handling these contents has come to be seen as the signature of full-blown human mindreading. However, mindreading in cooperative communication does not necessarily demand decoupling. We argue for a theoretical and empirical turn towards "factive" forms of mentalizing here. In factive mentalizing, we monitor what others do or do not know, without generating decoupled representations. We propose a model of the representational, cognitive, and interactive components of factive mentalizing, a model that aims to explain efficient real-time monitoring of epistemic states in conversation. After laying out this account, we articulate a more limited set of conversational functions for nonfactive forms of mentalizing, including contexts of meta-linguistic repair, deception, and argumentation. We conclude with suggestions for further research into the roles played by factive versus nonfactive forms of mentalizing in conversation.
    MeSH term(s) Comprehension ; Humans ; Language ; Mentalization ; Social Perception
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1499940-7
    ISSN 1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
    ISSN (online) 1873-7838
    ISSN 0010-0277
    DOI 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104618
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  5. Article ; Online: Pragmatic development explains the Theory-of-Mind Scale.

    Westra, Evan / Carruthers, Peter

    Cognition

    2017  Volume 158, Page(s) 165–176

    Abstract: Henry Wellman and colleagues have provided evidence of a robust developmental progression in theory-of-mind (or as we will say, "mindreading") abilities, using verbal tasks. Understanding diverse desires is said to be easier than understanding diverse ... ...

    Abstract Henry Wellman and colleagues have provided evidence of a robust developmental progression in theory-of-mind (or as we will say, "mindreading") abilities, using verbal tasks. Understanding diverse desires is said to be easier than understanding diverse beliefs, which is easier than understanding that lack of perceptual access issues in ignorance, which is easier than understanding false belief, which is easier than understanding that people can hide their true emotions. These findings present a challenge to nativists about mindreading, and are said to support a social-constructivist account of mindreading development instead. This article takes up the challenge on behalf of nativism. Our goal is to show that the mindreading-scale findings fail to support constructivism because well-motivated alternative hypotheses have not yet been controlled for and ruled out. These have to do with the pragmatic demands of verbal tasks.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Child Development ; Cognition ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Psychology, Child ; Social Perception ; Theory of Mind
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1499940-7
    ISSN 1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
    ISSN (online) 1873-7838
    ISSN 0010-0277
    DOI 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.021
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  6. Article ; Online: In search of animal normativity: a framework for studying social norms in non-human animals.

    Westra, Evan / Fitzpatrick, Simon / Brosnan, Sarah F / Gruber, Thibaud / Hobaiter, Catherine / Hopper, Lydia M / Kelly, Daniel / Krupenye, Christopher / Luncz, Lydia V / Theriault, Jordan / Andrews, Kristin

    Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

    2024  Volume 99, Issue 3, Page(s) 1058–1074

    Abstract: Social norms - rules governing which behaviours are deemed appropriate or inappropriate within a given community - are typically taken to be uniquely human. Recently, this position has been challenged by a number of philosophers, cognitive scientists, ... ...

    Abstract Social norms - rules governing which behaviours are deemed appropriate or inappropriate within a given community - are typically taken to be uniquely human. Recently, this position has been challenged by a number of philosophers, cognitive scientists, and ethologists, who have suggested that social norms may also be found in certain non-human animal communities. Such claims have elicited considerable scepticism from norm cognition researchers, who doubt that any non-human animals possess the psychological capacities necessary for normative cognition. However, there is little agreement among these researchers about what these psychological prerequisites are. This makes empirical study of animal social norms difficult, since it is not clear what we are looking for and thus what should count as behavioural evidence for the presence (or absence) of social norms in animals. To break this impasse, we offer an approach that moves beyond contested psychological criteria for social norms. This approach is inspired by the animal culture research program, which has made a similar shift away from heavily psychological definitions of 'culture' to become organised around a cluster of more empirically tractable concepts of culture. Here, we propose an analogous set of constructs built around the core notion of a normative regularity, which we define as a socially maintained pattern of behavioural conformity within a community. We suggest methods for studying potential normative regularities in wild and captive primates. We also discuss the broader scientific and philosophical implications of this research program with respect to questions of human uniqueness, animal welfare and conservation.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Social Norms ; Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1423558-4
    ISSN 1469-185X ; 0006-3231 ; 1464-7931
    ISSN (online) 1469-185X
    ISSN 0006-3231 ; 1464-7931
    DOI 10.1111/brv.13056
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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 71/734: Show issues

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  7. Article ; Online: Beyond avatars and arrows: Testing the mentalising and submentalising hypotheses with a novel entity paradigm.

    Westra, Evan / Terrizzi, Brandon F / van Baal, Simon T / Beier, Jonathan S / Michael, John

    Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

    2021  Volume 74, Issue 10, Page(s) 1709–1723

    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a heated debate about how to interpret findings that seem to show that humans rapidly and automatically calculate the visual perspectives of others. In this study, we investigated the question of whether automatic ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, there has been a heated debate about how to interpret findings that seem to show that humans rapidly and automatically calculate the visual perspectives of others. In this study, we investigated the question of whether automatic interference effects found in the dot-perspective task are the product of domain-specific perspective-taking processes or of domain-general "submentalising" processes. Previous attempts to address this question have done so by implementing inanimate controls, such as arrows, as stimuli. The rationale for this is that submentalising processes that respond to directionality should be engaged by such stimuli, whereas domain-specific perspective-taking mechanisms, if they exist, should not. These previous attempts have been limited, however, by the
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Theory of Mind
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219170-2
    ISSN 1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    ISSN (online) 1747-0226
    ISSN 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    DOI 10.1177/17470218211007388
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1109: Show issues Location:
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