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Article ; Online: Impact of Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol Volatility on Smoke Concentrations Downwind of Fires.

Pagonis, Demetrios / Selimovic, Vanessa / Campuzano-Jost, Pedro / Guo, Hongyu / Day, Douglas A / Schueneman, Melinda K / Nault, Benjamin A / Coggon, Matthew M / DiGangi, Joshua P / Diskin, Glenn S / Fortner, Edward C / Gargulinski, Emily M / Gkatzelis, Georgios I / Hair, Johnathan W / Herndon, Scott C / Holmes, Christopher D / Katich, Joseph M / Nowak, John B / Perring, Anne E /

Saide, Pablo / Shingler, Taylor J / Soja, Amber J / Thapa, Laura H / Warneke, Carsten / Wiggins, Elizabeth B / Wisthaler, Armin / Yacovitch, Tara I / Yokelson, Robert J / Jimenez, Jose L

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 44, Page(s) 17011–17021

Abstract: Biomass burning particulate matter (BBPM) affects regional air quality and global climate, with impacts expected to continue to grow over the coming years. We show that studies of North American fires have a systematic altitude dependence in measured ... ...

Abstract	Biomass burning particulate matter (BBPM) affects regional air quality and global climate, with impacts expected to continue to grow over the coming years. We show that studies of North American fires have a systematic altitude dependence in measured BBPM normalized excess mixing ratio (NEMR; ΔPM/ΔCO), with airborne and high-altitude studies showing a factor of 2 higher NEMR than ground-based measurements. We report direct airborne measurements of BBPM volatility that partially explain the difference in the BBPM NEMR observed across platforms. We find that when heated to 40-45 °C in an airborne thermal denuder, 19% of lofted smoke PM
MeSH term(s)	Smoke/analysis ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Biomass ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Fires ; Aerosols/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
Chemical Substances	Smoke ; Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c05017
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Measurement report

Tomsche, Laura / Piel, Felix / Mikoviny, Tomas / Nielsen, Claus J. / Guo, Hongyu / Campuzano-Jost, Pedro / Nault, Benjamin A. / Schueneman, Melinda K. / Jimenez, Jose L. / Halliday, Hannah / Diskin, Glenn S. / DiGangi, Joshua P. / Nowak, John B. / Wiggins, Elizabeth B. / Gargulinski, Emily / Soja, Amber J. / Wisthaler, Armin

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Emission factors of NH3 and NHx for wildfires and agricultural fires in the United States

2022

Abstract: During the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study, the NASA DC-8 carried out in situ chemical measurements in smoke plumes emitted from wildfires and agricultural fires in the contiguous US. The DC-8 ... ...

Abstract	During the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study, the NASA DC-8 carried out in situ chemical measurements in smoke plumes emitted from wildfires and agricultural fires in the contiguous US. The DC-8 payload included a modified proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) for the fast measurement of gaseous ammonia (NH 3 ) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) for the fast measurement of submicron particulate ammonium (NH 4 + ). We herein report data collected in smoke plumes emitted from six wildfires in the Western US, two prescribed grassland fires in the Central US, one prescribed forest fire in the Southern US, and 66 small agricultural fires in the Southeastern US. Smoke plumes contained double to triple digit ppb levels of NH 3 . In the wildfire plumes, a significant fraction of NH 3 had already been converted to NH 4 + at the time of sampling (≥2 h after emission). Substantial amounts of NH 4 + were also detected in freshly emitted smoke from corn and rice field fires. We herein present a comprehensive set of emission factors of NH 3 and NH x , with NH x = NH 3 + NH 4 + . Average NH 3 and NH x emission factors for wildfires in the Western US were 1.86 ± 0.75 g kg -1 of fuel burned and 2.47 ± 0.80 g kg -1 , respectively. Average NH 3 and NH x emission factors for agricultural fires in the Southeastern US were 0.89 ± 0.58 g kg -1 and 1.74 ± 0.92 g kg -1 , respectively. Our data show no clear inverse correlation between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and NH 3 emissions. Importantly, we found that NH 3 emissions in ambient sampling were significantly higher than observed in previous laboratory experiments with similar fuel types.
Subject code	333 ; 290
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Boreal forest fire CO and CH4 emission factors derived from tower observations in Alaska during the extreme fire season of 2015

Wiggins, Elizabeth B. / Andrews, Arlyn / Sweeney, Colm / Miller, John B. / Miller, Charles E. / Veraverbeke, Sander / Commane, Roisin / Wofsy, Steven / Henderson, John M. / Randerson, James T.

eISSN: 1680-7324

2021

Abstract: Recent increases in boreal forest burned area, which have been linked with climate warming, highlight the need to better understand the composition of wildfire emissions and their atmospheric impacts. Here we quantified emission factors for CO and CH 4 ... ...

Abstract	Recent increases in boreal forest burned area, which have been linked with climate warming, highlight the need to better understand the composition of wildfire emissions and their atmospheric impacts. Here we quantified emission factors for CO and CH 4 from a massive regional fire complex in interior Alaska during the summer of 2015 using continuous high-resolution trace gas observations from the Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CRV) tower in Fox, Alaska. Averaged over the 2015 fire season, the mean CO <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="57ee8123d9c9aefcf23d9c7f6463c158"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-8557-2021-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-8557-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> CO 2 emission ratio was 0.142 ± 0.051, and the mean CO emission factor was 127 ± 40 g kg −1 dry biomass burned. The CO <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="880d1b22cfae9b4167ff115d05c6894c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-8557-2021-ie00002.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-8557-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg> CO 2 emission ratio was about 39 % higher than the mean of previous estimates derived from aircraft sampling of wildfires from boreal North America. The mean CH 4 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="6bfc4ae3491d603d986b6e1d0e6866cf"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-8557-2021-ie00003.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-8557-2021-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg> CO 2 emission ratio was 0.010 ± 0.004, and the CH 4 emission factor was 5.3 ± 1.8 g kg −1 dry biomass burned, which are consistent with the mean of previous reports. CO and CH 4 emission ratios varied in synchrony, with higher CH 4 emission factors observed during periods with lower modified combustion efficiency (MCE). By coupling a fire emissions inventory with an atmospheric model, we identified at least 34 individual fires that contributed to trace gas variations measured at the CRV tower, representing a sample size that is nearly the same as the total number of boreal fires measured in all previous field campaigns. The model also indicated that typical mean transit times between trace gas emission within a fire perimeter and tower measurement were 1–3 d, indicating that the time series sampled combustion across day and night burning phases. The high CO emission ratio estimates reported here provide evidence for a prominent role of smoldering combustion and illustrate the importance of continuously sampling fires across time-varying environmental conditions that are representative of a fire season.
Subject code	333 ; 511
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-07
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article: Coupling an online ion conductivity measurement with the particle-into-liquid sampler: Evaluation and modeling using laboratory and field aerosol data.

Crosbie, Ewan / Shook, Michael A / Ziemba, Luke D / Anderson, Bruce E / Braun, Rachel A / Brown, Matthew D / Jordan, Carolyn E / MacDonald, Alexander B / Moore, Richard H / Nowak, John B / Robinson, Claire E / Shingler, Taylor / Sorooshian, Armin / Stahl, Connor / Thornhill, K Lee / Wiggins, Elizabeth B / Winstead, Edward

Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research

2020 Volume 54, Issue 12, Page(s) 1542–1555

Abstract: A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled to a flow-through conductivity cell to provide a continuous, nondestructive, online measurement in support of offline ion chromatography analysis. The conductivity measurement provides a rapid assessment ... ...

Abstract	A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled to a flow-through conductivity cell to provide a continuous, nondestructive, online measurement in support of offline ion chromatography analysis. The conductivity measurement provides a rapid assessment of the total ion concentration augmenting slower batch-sample data from offline analysis and is developed primarily to assist airborne measurements, where fast time-response is essential. A conductivity model was developed for measured ions and excellent closure was derived for laboratory-generated aerosols (97% conductivity explained, R
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0278-6826
ISSN	0278-6826
DOI	10.1080/02786826.2020.1795499
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Article ; Online: Smoke radiocarbon measurements from Indonesian fires provide evidence for burning of millennia-aged peat.

Wiggins, Elizabeth B / Czimczik, Claudia I / Santos, Guaciara M / Chen, Yang / Xu, Xiaomei / Holden, Sandra R / Randerson, James T / Harvey, Charles F / Kai, Fuu Ming / Yu, Liya E

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2018 Volume 115, Issue 49, Page(s) 12419–12424

Abstract: In response to a strong El Niño, fires in Indonesia during September and October 2015 released a large amount of carbon dioxide and created a massive regional smoke cloud that severely degraded air quality in many urban centers across Southeast Asia. ... ...

Abstract	In response to a strong El Niño, fires in Indonesia during September and October 2015 released a large amount of carbon dioxide and created a massive regional smoke cloud that severely degraded air quality in many urban centers across Southeast Asia. Although several lines of evidence indicate that peat burning was a dominant contributor to emissions in the region, El Niñ
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1806003115
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Article: Wildfire Smoke Particle Properties and Evolution, From Space-Based Multi-Angle Imaging II: The Williams Flats Fire during the FIREX-AQ Campaign

Junghenn Noyes, Katherine T / Kahn, Ralph A / Limbacher, James A / Li, Zhanqing / Fenn, Marta A / Giles, David M / Hair, Johnathan W / Katich, Joseph M / Moore, Richard H / Robinson, Claire E / Sanchez, Kevin J / Shingler, Taylor J / Thornhill, Kenneth L / Wiggins, Elizabeth B / Winstead, Edward L

Remote Sensing. 2020 Nov. 21, v. 12, no. 22

2020

Abstract: Although the characteristics of biomass burning events and the ambient ecosystem determine emitted smoke composition, the conditions that modulate the partitioning of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) formation are not well understood, nor are the ...

Abstract	Although the characteristics of biomass burning events and the ambient ecosystem determine emitted smoke composition, the conditions that modulate the partitioning of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) formation are not well understood, nor are the spatial or temporal frequency of factors driving smoke particle evolution, such as hydration, coagulation, and oxidation, all of which impact smoke radiative forcing. In situ data from surface observation sites and aircraft field campaigns offer deep insight into the optical, chemical, and microphysical traits of biomass burning (BB) smoke aerosols, such as single scattering albedo (SSA) and size distribution, but cannot by themselves provide robust statistical characterization of both emitted and evolved particles. Data from the NASA Earth Observing System’s Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument can provide at least a partial picture of BB particle properties and their evolution downwind, once properly validated. Here we use in situ data from the joint NOAA/NASA 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Experiment-Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) field campaign to assess the strengths and limitations of MISR-derived constraints on particle size, shape, light-absorption, and its spectral slope, as well as plume height and associated wind vectors. Based on the satellite observations, we also offer inferences about aging mechanisms effecting downwind particle evolution, such as gravitational settling, oxidation, secondary particle formation, and the combination of particle aggregation and condensational growth. This work builds upon our previous study, adding confidence to our interpretation of the remote-sensing data based on an expanded suite of in situ measurements for validation. The satellite and in situ measurements offer similar characterizations of particle property evolution as a function of smoke age for the 06 August Williams Flats Fire, and most of the key differences in particle size and absorption can be attributed to differences in sampling and changes in the plume geometry between sampling times. Whereas the aircraft data provide validation for the MISR retrievals, the satellite data offer a spatially continuous mapping of particle properties over the plume, which helps identify trends in particle property downwind evolution that are ambiguous in the sparsely sampled aircraft transects. The MISR data record is more than two decades long, offering future opportunities to study regional wildfire plume behavior statistically, where aircraft data are limited or entirely lacking.
Keywords	Earth Observing System ; aerosols ; air pollutants ; particle size ; particle size distribution ; particulates ; remote sensing ; smoke ; spectroradiometers ; wildfires ; wind
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1121
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	golden set
ZDB-ID	2513863-7
ISSN	2072-4292
ISSN	2072-4292
DOI	10.3390/rs12223823
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Multi-campaign ship and aircraft observations of marine cloud condensation nuclei and droplet concentrations.

Sanchez, Kevin J / Painemal, David / Brown, Matthew D / Crosbie, Ewan C / Gallo, Francesca / Hair, Johnathan W / Hostetler, Chris A / Jordan, Carolyn E / Robinson, Claire E / Scarino, Amy Jo / Shingler, Taylor J / Shook, Michael A / Thornhill, Kenneth L / Wiggins, Elizabeth B / Winstead, Edward L / Ziemba, Luke D / Chambers, Scott / Williams, Alastair / Humphries, Ruhi S /

Scientific data

2023 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 471

Abstract: In-situ marine cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and CCN proxies, based on particle sizes and optical properties, are accumulated from seven field campaigns: ACTIVATE; NAAMES; ... ...

Abstract	In-situ marine cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and CCN proxies, based on particle sizes and optical properties, are accumulated from seven field campaigns: ACTIVATE; NAAMES; CAMP
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Dataset ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2775191-0
ISSN	2052-4463 ; 2052-4463
ISSN (online)	2052-4463
ISSN	2052-4463
DOI	10.1038/s41597-023-02372-z
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Article: Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests

Veraverbeke, Sander / Rogers, Brendan M. / Goulden, Mike L. / Jandt, Randi R. / Miller, Charles E. / Wiggins, Elizabeth B. / Randerson, James T.

Nature climate change

2017 Volume 7, Issue 7, Page(s) 529

Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2614383-5
ISSN	1758-678x
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Book ; Online: Airborne extractive electrospray mass spectrometry measurements of the chemical composition of organic aerosol

eISSN: 1867-8548

2021

Abstract: We deployed an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-MS) for airborne measurements of biomass burning aerosol during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study onboard the ... ...

Abstract	We deployed an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-MS) for airborne measurements of biomass burning aerosol during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study onboard the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. Through optimization of the electrospray working solution, active control of the electrospray region pressure, and precise control of electrospray capillary position, we achieved 1 Hz quantitative measurements of aerosol nitrocatechol and levoglucosan concentrations up to pressure altitudes of 7 km. The EESI-MS response to levoglucosan and nitrocatechol was calibrated for each flight, with flight-to-flight calibration variability of 60 % (1 σ ). Laboratory measurements showed no aerosol size dependence in EESI-MS sensitivity below particle geometric diameters of 400 nm, covering 82 % of accumulation-mode aerosol mass during FIREX-AQ. We also present a first in-field intercomparison of EESI-MS with a chemical analysis of aerosol online proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (CHARON PTR-MS) and a high-resolution Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). EESI-MS and CHARON PTR-MS levoglucosan concentrations were well correlated, with a regression slope of 0.94 ( R 2 =0.77 ). AMS levoglucosan-equivalent concentrations and EESI-MS levoglucosan showed a greater difference, with a regression slope of 1.36 ( R 2 =0.96 ), likely indicating the contribution of other compounds to the AMS levoglucosan-equivalent measurement. The total EESI-MS signal showed correlation ( R 2 =0.9 ) with total organic aerosol measured by AMS, and the EESI-MS bulk organic aerosol sensitivity was 60 % of the sensitivity to levoglucosan standards.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-26
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Emission factors and evolution of SO2 measured from biomass burning in wild and agricultural fires

Rickly, Pamela / Guo, Hongyu / Campuzano-Jost, Pedro / Jimenez, Jose L. / Wolfe, Glenn M. / Bennett, Ryan / Bourgeois, Ilann / Crounse, John D. / Dibb, Jack E. / DiGangi, Joshua P. / Diskin, Glenn S. / Dollner, Maximilian / Gargulinski, Emily M. / Hall, Samuel R. / Halliday, Hannah S. / Hanisco, Thomas F. / Hannun, Reem A. / Liao, Jin / Moore, Richard /

Nault, Benjamin A. / Nowak, John B. / Robinson, Claire E. / Ryerson, Thomas / Sanchez, Kevin J. / Schöberl, Manuel / Soja, Amber J. / Clair, Jason M. / Thornhill, Kenneth L. / Ullmann, Kirk / Wennberg, Paul O. / Weinzierl, Bernadett / Wiggins, Elizabeth B. / Winstead, Edward L. / Rollins, Andrew W.

eISSN: 1680-7324

2022

Abstract: Fires emit sufficient sulfur to affect local and regional air quality and climate. This study analyzes SO 2 emission factors and variability in smoke plumes from US wild and agricultural fires, and their relationship to sulfate and ... ...

Abstract	Fires emit sufficient sulfur to affect local and regional air quality and climate. This study analyzes SO 2 emission factors and variability in smoke plumes from US wild and agricultural fires, and their relationship to sulfate and hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) formation. Observed SO 2 emission factors for various fuel types show good agreement with the latest reviews of biomass burning emission factors, producing an emission factor range of 0.47–1.2 g SO 2 kg -1 C in the emissions. These emission factors vary with geographic location in a way that suggests that deposition of coal burning emissions and application of sulfur-containing fertilizers likely play a role in the larger observed values, which are primarily associated with agricultural burning. A 0-D box model generally reproduces the observed trends of SO 2 and total sulfate (inorganic + organic) in aging wildfire plumes. In many cases, modeled HMS is consistent with the observed organosulfur concentrations. However, a comparison of observed organosulfur and modeled HMS suggests that multiple organosulfur compounds are likely responsible for the observations, but that the chemistry of these compounds yield similar production and loss rates to that of HMS, resulting in good agreement with the modeled results. We provide suggestions for constraining the organosulfur compounds observed during these flights and we show that the chemistry of HMS can allow for organosulfur to act as a S(IV) reservoir under conditions of increased pH (>6) and liquid water content (>10 -7 g m -3 ). This can facilitate long-range transport of sulfur emissions resulting in increased SO 2 and eventually sulfate in transported smoke.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-13
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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